ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES On

1. Surfaces of things
WHAT IS A PREPOSITION? EX: I place my laptop on the table to
Pre- “before” Position- “place” prepare for my online class.

It is a word that is placed before a noun. A At

connecting word shows the relationship 1. Specific places
between nouns or pronouns to other words EX: I am at the school entrance
in a sentence. waiting for my classmate.

EXAMPLES: Into the solemn room he Preposition of Location

entered The young man in the first row is an From
excellent student. 1. Show the place where someone or
something starts.
Preposition of Time EX: I jog from my house to the park.
In
1. Particular time in the past or future To
2. Month/ Year 1. In the direction of
EX: In the 20th century In 2005, my EX: I go to my grandmother’s house
sister was born. using my new bike.

On Into
1. A Day of the Week 1. The inside or middle of something
2. Dates EX: I go into the gymnasium to
EX: On Fridays, I get excited watch the pageant.
because I get to go home. We had a
synchronous class on August 24, PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
2020. A group of words is made up of a
preposition and its object.
At A preposition is the beginning part of the
1. Time of clock phrase.
2. Short & precise time
EX: The class starts at 8:00 o’clock EXAMPLES
in the morning. At lunchtime, I eat a. prepositional phrase used as a noun
with my family.
The director shouted to the dancers,
Preposition of Place “on the stage!”
In
1. Places having some physical or virtual b. a prepositional phrase used as an
boundaries. adjective
EX: I finished my homework in my
room. The dancer on the stage practices
her steps.
c. prepositional phrase used as an adverb
Stand up straight on the stage.
COMMON PREPOSITIONS
Some of the most common prepositions that
begin prepositional phrases are:
to, of, about, at, before, after, by, behind,
during, for, from, in, over, under, and with.
GERUND PHRASE
A gerund phrase is a phrase that begins
with a gerund, and functions as a noun.
It is a verb ending with –ing, but, it works as
a noun and can act as a subject, object, or
complement in a sentence.
A phrase is a group of words that contains
either a subject (noun) or a verb — but not
both.
So together, a gerund phrase can also act
as a subject, object, or complement, while
adding more details to the sentence.
PARTS
A. Gerund
A gerund looks just like an –ing verb,
but it is NOT being used in the sentence as
an action word. Instead, it is being used as
a noun.
The fish were swimming in the pond.
In this sentence, swimming is a verb
because it is the action that the subject
(fish) takes.
EXAMPLES
Swimming is my favorite exercise.
In this sentence, swimming is a
gerund because it is the subject- the thing
that the sentence is about.
B. Phrase
The second part of a gerund phrase is the
phrase. Remember, a phrase is a group of
words that work together, and have only a
subject (noun) or a verb – not both.
EXAMPLES
Dogs enjoy barking at strangers.
In this sentence, the two parts of the gerund
phrase are:
(a) the gerund ‘barking’, and,
(b) the phrase ‘at strangers’.
TYPES
A gerund phrase always works as a noun;
therefore, the types of gerund phrases
match the ways that a noun can be used :
as a subject, object, or complement.
A. Gerund Phrase as Subject
Eating after midnight is a bad habit.
In this example, the sentence is
about ‘eating after midnight’, and so this
gerund phrase acts as the subject of the
sentence.
B. Gerund phrase as object
● Direct object – receives the action of
the verb.
● Object of prepositions – receives
prepositions.
Example 1
Eric’s friends tried setting up a
birthday party for him.
In this sentence, ‘setting a birthday
party for him’ is the direct object of the verb
‘tried’; it is receiving the action of ‘tried’.
Example 2
Janice got a permit for running an
online business.
Here, the gerund phrase ‘running an
online business’ is the object of the
preposition ‘for’.
C. Gerund Phrase as Complement
Pablo’s favorite hobby is playing the
piano.
‘Playing the piano’ re-states what
Pablo’s hobby is, and gives us more
information about it. Therefore, it is a
gerund phrase acting as a complement to
‘hobby’.
INFINITIVE PHRASE
An infinitive phrase is a group of words that
uses an infinitive (“to” + verb).
An infinitive is a verbal or a word that
expresses action; so, an infinitive phrase
has the same role of expressing action in a
sentence.
Simply, it is the word “to” plus the base form
of a verb, like these:
•To study (to + study)
•To play (to + play)
•To leave (to + leave)
•To eat (to + eat)
Infinitives are verbal words expressing an
action, and should not be confused with a
prepositional phrase that begins with “to” (to
+ noun or pronoun).
Infinitive phrases are always easy to spot
because they begin with “to.” In a sentence,
they can work like nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs.
TYPES
A. Infinitive Phrase as a Noun
When an infinitive phrase works like a noun,
it answers the question “what?”.
So, the infinitive phrase will be the subject,
which does the verb; or an object, which
receives the action of the verb.
EXAMPLES
He needs to ace the exam.
What does he need? (Object)
To get good grades is my goal.
What is the goal? (Subject)
B. Infinitive Phrase as an Adjective
When an infinitive phrase acts like an
adjective in a sentence, it describes a noun
or a pronoun.
I want a tutor to help me study.
(Describes the tutor)
I wish I had a friend to study with me.
(Describes the friend)
C. Infinitive Phrase as an Adverb
When an infinitive phrase works like an
adverb, it modifies the verb in a sentence.
Adverbs answer questions like where,
when, why, how, and for what
reason/purpose, so, as an adverb, the
infinitive will answer the same questions.
I went home to study for math.
(Why did you go home?)
He sat down to take the exam.
(For what reason did he sit down?)
Phrase and Clause
1. To recognize clause in its form and
2. To differentiate phrase from clause
Phrase
This refers to a group of words without a
subject-verb component, used as a single
part of speech.
A phrase does not carry any meaning of its Dependent and Independent Clauses
own, due to the absence of a subject and An independent clause (main
verb, but it clarifies the context of the clause) is a group of words that contains a
sentence when added to a clause. subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. It can stand on its own.
Examples An independent clause is a sentence.
1. making TikTok videos
2. attending online classes Every main clause follows this pattern:
3. lockdown for seven months Subject + Verb = Complete Thought
4. answering the learning modules Mike studies in the library for his EEP 2
Examples summative test.
1. in the air • Mike- Subject
2. beside the bed • studies- Verb
3. along the road
4. to live and breathe Every sentence must have at least one
5. looking stunning main clause. Otherwise, it is a fragment.
Main clause can be enjoined with another
Clause main clause using coordinate conjunctions
It is a group of words containing a subject (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) by following
and a verb. the pattern below:

It is a combination of related words Main Clause+ Coordinate Conjunction +

containing a subject and a verb. It can be a Main Clause
simple sentence or part of a compound,
complex, or compound-complex sentence. Dependent Clause
A dependent clause (subordinate clause) is
Examples a group of words that contains a subject and
1. I attend online classes. verb but does not express a complete
2. Zhei lives in Butuan City. thought. Often a dependent clause is
3. Ronald John works in the Bureau of marked by a dependent marker word or
Internal Revenue. subordinator.
4. Grover John manages an advertising and A subordinate clause follows this
marketing company. pattern:
Dependent Marker Word/
I - subject Subordinator + Subject + Verb = Incomplete
attend - verb Thought
online classes - predicate
When Mike studied in the library for his EEP
Zhei - subject 2 summative test.
lives - verb • Mike- Subject
in Butuan City - predicate •\studied in the library for his EEP 2
summative test- Predicate
•When- Dependent marker
word/Subordinator
A dependent marker word (subordinator) is
a word added to the beginning of an
independent clause that makes it into a
dependent clause.
Subordinate clauses can never stand alone
as complete sentences. To complete the
thought, you must attach the subordinate
clause to the main clause following the
patterns below:
Subordinate Clause + Main Clause.
When Mike studied in the library for his EEP
2 summative test, the room was warm.
1. Although the people are following
protocols. (Dependent)
2. Whenever the Department of Health
issues a quarantine classification.
(Dependent)
3. Rabiya washes her hands after touching
things. (Independent)
4. Sandra always wears a mask and face
shield. (Independent)
5. When you are caught during curfew
hours. (Dependent Clause)
Independent clause (main clause) is a
group of words that contains a subject and a
verb and expresses a complete thought.
Dependent clause (subordinate clause) is
made up of words that contains a subject
and verb but does not express a complete
thought.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
As to functions or purpose in an utterance
or any mode, there are four (4) basic types
of sentence in the English language:
declarative, interrogative, imperative and
exclamatory.
1.) Declarative Sentence
A declarative sentence states a fact
or general truth. It ends with a
period.
• They flock to the boodle fight
happening in the barangay court.
• Rita is allergic to prawns and
crabs.
• I like Filipino cuisine.
2.) Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a
question, ending with a question
mark.
● Can you hand in this food to
Ora?
● How did you know that
lechon kawali is my favorite?
● Who’s with you going to the
fiesta?
3.) Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence
expresses a command or request.
● Give me the paddle.
● Take all the leftovers home.
● Bring this chicken to a boil.
4.) Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence expresses
strong feeling or emotion. It ends with an
exclamation point.
● This is delicious!
● What a cuisine!
● Let’s dig in!
TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Simple sentence - It is composed of one

independent clause that contains a subject
and a verb expressing a complete thought.

The first Mass in the Philippines took

place in Masao, Butuan City.

Compound sentence - It has two

independent clauses joined by coordinators
such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

The first mass in the Philippines took

place in Masao Butuan City but
some historians followed the
Limasawa tradition.

Complex Sentence - It has one independent

clause and a dependent clause linked with
each other to make meanings. It uses
subordinators such as because, before,
until, when, after, where, among others.

Many historians followed the claims

of the Butuan tradition because they
were backed up with archaeological
finds.

Compound-Complex Sentence - It has two

or more independent clauses and at least
one dependent clause connected by
coordinators.

Many historians followed the claims

of the Limasawa tradition but other
historians equally recognized the Butuan
tradition because it backs up claims in an
interdisciplinary fashion.