Discuss Throw

Muscles Involved
Sure, here's a brief sequence of the muscle ac va on involved in discus throw:
The athlete starts in a standing posi on, with the core muscles engaged to
provide stability and balance.

 As the athlete begins the throwing mo on, the leg muscles, par cularly
the quadriceps and glutes, are engaged to generate the explosive power
needed to ini ate the throw.
 As the athlete transi ons into the wind-up phase, the shoulder muscles,
including the deltoids and trapezius, are ac vated to provide the
strength and range of mo on needed to make the throwing mo on.
 During the release phase, the arm muscles, par cularly the triceps and
forearm muscles, are engaged to generate the force needed to
accelerate the discus and release it with the desired trajectory.
 The hand muscles and fingers are ac vated to control the discus and
ensure a smooth release, allowing the discus to follow the desired
trajectory and achieve maximum range.
 Throughout the throwing mo on, the core muscles remain engaged to
provide stability and balance, and the leg muscles con nue to provide
support and generate power as needed. The complex sequence of
muscle ac va on requires a combina on of strength, speed, and
explosive power, making discus throw a challenging and rewarding event
to master.

Muscle Origin and Inser on

Here's a brief summary of the origin and inser on of the muscles involved in
discus throw:
1. Core muscles: The abdominal muscles, including the rectus abdominis,
external and internal obliques, and transverse abdominis, originate from
the pubic bone, ribs, and spine, and insert into the sternum, ribs, and
pubic bone. The lower back muscles, including the erector spinae and
 quadratus lumborum, originate from the spine and pelvis and insert into
the ribs, spine, and pelvis.
2. Leg muscles: The quadriceps muscles, including the rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius, originate from
the femur and insert into the patella and bia. The hamstrings muscles,
including the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus,
originate from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and insert into the bia
and fibula. The gluteus maximus muscle originates from the ilium,
sacrum, and coccyx and inserts into the femur.
3. Shoulder muscles: The deltoid muscle originates from the clavicle,
acromion, and scapula and inserts into the humerus. The rotator cuff
muscles, including the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and
subscapularis, originate from the scapula and insert into the humerus.
The trapezius muscle originates from the occipital bone, spine, and
scapula and inserts into the clavicle and scapula.
4. Arm muscles: The biceps brachii muscle originates from the scapula and
inserts into the radius. The triceps brachii muscle originates from the
scapula and humerus and inserts into the ulna. The forearm muscles,
including the flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi
radialis, originate from the humerus and ulna and insert into the bones
of the hand.
5. Hand muscles: The hand muscles, including the intrinsic muscles of the
hand, originate from the bones of the hand and insert into the bones of
the fingers and thumb.
It's important to note that the origin and inser on of muscles can vary
depending on the individual and the specific muscle, and the muscles involved
in discus throw can be ac vated in a variety of ways depending on the athlete's
technique and individual strengths and weaknesses.

Primary and Secondary Muscles

The muscles involved in discus throw can be categorized as primary and
secondary muscles based on their level of contribu on to the movement.
Primary muscles are those that are directly involved in genera ng the force and
mo on required for the throw. These muscles include:
 1. Leg muscles: The quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes are the primary
muscles involved in genera ng the explosive power needed to ini ate
the throw.
2. Shoulder muscles: The deltoids, rotator cuff, and trapezius are the
primary muscles involved in providing the strength and range of mo on
needed to make the throwing mo on.
3. Arm muscles: The biceps, triceps, and forearm muscles are the primary
muscles involved in genera ng the force needed to accelerate the discus
and release it with the desired trajectory.
Secondary muscles are those that contribute to the throwing mo on by
providing stability, support, and addi onal power. These muscles include:
1. Core muscles: The core muscles, including the abdominals and lower
back muscles, provide stability and help transfer force from the legs to
the upper body during the throwing mo on.
2. Hand muscles: The muscles in the hand and fingers provide the
necessary grip to ensure a smooth release and contribute to the
accuracy of the throw.
While all of these muscles are involved in the throwing mo on, the primary
muscles are typically the most important in determining the success of the
throw. The secondary muscles play a suppor ng role and can help improve the
athlete's technique and overall performance.

Joints
Discus throw is a complex movement that involves several joints in the body.
Here are the main joints involved in the throwing mo on:
1. Ankle joint: The ankle joint is involved in the ini al drive phase of the
throw, as the athlete generates explosive power from the legs to ini ate
the throwing mo on.
2. Knee joint: The knee joint is involved in the ini al drive phase of the
throw, as the quadriceps and hamstrings work together to generate the
necessary force.
 3. Hip joint: The hip joint is cri cal in the throwing mo on, as it allows the
athlete to transfer force from the lower body to the upper body, and
provides the range of mo on needed to complete the throwing mo on.
4. Shoulder joint: The shoulder joint is one of the most important joints in
the throwing mo on, as it allows the athlete to generate force and
provide the necessary range of mo on to complete the throwing mo on.
5. Elbow joint: The elbow joint is also important in the throwing mo on, as
it allows the athlete to generate force and provide the necessary range
of mo on to complete the throwing mo on.
6. Wrist joint: The wrist joint is involved in the final release phase of the
throw, as the athlete uses their wrist to control the discus and ensure a
smooth release.
All of these joints work together to create a seamless, coordinated movement
that allows the athlete to generate the force and trajectory needed to achieve
a successful throw. It's important for athletes to properly train and strengthen
these joints to improve their technique and reduce the risk of injury.

Axes and Planes of Movement

The discus throw involves movements in mul ple planes of mo on and axes of
movement, including:
1. Sagi al Plane: The sagi al plane divides the body into le and right
halves and involves movements that occur in a forward or backward
direc on. In the discus throw, the athlete uses the sagi al plane to
generate force and power during the wind-up phase and to transfer
energy from the lower body to the upper body during the throw.
2. Transverse Plane: The transverse plane divides the body into top and
bo om halves and involves movements that occur in a rota onal or
twis ng direc on. In the discus throw, the athlete uses the transverse
plane to generate rota onal force and transfer energy from the lower
body to the upper body during the throw.
3. Frontal Plane: The frontal plane divides the body into front and back
halves and involves movements that occur in a side-to-side direc on. In
 the discus throw, the athlete uses the frontal plane to stabilize the body
and maintain balance during the throw.
The axes of movement involved in the discus throw include:
1. Medial-Lateral Axis: The medial-lateral axis runs horizontally from side to
side and is perpendicular to the sagi al plane. In the discus throw, the
athlete rotates around this axis during the wind-up phase and the
release of the discus.
2. Anterior-Posterior Axis: The anterior-posterior axis runs horizontally from
front to back and is perpendicular to the frontal plane. In the discus
throw, the athlete rotates around this axis during the throw, genera ng
rota onal force and transferring energy from the lower body to the
upper body.
3. Longitudinal Axis: The longitudinal axis runs ver cally from top to
bo om and is perpendicular to the transverse plane. In the discus throw,
the athlete rotates around this axis during the wind-up phase and the
release of the discus, genera ng spin and increasing the discus's
aerodynamic stability.
Understanding the planes of movement and axes of movement involved in the
discus throw can help an athlete to op mize their technique and generate
maximum power and speed during the throw.

Forces
There are several forces involved in a discus throw, including:

 Gravity: This force acts on the discus, pulling it towards the ground.

 Weight: The weight of the discus is the force that the discus exerts on
the athlete's hand or fingers holding it.
 Centripetal force: This force is generated as the athlete rotates their
body in prepara on for the throw. It acts towards the center of the
rota on and helps to keep the discus in mo on.

 Centrifugal force: This force is generated as the discus is released and

moves away from the athlete's hand. It acts away from the center of the
rota on and can help to increase the distance of the throw.

 Air resistance: This force acts against the mo on of the discus as it

moves through the air. The athlete can use techniques such as
aerodynamic posi oning of the body and spin to minimize this force and
increase the distance of the throw.

 Fric on: This force acts between the athlete's shoes and the ground,
helping to prevent slipping or sliding during the throw.

 Tension: This force is generated in the athlete's muscles as they rotate

their body and pull their arm back to prepare for the throw. It helps to
store poten al energy that can be released during the throw.

 Iner a: This force describes the tendency of an object to resist changes

in its mo on. The athlete must overcome the discus's iner a in order to
set it in mo on and achieve a successful throw.

 Reac on force: This force is generated by the discus as it is released from

the athlete's hand and propels forward. The athlete can use this force to
their advantage by ensuring that the discus is released at the op mal
angle and point in the throwing mo on.
  Ground reac on force: This force is generated as the athlete pushes off
the ground during the throw. It helps to generate the necessary power
and speed to propel the discus forward.

By understanding and op mizing these forces, an athlete can achieve a

successful and effec ve discus throw.

Laws of Mo on
The laws of mo on are fundamental principles that govern the mo on of all
objects, including a discus in a discus throw. Here's how the laws of mo on
apply to a discus throw:
1. First Law of Mo on (Law of Iner a): An object at rest will remain at rest,
and an object in mo on will remain in mo on at a constant velocity
unless acted upon by an external force. In a discus throw, the discus is
ini ally at rest, and the athlete must apply force to set it in mo on. Once
in mo on, the discus will con nue to move forward at a constant
velocity unless acted upon by external forces, such as air resistance or
the athlete's hand releasing it.
2. Second Law of Mo on (Law of Accelera on): The accelera on of an
object is directly propor onal to the force applied to it and inversely
propor onal to its mass. In a discus throw, the athlete applies a force to
the discus, genera ng accelera on and increasing the discus's velocity.
The mass of the discus also affects its accelera on; a heavier discus
requires more force to achieve the same accelera on as a lighter discus.
3. Third Law of Mo on (Law of Ac on and Reac on): For every ac on,
there is an equal and opposite reac on. In a discus throw, the athlete
applies a force to the discus, genera ng a reac on force in the opposite
direc on. As the discus is released, it exerts a force on the athlete's
hand, propelling it forward and genera ng a reac on force that can aid
in the throw.

Projec le Mo on in Discuss Throw

Discus throw is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc
called a discus. The athlete aims to throw the discus as far as possible, and the
throw involves projec le mo on. Projec le mo on is a form of mo on in which
an object is thrown or launched into the air and follows a curved path due to
the influence of gravity.
When a discus is thrown in discus throw, it experiences two types of mo on:
horizontal mo on and ver cal mo on. The horizontal mo on of the discus is
constant, and it moves in a straight line un l it hits the ground. The ver cal
mo on of the discus, on the other hand, is influenced by gravity and follows a
parabolic path.
The discus is launched at an angle with respect to the ground, and the angle at
which it is launched affects its range. The op mum angle of launch for
maximum range in discus throw is around 40-45 degrees.
The speed and height at which the discus is launched also affect its range. The
higher the discus is launched and the greater the ini al speed, the longer it will
stay in the air, and the greater the range will be.
Factors such as wind speed and direc on also affect the trajectory of the
discus. Athletes must take into account these factors when making their throws
and adjust their technique accordingly.
Overall, discus throw is a complex event that requires a combina on of
strength, technique, and understanding of projec le mo on principles to
achieve maximum performance.

Lever Involved
The lever involved in a discus throw is a third-class lever. In a third-class lever,
the force is applied between the load and the fulcrum. In the case of a discus
throw, the athlete's hand holding the discus acts as the force, the elbow joint
acts as the fulcrum, and the weight of the discus acts as the load. The athlete
applies a force to the discus by rota ng their body and pulling their arm back,
which generates angular momentum. The discus is then released at the op mal
point in the throwing mo on to achieve maximum distance. The length of the
athlete's arm acts as the lever arm, which determines the amount of force and
speed that can be generated. The longer the lever arm, the greater the force
that can be applied, which can result in a longer throw.
Classifica on of movements in Joints
The discus throw involves several joints and movements, which can be
classified as follows:
1. Shoulder Joint: The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows
for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduc on,
adduc on, internal and external rota on, and horizontal abduc on and
adduc on. During the discus throw, the athlete uses these movements
to generate momentum and transfer energy from the lower body to the
upper body.
2. Elbow Joint: The elbow joint is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and
extension. In the discus throw, the athlete uses the elbow joint as the
fulcrum for the throwing mo on, genera ng force and speed through
the extension of the arm.
3. Wrist Joint: The wrist joint is a condyloid joint that allows for flexion,
extension, adduc on, abduc on, and circumduc on. In the discus throw,
the athlete uses the wrist joint to control the release of the discus and
generate spin.
4. Spine: The spine is a complex structure that allows for a combina on of
movements, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rota on.
During the discus throw, the athlete uses the spine to generate rota onal
force and transfer energy from the lower body to the upper body.
5. Hips: The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows for a wide range
of movements, including flexion, extension, abduc on, adduc on,
internal and external rota on, and circumduc on. During the discus
throw, the athlete uses their hips to generate rota onal force and
transfer energy from the lower body to the upper body.
6. Knees: The knee joint is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and
extension. In the discus throw, the athlete uses the knees to generate
force and power during the wind-up phase and then to transfer this
energy to the upper body during the throw.
7. Ankles: The ankle joint is a hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion (li ing
the foot) and plantar flexion (poin ng the foot). In the discus throw, the
athlete uses their ankles to generate force and power during the wind-
up phase and to provide stability and balance during the throw.
By focusing on the movements of these joints, an athlete can maximize their
power, speed, and accuracy during the discus throw.

Complete demonstra on and Execu on

Set Up Method
The set up method in discus throw involves the athlete preparing for the throw
by posi oning their body correctly and ge ng into a proper stance. Here is a
step-by-step guide to the set up method in discus throw:

 Approach: Begin your approach to the throwing circle from the back of
the runway. You should be focused and relaxed, with your eyes fixed on a
target in the throwing sector.

 Star ng posi on: Once you reach the throwing circle, assume a balanced
and stable star ng posi on with your feet shoulder-width apart. Your
toes should be poin ng slightly to the le if you're right-handed, and to
the right if you're le -handed.

 Grip: Hold the discus in your throwing hand with your fingers
underneath and your thumb on top. The discus should be posi oned
against your palm, with your wrist slightly flexed.

 Wind-up: Take a small wind-up step with your non-throwing foot, then
begin rota ng your body to generate rota onal force. The wind-up
should be smooth and controlled, with your eyes fixed on the target.

 Power posi on: As you complete your wind-up, transfer your weight
onto your back foot and bring the discus to the power posi on. This is
when the discus is held near your right hip (if you're right-handed) or
your le hip (if you're le -handed).
  Delivery: Begin your delivery by shi ing your weight onto your front foot
and driving your hips and shoulders forward. Extend your throwing arm
and release the discus, following through with your arm and body.

Remember to stay relaxed and maintain proper form throughout the set up
method in discus throw. With prac ce and repe on, you can improve your
technique and generate maximum power and speed during the throw.

Stance Method
The stance method in discus throw involves the athlete taking a stable and
balanced stance to op mize their power and speed during the throw. Here is a
step-by-step guide to the stance method in discus throw:
1. Approach: Begin your approach to the throwing circle from the back of
the runway. You should be focused and relaxed, with your eyes fixed on a
target in the throwing sector.
2. Star ng posi on: Once you reach the throwing circle, assume a balanced
and stable star ng posi on with your feet shoulder-width apart. Your
toes should be poin ng slightly to the le if you're right-handed, and to
the right if you're le -handed.
3. Weight distribu on: Shi your weight slightly onto your back foot to
ini ate the wind-up phase. As you rotate your body, transfer your weight
onto your back foot to generate power and momentum.
4. Power posi on: As you complete your wind-up, transfer your weight
onto your back foot and bring the discus to the power posi on. This is
when the discus is held near your right hip (if you're right-handed) or
your le hip (if you're le -handed).
5. Foot posi on: Pivot on your back foot and turn your hips and shoulders
to face the throwing sector. Plant your front foot at a 45-degree angle to
the throwing sector, with your heel touching the ground and your toe
poin ng towards the target.
 6. Knee posi on: Bend your front knee slightly to lower your center of
gravity and maintain balance. Your back leg should be extended and
slightly bent to support your weight.
7. Arm posi on: Hold the discus in your throwing hand with your fingers
underneath and your thumb on top. The discus should be posi oned
against your palm, with your wrist slightly flexed. Your throwing arm
should be extended and parallel to the ground, with your elbow poin ng
towards the target.
Remember to maintain a stable and balanced stance throughout the throw,
using your lower body to generate power and momentum and your upper
body to transfer that energy into the discus. With prac ce and repe on, you
can improve your technique and achieve maximum distance in the discus
throw.

Breathing Technique
Breathing technique is an important aspect of the discus throw as it can help
the athlete maintain their focus and control their movements during the throw.
Here are some ps on breathing technique in discus throw:
1. Deep breaths: Take deep breaths before the throw to relax your body
and calm your mind. Inhale deeply through your nose and exhale slowly
through your mouth.
2. Hold breath: Take a final deep breath and hold it as you ini ate the wind-
up and begin the throw. Holding your breath can help you maintain your
focus and stabilize your core.
3. Exhale: Exhale forcefully as you release the discus to transfer power and
energy into the throw. The exhale should be med with the release of
the discus for maximum effect.
4. Inhale: Inhale deeply again a er the release of the discus to recover and
prepare for the next throw.
Remember to prac ce your breathing technique along with your other
throwing techniques to ensure proper coordina on and ming during the
throw. With prac ce and repe on, you can develop a breathing technique
that works best for you and helps you achieve maximum distance in the discus
throw.

Thrust
Thrust is a term used in discus throw to describe the explosive movement that
propels the discus forward. It involves the athlete genera ng power and
momentum from their lower body and transferring it into the discus through a
series of coordinated movements. Here are some key aspects of the thrust in
discus throw:
1. Wind-up: The wind-up is the ini al movement in the throw, where the
athlete takes a few steps back and begins to build momentum. This is
where the athlete will ini ate the thrust.
2. Weight shi : The athlete shi s their weight onto their back foot to
ini ate the thrust. This is done by bending their back knee and pushing
off the ground to transfer their weight forward.
3. Hips and shoulders: The athlete begins to turn their hips and shoulders
towards the throwing sector, genera ng rota onal power and torque.
4. Leg drive: The athlete drives their front leg forward and pushes off the
ground with their back leg to generate more power and momentum.
5. Arm ac on: The athlete extends their throwing arm and rotates their
forearm to generate more speed and power in the discus.
6. Release: The athlete releases the discus at the peak of their momentum
and power, with the discus spinning rapidly out of their hand and soaring
through the air.
The thrust in discus throw requires a combina on of speed, strength, and
coordina on, and is a cri cal aspect of achieving maximum distance in the
throw. With prac ce and repe on, an athlete can develop their thrust
technique to op mize their power and performance in the discus throw.

Planes of Ac on
There are three planes of ac on that are involved in the discus throw:
 1. Sagi al plane: The sagi al plane divides the body into le and right
halves, and movements in this plane involve flexion and extension. In the
discus throw, the sagi al plane is involved in the wind-up and leg drive
phases, as the athlete bends their back knee and pushes off the ground
with their back leg to transfer their weight forward.
2. Transverse plane: The transverse plane divides the body into top and
bo om halves, and movements in this plane involve rota on. In the
discus throw, the transverse plane is involved in the rota on of the hips
and shoulders during the wind-up and the release of the discus.
3. Frontal plane: The frontal plane divides the body into front and back
halves, and movements in this plane involve abduc on and adduc on. In
the discus throw, the frontal plane is involved in the arm ac on and
release of the discus, as the athlete extends their throwing arm and
rotates their forearm to generate more speed and power in the discus.
Each of these planes of ac on is cri cal to the success of the discus throw, and
the athlete must coordinate their movements in all three planes to achieve
maximum distance and accuracy in their throw.

Common Errors
Here are ten common errors in discus throw:
1. Poor grip on the discus: If the athlete does not grip the discus correctly, it
can affect their accuracy and distance. The fingers should be spread
apart and placed under the rim of the discus, with the thumb res ng on
top.
2. Improper stance: If the athlete's stance is too narrow or too wide, it can
affect their balance and stability during the throw. The feet should be
shoulder-width apart, with one foot slightly ahead of the other.
3. Inadequate wind-up: If the athlete does not wind up enough before the
throw, they will not generate enough power and momentum for a strong
throw.
4. Incorrect weight shi : If the athlete shi s their weight too early or too
late, it can affect their balance and ming, leading to a weaker throw.
5. Poor leg drive: If the athlete does not use their legs to drive forward and
transfer their weight, they will not generate enough power for a strong
throw.
6. Insufficient rota onal power: If the athlete does not rotate their hips and
shoulders enough during the throw, they will not generate enough
rota onal power to maximize the distance of the throw.
7. Incorrect arm ac on: If the athlete does not extend their throwing arm
or rotate their forearm enough during the throw, it will affect the speed
and accuracy of the throw.
8. Early release: If the athlete releases the discus too early, it will not have
enough momentum to travel far.
9. Late release: If the athlete releases the discus too late, it will affect the
accuracy and trajectory of the throw.
10.Lack of prac ce: Discus throw requires a lot of prac ce and repe on to
develop proper technique and ming. Without regular prac ce, the
athlete may make mistakes or fail to improve their technique.