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IEC 60599
®
Edition 4.0 2022-05
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance on the interpretation

of dissolved and free gases analysis
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 17.220.99; 29.040.10; 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-3798-4
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

–2– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................7
1 Scope ...........................................................................................................................8
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms .......................................................................9
3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................9
3.2 Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................. 11
3.2.1 Chemical names and formulae ..................................................................... 11
3.2.2 General abbreviated terms ........................................................................... 11
4 Mechanisms of gas formation ...................................................................................... 12
4.1 Decomposition of oil ........................................................................................... 12
4.2 Decomposition of cellulosic insulation ................................................................. 12
4.3 Stray gassing of oil ............................................................................................. 13
4.4 Other sources of gas .......................................................................................... 13
5 Identification of faults .................................................................................................. 13
5.1 General .............................................................................................................. 13
5.2 Dissolved gas compositions ................................................................................ 13
5.3 Types of faults .................................................................................................... 14
5.4 Basic gas ratios .................................................................................................. 14
5.5 CO 2 /CO ratio ...................................................................................................... 16
5.6 O 2 /N 2 ratio ......................................................................................................... 16
5.7 C 2 H 2 /H 2 ratio...................................................................................................... 17
5.8 C 3 hydrocarbons ................................................................................................. 17
5.9 Evolution of faults ............................................................................................... 17
5.10 Graphical representations ................................................................................... 18
6 Conditions for calculating ratios ................................................................................... 18
6.1 Examination of DGA values ................................................................................. 18
6.2 Uncertainty on gas ratios .................................................................................... 18
7 Application to free gases in gas relays ......................................................................... 19
8 Gas concentration levels in service .............................................................................. 20
8.1 Probability of failure in service ............................................................................ 20
8.1.1 General ....................................................................................................... 20
8.1.2 Calculation methods .................................................................................... 21
8.2 Typical concentration values ............................................................................... 21
8.2.1 General ....................................................................................................... 21
8.2.2 Calculation methods .................................................................................... 21
8.2.3 Choice of normality percentages .................................................................. 21
8.2.4 Alarm concentration values .......................................................................... 21
8.3 Rates of gas increase ......................................................................................... 22
9 Recommended method of DGA interpretation ............................................................... 22
10 Report of results ......................................................................................................... 23
Annex A (informative) Equipment application notes ............................................................. 25

A.1 General warning ................................................................................................. 25
IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –3–
A.2 Power transformers ............................................................................................ 25

A.2.1 Specific subtypes ........................................................................................ 25
A.2.2 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 25
A.2.3 Identification of faults by DGA ...................................................................... 26
A.2.4 Typical concentration values ........................................................................ 26
A.2.5 Typical rates of gas increase ....................................................................... 27
A.2.6 Specific information to be added to the DGA report....................................... 28
A.3 Industrial and special transformers ...................................................................... 28
A.3.2 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 28
A.4 Instrument transformers ...................................................................................... 30
A.4.2 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 30
A.5 Oil-impregnated paper bushings .......................................................................... 32
A.5.2 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 32
A.6 Oil-filled cables ................................................................................................... 34
A.6.1 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 34
A.7 Switching equipment ........................................................................................... 35
A.7.2 Normal operation ......................................................................................... 35
A.7.3 Typical faults ............................................................................................... 35
A.8 Equipment filled with non-mineral fluids ............................................................... 36
Annex B (informative) Graphical representations of gas ratios ............................................ 37
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 41
List of comments ................................................................................................................ 42
Figure 1 – Flow chart ......................................................................................................... 24

Figure B.1 – Graphical representation 1 of gas ratios (see [3]) ............................................. 37
Figure B.2 – Graphical representation 2 of gas ratios .......................................................... 38
Figure B.3 – Graphical representation 3 of gas ratios – Duval's triangle 1 for
transformers, bushings and cables (see [4]) ........................................................................ 39
Figure B.4 – Graphical representation 4 of gas ratios – Duval's triangle 2 for OLTCs
(see A.7.2) ......................................................................................................................... 40
Table 1 – DGA interpretation table ...................................................................................... 15

Table 2 – Simplified scheme of interpretation ...................................................................... 15
Table 3 – Ostwald solubility coefficients for various gases in mineral insulating oils ............ 20
Table A.1 – Typical faults in power transformers ................................................................. 26
–4– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022
Table A.2 – Ranges of 90 % typical gas concentration values observed in power

transformers, in µl/l ............................................................................................................ 27
Table A.3 – Ranges of 90 % typical rates of gas increase observed in power
transformers (all types), in µl/l ............................................................................................ 27
Table A.4 – Examples of 90 % typical concentration values observed on individual
networks ............................................................................................................................ 29
Table A.5 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values observed in WTTs ........................ 30
Table A.6 – Typical faults in instrument transformers........................................................... 31
Table A.7 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values observed in instrument
transformers ...................................................................................................................... 31
Table A.8 – Maximum admissible values for sealed instrument transformers ........................ 32
Table A.9 – Typical faults in bushings ................................................................................. 32
Table A.10 – Simplified interpretation scheme for bushings ................................................. 33
Table A.10 – 95 % typical concentration values in bushings....................................................
Table A.11 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values in bushings ................................ 33
Table A.12 – Ranges of 95 % typical concentration values observed on cables .................... 34
Table A.13 – Typical faults in switching equipment .............................................................. 35
IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –5–
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN SERVICE –

GUIDANCE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF DISSOLVED AND
FREE GASES ANALYSIS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This commented version (CMV) of the official standard IEC 60599:2022 edition 4.0 allows
the user to identify the changes made to the previous IEC 60599:2015 edition 3.0.
Futhermore, comments from IEC TC 10 experts are provided to explain the reasons of the
most relevant changes, or to clarify any part of the content.
A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change has been made. Additions are in
green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text. Experts' comments are identified by a
blue-background number. Mouse over a number to display a pop-up note with the
comment.
This publication contains the CMV and the official standard. The full list of comments is
available at the end of the CMV.
–6– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022
IEC 60599 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 10: Fluids for electrotechnical
applications. It is an International Standard.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2015. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) revision of Clause A.5 on bushings, at the request of IEC subcommittee 36A, in order to
transfer to IEC 60599 the corresponding contents of IEC TR 61464 [1] 1 relating to DGA in
bushings and include the new information on DGA in bushings available in CIGRE Technical
Brochure 771 (2019) [2];
b) revision of Clause A.3 on wind turbine transformers, in order to include in IEC 60599 the
new information on DGA in wind turbine transformers available in CIGRE Technical
Brochure 771 (2019) [2].
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting

10/1164/FDIS 10/1174/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
___________
1 Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –7–
INTRODUCTION
Dissolved and free gas analysis (DGA) is one of the most widely used diagnostic tools for
detecting and evaluating faults in electrical equipment filled with insulating liquid. However,
interpretation of DGA results is often complex and should always be done with care, involving
experienced insulation maintenance personnel.
This document gives information for facilitating this interpretation. The first edition, published
in 1978, has served the industry well, but had its limitations, such as the absence of a diagnosis
in some cases, the absence of concentration levels and the fact that it was based mainly on
experience gained from power transformers. The second edition (2015) attempted to address
some of these shortcomings. Interpretation schemes were based on observations made after
inspection of a large number of faulty oil-filled equipment in service and concentrations levels
deduced from analyses collected worldwide.
–8– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022
MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN SERVICE –

GUIDANCE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF DISSOLVED AND
FREE GASES ANALYSIS
1 Scope
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases may can be
interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest
future action.
This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and
insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific
types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution),
reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the
application notes (see Annex A).
This document may can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems.
In any case, the indications obtained should be viewed are given only as guidance and any with
resulting action should be undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-191:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 191: Dependability

and quality of service (available at http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60050-192:2015, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 192: Dependability

(available at http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60050-212:2010, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 212: Electrical insulating

solids, liquids and gases (available at http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60050-604:1987, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 604: Generation,

transmission and distribution of electricity – Operation (available at http://www.electropedia.org)
IEC 60475, Method of sampling insulating liquids
IEC 60567:2011, Oil-filled electrical equipment – Sampling of gases and analysis of free and
dissolved gases – Guidance
IEC 61198, Mineral insulating oils – Methods for the determination of 2-furfural and related
compounds
IEC 60599
®
Edition 4.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance on the interpretation

of dissolved and free gases analysis
Matériels électriques remplis d'huile minérale en service – Recommandations

relatives à l'interprétation de l'analyse des gaz dissous et des gaz libres
IEC 60599:2022-05(en-fr)
–2– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 7
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 8
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ........................................................................ 8
3.1 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................. 8
3.2 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................. 10
3.2.1 Chemical names and formulae ....................................................................... 10
3.2.2 General abbreviated terms ............................................................................ 10
4 Mechanisms of gas formation ........................................................................................ 11
4.1 Decomposition of oil ............................................................................................. 11
4.2 Decomposition of cellulosic insulation ................................................................... 12
4.3 Stray gassing of oil ............................................................................................... 12
4.4 Other sources of gas ............................................................................................. 12
5 Identification of faults .................................................................................................... 12
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Dissolved gas compositions .................................................................................. 13
5.3 Types of faults ...................................................................................................... 13
5.4 Basic gas ratios .................................................................................................... 13
5.5 CO 2 /CO ratio ........................................................................................................ 15
5.6 O 2 /N 2 ratio ........................................................................................................... 15
5.7 C 2 H 2 /H 2 ratio ....................................................................................................... 16
5.8 C 3 hydrocarbons ................................................................................................... 16
5.9 Evolution of faults ................................................................................................. 16
5.10 Graphical representations ..................................................................................... 16
6 Conditions for calculating ratios ..................................................................................... 17
6.1 Examination of DGA values .................................................................................. 17
6.2 Uncertainty on gas ratios ...................................................................................... 17
7 Application to free gases in gas relays ........................................................................... 17
8 Gas concentration levels in service ................................................................................ 19
8.1 Probability of failure in service .............................................................................. 19
8.1.1 General ......................................................................................................... 19
8.1.2 Calculation methods ...................................................................................... 20
8.2 Typical concentration values ................................................................................. 20
8.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 20
8.2.2 Calculation methods ...................................................................................... 20
8.2.3 Choice of normality percentages .................................................................... 20
8.2.4 Alarm concentration values ............................................................................ 20
8.3 Rates of gas increase ........................................................................................... 21
9 Recommended method of DGA interpretation ................................................................ 21
10 Report of results ............................................................................................................ 22
Annex A (informative) Equipment application notes .............................................................. 24
A.1 General warning ................................................................................................... 24
A.2 Power transformers ............................................................................................... 24
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –3–
A.2.1 Specific subtypes........................................................................................... 24

A.2.2 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 24
A.2.3 Identification of faults by DGA ....................................................................... 25
A.2.4 Typical concentration values .......................................................................... 25
A.2.5 Typical rates of gas increase ......................................................................... 26
A.2.6 Specific information to be added to the DGA report ....................................... 27
A.3 Industrial and special transformers ....................................................................... 27
A.3.2 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 27
A.4 Instrument transformers ........................................................................................ 29
A.4.2 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 29
A.5 Oil-impregnated paper bushings ........................................................................... 30
A.5.2 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 30
A.6 Oil-filled cables ..................................................................................................... 32
A.6.1 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 32
A.7 Switching equipment ............................................................................................. 33
A.7.2 Normal operation ........................................................................................... 33
A.7.3 Typical faults ................................................................................................. 33
A.8 Equipment filled with non-mineral fluids ................................................................ 34
Annex B (informative) Graphical representations of gas ratios ............................................. 35
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 1 – Flow chart ............................................................................................................ 23

Figure B.1 – Graphical representation 1 of gas ratios ............................................................ 35
Figure B.2 – Graphical representation 2 of gas ratios ............................................................ 36
Figure B.3 – Graphical representation 3 of gas ratios – Duval's triangle 1 for
transformers, bushings and cables ........................................................................................ 37
Figure B.4 – Graphical representation 4 of gas ratios – Duval's triangle 2 for OLTCs
(see A.7.2) ............................................................................................................................ 38
Table 1 – DGA interpretation table ........................................................................................ 14

Table 2 – Simplified scheme of interpretation ........................................................................ 14
Table 3 – Ostwald solubility coefficients for various gases in mineral insulating oils ............. 19
Table A.1 – Typical faults in power transformers ................................................................... 25
Table A.2 – Ranges of 90 % typical gas concentration values observed in power
transformers ......................................................................................................................... 26
–4– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
Table A.3 – Ranges of 90 % typical rates of gas increase observed in power

transformers (all types) ......................................................................................................... 26
Table A.4 – Examples of 90 % typical concentration values observed on individual
networks ............................................................................................................................... 28
Table A.5 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values observed in WTTs ........................ 28
Table A.6 – Typical faults in instrument transformers ............................................................ 29
Table A.7 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values observed in instrument
transformers ......................................................................................................................... 30
Table A.8 – Maximum admissible values for sealed instrument transformers......................... 30
Table A.9 – Typical faults in bushings ................................................................................... 31
Table A.10 – Simplified interpretation scheme for bushings .................................................. 31
Table A.11 – Ranges of 90 % typical concentration values in bushings ................................. 32
Table A.12 – Ranges of 95 % typical concentration values observed on cables .................... 33
Table A.13 – Typical faults in switching equipment ............................................................... 33
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –5–
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

IN SERVICE – GUIDANCE ON THE INTERPRETATION
OF DISSOLVED AND FREE GASES ANALYSIS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60599 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 10: Fluids for electrotechnical
applications. It is an International Standard.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2015. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) revision of Clause A.5 on bushings, at the request of IEC subcommittee 36A, in order to
transfer to IEC 60599 the corresponding contents of IEC TR 61464 [1] 1 relating to DGA in
bushings and include the new information on DGA in bushings available in CIGRE Technical
Brochure 771 (2019) [2];
___________
1 Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
–6– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
b) revision of Clause A.3 on wind turbine transformers, in order to include in IEC 60599 the
new information on DGA in wind turbine transformers available in CIGRE Technical
Brochure 771 (2019) [2].
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting

10/1164/FDIS 10/1174/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –7–
INTRODUCTION
Dissolved and free gas analysis (DGA) is one of the most widely used diagnostic tools for
detecting and evaluating faults in electrical equipment filled with insulating liquid. However,
interpretation of DGA results is often complex and should always be done with care, involving
experienced insulation maintenance personnel.
This document gives information for facilitating this interpretation. The first edition, published
in 1978, has served the industry well, but had its limitations, such as the absence of a diagnosis
in some cases, the absence of concentration levels and the fact that it was based mainly on
experience gained from power transformers. The second edition (2015) attempted to address
some of these shortcomings. Interpretation schemes were based on observations made after
inspection of a large number of faulty oil-filled equipment in service and concentrations levels
deduced from analyses collected worldwide.
–8– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

IN SERVICE – GUIDANCE ON THE INTERPRETATION
OF DISSOLVED AND FREE GASES ANALYSIS
1 Scope
This document describes how the concentrations of dissolved gases or free gases can be
interpreted to diagnose the condition of oil-filled electrical equipment in service and suggest
future action.
This document is applicable to electrical equipment filled with mineral insulating oil and
insulated with cellulosic paper or pressboard-based solid insulation. Information about specific
types of equipment such as transformers (power, instrument, industrial, railways, distribution),
reactors, bushings, switchgear and oil-filled cables is given only as an indication in the
application notes.
This document can be applied, but only with caution, to other liquid-solid insulating systems.
In any case, the indications obtained are given only as guidance with resulting action
undertaken only with proper engineering judgment.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60475, Method of sampling insulating liquids
IEC 60567:2011, Oil-filled electrical equipment – Sampling of gases and analysis of free and
dissolved gases – Guidance
IEC 61198, Mineral insulating oils – Methods for the determination of 2-furfural and related
compounds
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1.1
fault
unplanned occurrence or defect in an item which may result in one or more failures of the item
itself or of other associated equipment
– 40 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS .................................................................................................................. 43
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 45
1 Domaine d'application ................................................................................................... 46
2 Références normatives .................................................................................................. 46
3 Termes, définitions et termes abrégés ........................................................................... 46
3.1 Termes et définitions ............................................................................................ 46
3.2 Termes abrégés .................................................................................................... 49
3.2.1 Noms et formules chimiques .......................................................................... 49
3.2.2 Termes abrégés généraux ............................................................................. 49
4 Mécanismes de formation des gaz ................................................................................. 50
4.1 Décomposition de l'huile ....................................................................................... 50
4.2 Décomposition de l'isolation cellulosique .............................................................. 50
4.3 Stray gassing de l'huile ......................................................................................... 51
4.4 Autres sources de gaz .......................................................................................... 51
5 Identification des défauts ............................................................................................... 51
5.1 Généralités ........................................................................................................... 51
5.2 Composition des gaz dissous ................................................................................ 52
5.3 Types de défauts .................................................................................................. 52
5.4 Rapports fondamentaux de gaz ............................................................................. 52
5.5 Rapport CO 2 /CO................................................................................................... 54
5.6 Rapport O 2 /N 2 ...................................................................................................... 55
5.7 Rapport C 2 H 2 /H 2 .................................................................................................. 55
5.8 Hydrocarbures en C 3 ............................................................................................ 55
5.9 Évolution des défauts ............................................................................................ 55
5.10 Représentations graphiques ................................................................................. 56
6 Conditions de calcul des rapports .................................................................................. 56
6.1 Examen des valeurs d'AGD ................................................................................... 56
6.2 Incertitude sur les rapports de gaz ........................................................................ 57
7 Application aux gaz libres dans les relais de protection réagissant aux gaz ................... 57
8 Niveaux en service des concentrations de gaz ............................................................... 59
8.1 Probabilité de défaillance en service ..................................................................... 59
8.1.1 Généralités .................................................................................................... 59
8.1.2 Méthodes de calcul ........................................................................................ 59
8.2 Valeurs types de concentration ............................................................................. 60
8.2.1 Généralités .................................................................................................... 60
8.2.2 Méthodes de calcul ........................................................................................ 60
8.2.3 Choix des pourcentages de normalité ............................................................ 60
8.2.4 Valeurs d'alarme de concentration ................................................................. 60
8.3 Vitesses d'accroissement de gaz .......................................................................... 61
9 Méthode recommandée pour l'interprétation des AGD ................................................... 61
10 Rapport des résultats .................................................................................................... 62
Annex A (informative) Notes d'application aux matériels ...................................................... 64
A.1 Avertissement général .......................................................................................... 64
A.2 Transformateurs de puissance .............................................................................. 64
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 41 –
A.2.1 Catégories spécifiques .................................................................................. 64

A.2.2 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 64
A.2.3 Identification des défauts par AGD ................................................................ 65
A.2.4 Valeurs types de concentration ...................................................................... 66
A.2.5 Vitesses d'accroissement de gaz types .......................................................... 66
A.2.6 Informations spécifiques à joindre au rapport d'AGD ...................................... 67
A.3 Transformateurs industriels et transformateurs spéciaux ....................................... 67
A.3.2 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 68
A.4 Transformateurs de mesure .................................................................................. 69
A.4.2 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 70
A.5 Traversées en papier imprégné d’huile ................................................................. 71
A.5.2 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 71
A.6 Câbles à huile fluide ............................................................................................. 73
A.6.1 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 73
A.7 Matériels de coupure ............................................................................................ 74
A.7.2 Fonctionnement normal ................................................................................. 74
A.7.3 Défauts types ................................................................................................ 74
A.8 Matériels remplis de fluides non minéraux............................................................. 75
Annex B (informative) Représentations graphiques des rapports de gaz .............................. 76
Bibliographie ......................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 1 – Ordinogramme ..................................................................................................... 63

Figure B.1 – Représentation graphique n° 1 des rapports de gaz .......................................... 76
Figure B.2 – Représentation graphique n° 2 des rapports de gaz .......................................... 77
Figure B.3 – Représentation graphique n° 3 des rapports de gaz – Triangle de Duval
no 1 pour les transformateurs, les traversées et les câbles ................................................... 78
Figure B.4 – Représentation graphique n° 4 des rapports de gaz – Triangle de Duval
no 2 pour les OLTC (voir A.7.2) ............................................................................................ 79
Tableau 1 – Table d'interprétation d'AGD .............................................................................. 53

Tableau 2 – Schéma d'interprétation simplifié ....................................................................... 53
Tableau 3 – Coefficients de solubilité d'Ostwald pour différents gaz dans les huiles
minérales isolantes ............................................................................................................... 58
Tableau A.1 – Défauts types dans les transformateurs de puissance .................................... 65
– 42 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
Tableau A.2 – Plages de valeurs types de concentration de gaz à 90 % observées

dans les transformateurs de puissance ................................................................................. 66
Tableau A.3 – Plages de vitesses d'accroissement de gaz types à 90 % observées
dans les transformateurs de puissance (tous types confondus) ............................................. 67
Tableau A.4 – Exemples de valeurs types à 90 % de concentration observées sur des
réseaux individuels ............................................................................................................... 69
Tableau A.5 – Plages de valeurs types à 90 % de concentration observées sur les
transformateurs pour éoliennes (WTT) .................................................................................. 69
Tableau A.6 – Défauts types dans les transformateurs de mesure ........................................ 70
Tableau A.7 – Plages de valeurs types à 90 % de concentration observées sur les
transformateurs de mesure ................................................................................................... 71
Tableau A.8 – Valeurs maximales admissibles pour transformateurs de mesure
hermétiques .......................................................................................................................... 71
Tableau A.9 – Défauts types dans les traversées .................................................................. 72
Tableau A.10 – Schéma d'interprétation simplifié pour les traversées ................................... 72
Tableau A.11 – Plages de valeurs types à 90 % de concentration dans les traversées.......... 73
Tableau A.12 – Plages de valeurs types à 95 % de concentration observées sur des
câbles ................................................................................................................................... 74
Tableau A.13 – Défauts types dans les matériels de coupure................................................ 75
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 43 –
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
MATÉRIELS ÉLECTRIQUES REMPLIS D'HUILE MINÉRALE EN SERVICE –

RECOMMANDATIONS RELATIVES À L'INTERPRÉTATION DE
L'ANALYSE DES GAZ DISSOUS ET DES GAZ LIBRES
AVANT-PROPOS
1) La Commission Électrotechnique Internationale (IEC) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composée
de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de l’IEC). L’IEC a pour objet de
favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de
l'électricité et de l'électronique. À cet effet, l’IEC – entre autres activités – publie des Normes internationales,
des Spécifications techniques, des Rapports techniques, des Spécifications accessibles au public (PAS) et des
Guides (ci-après dénommés "Publication(s) de l’IEC"). Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux
travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations
internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’IEC, participent également aux
travaux. L’IEC collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des
conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.
2) Les décisions ou accords officiels de l’IEC concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesure du
possible, un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux de l’IEC intéressés
sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.
3) Les Publications de l’IEC se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales et sont agréées
comme telles par les Comités nationaux de l’IEC. Tous les efforts raisonnables sont entrepris afin que l’IEC
s'assure de l'exactitude du contenu technique de ses publications; l’IEC ne peut pas être tenue responsable de
l'éventuelle mauvaise utilisation ou interprétation qui en est faite par un quelconque utilisateur final.
4) Dans le but d'encourager l'uniformité internationale, les Comités nationaux de l’IEC s'engagent, dans toute la
mesure possible, à appliquer de façon transparente les Publications de l’IEC dans leurs publications nationales
et régionales. Toutes divergences entre toutes Publications de l’IEC et toutes publications nationales ou
régionales correspondantes doivent être indiquées en termes clairs dans ces dernières.
5) L’IEC elle-même ne fournit aucune attestation de conformité. Des organismes de certification indépendants
fournissent des services d'évaluation de conformité et, dans certains secteurs, accèdent aux marques de
conformité de l’IEC. L’IEC n'est responsable d'aucun des services effectués par les organismes de certification
indépendants.
6) Tous les utilisateurs doivent s'assurer qu'ils sont en possession de la dernière édition de cette publication.
7) Aucune responsabilité ne doit être imputée à l’IEC, à ses administrateurs, employés, auxiliaires ou mandataires,
y compris ses experts particuliers et les membres de ses comités d'études et des Comités nationaux de l’IEC,
pour tout préjudice causé en cas de dommages corporels et matériels, ou de tout autre dommage de quelque
nature que ce soit, directe ou indirecte, ou pour supporter les coûts (y compris les frais de justice) et les dépenses
découlant de la publication ou de l'utilisation de cette Publication de l’IEC ou de toute autre Publication de l’IEC,
ou au crédit qui lui est accordé.
8) L'attention est attirée sur les références normatives citées dans cette publication. L'utilisation de publications
référencées est obligatoire pour une application correcte de la présente publication.
9) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Publication de l’IEC peuvent faire l’objet
de droits de brevet. L’IEC ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de
brevets.
L'IEC 60599 a été établie par le comité d'études 10 de l'IEC: Fluides pour applications
électrotechniques. Il s'agit d'une Norme internationale.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition parue en 2015. Cette édition
constitue une révision technique.
– 44 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition
précédente:
a) révision de l’Article A.5 sur les traversées, à la demande du sous-comité 36A de l'IEC, afin
de transférer à l'IEC 60599 le contenu qui correspond à l'IEC TR 61464 [1] 1 relatif à l’AGD
dans les traversées. Elle vise également à transférer les nouvelles informations relatives
à l’AGD dans les traversées, disponibles dans la Brochure technique CIGRE 771 (2019)
[1];
b) révision de l’Article A.3 sur les transformateurs pour éoliennes afin de transférer à
l'IEC 60599 les nouvelles informations relatives à l’AGD dans les transformateurs pour
éoliennes, disponibles dans la Brochure technique CIGRE 771 (2019) [1].
Le texte de cette Norme internationale est issu des documents suivants:
Projet Rapport de vote

10/1164/FDIS 10/1174/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti à son approbation.
La langue employée pour l’élaboration de cette Norme internationale est l’anglais.
Ce document a été rédigé selon les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2, il a été développé selon les
Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1 et les Directives ISO/IEC, Supplément IEC, disponibles sous
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. Les principaux types de documents développés par
l'IEC sont décrits plus en détail sous www.iec.ch/publications.
Le comité a décidé que le contenu de ce document ne sera pas modifié avant la date de stabilité
indiquée sur le site web de l'IEC sous webstore.iec.ch dans les données relatives au document
recherché. À cette date, le document sera
• reconduit,
• supprimé,
• remplacé par une édition révisée, ou
• amendé.
___________
1 Les chiffres entre crochets se réfèrent à la Bibliographie.
IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 45 –
INTRODUCTION
L’analyse des gaz libres et des gaz dissous dans l'huile (AGD) est l'un des outils de diagnostic
les plus couramment utilisés pour la détection et l'évaluation de défauts dans les matériels
électriques remplis de liquide isolant. Cependant, l'interprétation des résultats d'AGD est
souvent complexe et il convient qu'elle soit toujours faite avec prudence, en faisant appel à du
personnel expérimenté en maintenance des isolants.
Le présent document fournit des informations qui visent à faciliter cette interprétation. La
première édition, parue en 1978, a bien servi l'industrie électrique, mais avait ses limites,
comme l'absence de diagnostic dans certains cas, l'absence de niveaux de concentration et le
fait de reposer principalement sur l'expérience acquise avec les transformateurs de puissance.
La deuxième édition (2015) a tenté de remédier à certaines de ces insuffisances. Les schémas
d'interprétation étaient fondés sur des observations qui résultent d'examens effectués sur un
grand nombre d'appareils remplis d'huile, après un défaut en service, et sur les niveaux de
concentration qui résultent d'analyses recueillies dans le monde entier.
– 46 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022
MATÉRIELS ÉLECTRIQUES REMPLIS D'HUILE MINÉRALE EN SERVICE –

RECOMMANDATIONS RELATIVES À L'INTERPRÉTATION DE
L'ANALYSE DES GAZ DISSOUS ET DES GAZ LIBRES
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document décrit la façon dont les concentrations de gaz dissous ou de gaz libres
peuvent être interprétées pour diagnostiquer l'état des matériels électriques remplis d'huile en
service et pour proposer une intervention ultérieure.
Le présent document s'applique aux matériels électriques remplis d'huile minérale isolante et
isolés par des isolants solides constitués de papier ou de carton cellulosiques. Des informations
relatives aux types spécifiques de matériels tels que les transformateurs (de puissance, de
mesure, industriels, ferroviaires, de distribution), les réactances, les traversées, les
appareillages de connexion et les câbles à huile fluide sont données, à titre informatif seulement,
dans les notes d'application.
Le présent document peut être appliqué, mais uniquement avec prudence, à d'autres systèmes
d'isolation liquide-solide.
Dans tous les cas, les indications obtenues sont données uniquement à titre de
recommandations et toute action qui en résulte n'est à entreprendre qu'après une appréciation
technique convenable.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie
de leur contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule
l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de
référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
IEC 60475, Méthode d'échantillonnage des liquides isolants
IEC 60567:2011, Matériels électriques immergés – Échantillonnage de gaz et analyse des gaz
libres et dissous – Lignes directrices
IEC 61198, Huiles minérales isolantes – Méthodes pour la détermination du 2-furfural et ses
dérivés
3 Termes, définitions et termes abrégés
3.1 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées
en normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
• IEC Electropedia: disponible à l'adresse https://www.electropedia.org/

• ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l'adresse https://www.iso.org/obp

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Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance on the interpretation

ICS 17.220.99; 29.040.10; 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-3798-4

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

–2– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022

Annex A (informative) Equipment application notes ............................................................. 25

IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –3–

A.2 Power transformers ............................................................................................ 25

Figure 1 – Flow chart ......................................................................................................... 24

Table 1 – DGA interpretation table ...................................................................................... 15

–4– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022

Table A.2 – Ranges of 90 % typical gas concentration values observed in power

IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –5–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN SERVICE –

–6– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022

The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:

Draft Report on voting

IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022 –7–

–8– IEC 60599:2022 CMV © IEC 2022

MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN SERVICE –

IEC 60050-191:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 191: Dependability

IEC 60050-192:2015, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 192: Dependability

IEC 60050-212:2010, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 212: Electrical insulating

IEC 60050-604:1987, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 604: Generation,

IEC 60475, Method of sampling insulating liquids

Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service – Guidance on the interpretation

Matériels électriques remplis d'huile minérale en service – Recommandations

–2– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –3–

A.2.1 Specific subtypes........................................................................................... 24

Figure 1 – Flow chart ............................................................................................................ 23

Table 1 – DGA interpretation table ........................................................................................ 14

–4– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

Table A.3 – Ranges of 90 % typical rates of gas increase observed in power

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –5–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

–6– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:

Draft Report on voting

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 –7–

–8– IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

MINERAL OIL-FILLED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

IEC 60475, Method of sampling insulating liquids

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/

– 40 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 41 –

A.2.1 Catégories spécifiques .................................................................................. 64

Figure 1 – Ordinogramme ..................................................................................................... 63

Tableau 1 – Table d'interprétation d'AGD .............................................................................. 53

– 42 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

Tableau A.2 – Plages de valeurs types de concentration de gaz à 90 % observées

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 43 –

COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE

MATÉRIELS ÉLECTRIQUES REMPLIS D'HUILE MINÉRALE EN SERVICE –

– 44 – IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022

Le texte de cette Norme internationale est issu des documents suivants:

Projet Rapport de vote

La langue employée pour l’élaboration de cette Norme internationale est l’anglais.

IEC 60599:2022 © IEC 2022 – 45 –