Contents PREFACE, 1 2 3 ‘CURVE SKETCHING Petiose Functions. ~~ Intercepts, Turning Points, Asymptotes and Empty Regio .cnnnn Sketching Curves. ‘hatching Curves by fs Finding the Range = Reciprocal Graphs and Square Root Graphs. ‘Sketching Curves with equation y =1/, y= ffl andy Miscolaneous Questions. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Hyperbolic Functions and their Graphs, Solving Hyperbole Equations & Proving idnties by using Defitions ‘Osbomn's Rule and inverse Hyperbole Function nnn Diferetiaton and integration... se vEcroRS. The Vector Pred The Equation of Plane. nes and Planes. Finding Equations of Planes and Lines of Intersection. ‘The Tepe Scalar Product nd Linesrly Dependent Vectors Miseaneous Questions. - 7 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS... Different! Equations with eparabe Variables. rac biferential Equations, “The integrating Factor ey 5d Second Order Diflerantia xuations ofthe form «22 «bey =0) " ae Pa me ‘Second order Ditferentil Equations ofthe form a2. sy. ae Pa 2 a4 19 19 20 2 24 25 28 29 30 a 225. MATRICES. The Determinant of 33 Math 7 3 The inverse of a 3x3 Mitra 35 Lineor Transformations a 30. 37 Sovng Equations by using Row Operations. 0 Miscelneous Questions aA 66. NUMERICAL METHODS Locating Roos. a6 ‘The Newton-Raphson Algorithm 4s “The Trapesiom Rule and Simpson's Rule a 7. POLAR CURVES. Pala Coordinates Polar Equations. “3 ‘Area enosed by 2 Polar Curve st Miselaneous Questions 52 [APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION. Volume of Revolution Length of re and Curved Surface Area. Micelanaous Questions INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE. Proving Reduction Formulae, Reduction Formulae with Limits, 60 Application af Reduction Formule. 62 39, COMPLEX NUMBERS... 4 ‘De Moive’s Theorem 64 Provieg enstis 66 The Roots of Unity. 67 The Roots of any Complex Number 68 Lock on an Argand Diagram. C | Micallneous Questions 2 11. SERIES EXPANSIONS “The Factorial and", notations 7 ‘Maclauri's Theorem, 7” ‘Te Binomial Theorem “ 1512, SUMMATION OF SERIES, Using Standard Results Summation a Series by Comping to Known Serles Expansion 73 ‘The Method of Differences. 13, PROOF BY INDUCTION Proving Dist by induction. roof by Indvstion on Matrices. 24 Proving Sunmation of Series by Invction. 5 Proving Inequaltisby Induction a7 Further Questions on induction. 14, PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS. Permutations Permutations with Restretons and Repeions. - Permutations invalving identical Objects. 92 combinations. 94 Further Permutations and Combinations 95 Division into Groups and Al Possible Selections. 96 Micelaneous Questions. 7 15, PROBABILITY. Simple Probably Probie. 99 Probably, Permutations and Combinations 100 Union, nterzection, Complement 102 Independent, Mutually Excuse, Exhaustive Events 102 ‘Tree Diagrams and Binomial Probablity 103 ~ —conatona Probably 105 Micllneous Questions 107 ANSWERS en [MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE.. NOTES...ESTEE cuwvesteronns 17. A funoton is given by: ows for -45450 LO") axa for Oex Ge=Iyae5) 6, Find the equation ofthe oblique asymptote ofthe following curves Paxe? Deel 1. Acre has equation y= LE, where f(z) and (4) a paynomi, How ean 0) ou determine whether this curve has any vertical asymptotes? How ean you Jetermine whether it has a double asymptote? 8. A curve has equation fe where f(x) and g(2) ate polyromials. How can you determine whether the curve has a horizontal or an obtique asymptote? When is ine sats the horizontal asympiote? 9. For each of the following curves, find the coordinates of the intercepts ard the tsvations ofthe asymptotes, Check how the curve approaches the vertical asymptotes = 2y-1 cp) y = tathe vats Ore © GRE-+ ar s3(e—4 oe @ ya ERD 0 eS @ y= wy 11. Find the gradient of the cure y=: result? cunve skETCHING Sketching Curves EXERCISE 1¢ 6 Sketch y=) Gerne=3y 5 ore Sketch y= —25*2_ atthe range ofthis function SeSeee Satethe anes ofthis 2x1 3052) Sketch y= 4s Sketch y= State the range ofthis funtion. Also determine the values of x may foe which y>0. 14g wT Sketch y= tthe range ofthis func, 3 Find the values of for which y>3. PS Kx=5) X 46041 TASIAT On the same axes, sketch the graph of y= Sketch y= Hence, 1, is given b here A>, is given by A=! 20, Show that —_ Seosh s+ Sins leaving your answer aa single logarithm in terms of ——— ie vectors VECTORS The Vector Product EXERCISE 3A 1. Find the vector product ax if (a) 0=2143)-k and co) © @ © 2. Given a and b + JK and b=2144)-K, finda vector whichis perpendicular to both 3. Find a unit vector perpendicular to p AL Given a =94+3}—Ke and bath a and b, Sk, find axb. Show that axb is perpendicular to S. Given a=31+3)-K and b perpendicular to both a and b, 2}+5k, find axb. If pa dienj-I8k is find the constants 4 and 1 6 -A@,-1,2), B(9,2,2) and C(S,2,7) lie on plane. Find two vectors which lie on this plane. Hence, find a vector which is perpendicular tothe plane, 7. 4i-6)+K and 4i~3) are two sides oF triangle. Find the aea of this triangle. 8. AUl2.4), B(2,5,8) and C(4,~1,4) ae the vertices ofa trengle. Find the area ofthis triangle . 9. A(2,=4,-7), B(A0,-2) and (51,0) ate the vertices ofa triangle. Find the area of (his tangle. 10, A(5,1,6), B(&5,4) and C(6,-1,2) are theee of the verties of parallelogram ABCD. Find the area ofthe parallelogram. 11, A612), BO,3,4) and (9,8,-2) are three of the verties of parallelogram ABCD. Find the coordinates of D andthe area of the parallelogram,(ppRRESEEN vectors The Equation of a Plane EXERCISE 3B 1 Find the distance of the following planes ftom the origin (@) F214 j-2k)=9 @) n(4ie3p= 20 (6) r(ai+5}+3k)= 100 rhe 2e ak) =42 (©) rGi45j-k)=0 (9 F(12i-y=-26 (@) r(lol—j+24)=6 () FA2begje3h)=1 2. Find the vector equation ofthe plane which is perpendicular tothe vecor 2i~7)—K and wiich passes through the point (2.5.8). 3. The vector $i~11}-K is nomal to the plane P, which contains the point (3,0,-2). Find the vector equation of P. 4. Find the vector equation ofthe plane which is perpendicutr to the vector 10i~4}-3k. and which passes trough the origin. 5, The plane P is parallel 0 the plane + (2i-3}+2k)=17 and passes trough the point (G.-1,3). Find the vector equation ofthis plane. 6, Prove that the planes (6i+2)-3k)=49 and #(12i+4)~6k)=5 are parallel, and tind he distance between ther. 7. Find the veetor equation of the line which passes thraugh the point (9,0,-$) and ‘which is perpendicular to the plane (i+ j—11K)= 64 8, The plane P is perpendicular to the line = S1—J—k + A(61+ J~2K) and contains the point (8,2,-1). Find the vector equation of this plane. 9, The line 1=5i4+j+2k-+A(pi+2}~Tk) is parallel tothe plane r(21+3)-+4k)=44. Find the value ofthe constant p. Show that the line is not contained in the plane. 10, The line r= 24-11j+8k+A(+ p}-3k) is perpendicular to the plane (4148) qk)» 2. Find the values of the constants panég. vecrons EESTETES 11, Check which othe allowing ons ieon he plane r(21-5}+3k) 10 @) AGLD (b) B6,2,-11) © 63-9 @ e125 12, Write thre points which lic onthe plane r(44+-2)~K) = 20, 13, Write the Cartesian equation ofthe following planes (a) r(4i+9j-2k)=5 (0) F.Gi-6j+k) = 13, (9) neat-78)=51 (© ridi-sj-124)=-6 () F(T1+2)-2k) = 64 (D e41+10j+ 14k) =32 (g) F(-2i-7)=8 (hb) .Q=7° 14. Wiite the vector equation ofthe allowing planes (a) x¢9y-3z01 () 4r-2ysse=n2 (©) 9x-S2=10 @) Sx-y-Tee? (©) By43z67 ( 6x-y-tie=0 (@) Ux=13y—42 #16 = 15, Write thre poins which lie on the plane 3x 9422 =9. 16, Find the distance ofthe given point fom the given plane: (2) A(6,-3.4) from 6r~2y4+32=5 () B12.) from 2x-y-z=1 (©) €(-5,2,0) from 4r+3y-: (@ D&7,-2) from 2r+y—32 (©) E411) from 2x+2)~ (0) F212) from rGi+4k)=7 (@) G(0,-6,3) fom (12145) =—4 17. Show that the points A(2,0,2), B(3.-1.3) and C(S,4-3) all le on the plane (i42)+k)=4. Find the area of tiangle ABC. Th: point D has coordinates (5116). Find the distance of this point from the plane and deduce the volume of | tetrahedron ABCD.(REESIEER vecroxs Lines and Planes EXERCISE 3C 1, Find the point of intersection of the line Dea yadee5, +5}+3k-+4(21+4)-K) and the plane 2. Find the point of intersection of the line (1 1i=3)-11k)= 2. i =6)+ 204 )-K) and he plane 3. Show that the line r=i4jeSk+AQH+J-2k) is contained in the pane 9 (1+ 2)+3k) 4. Show thatthe line 4+ J++ (Uke) is contained inthe plane r (ai +3}+ 4) = 5. Show that the line (31-6)-3k) = §-K+ A(81+3}+28) does not intersect the plane 6. Find the angle between the line r=4i+9)—k+2(21-5}+2K) und the ple +.(121~ J+3k)= 17, giving your answer to one decimal place. sod yoS_ 243 ind the angle between the line ==4 243 gd the plane Gry 7. Find the angle between the fine =54=2=5 02° and te pl ” ving your answer to the nearest degree. 8. Find the point of intersection ofthe line # = 61+3}-k++A(I~3}-2k) and the plane 3r=y=2e=-3. Also find the angle between the line and the plane, giving your answer tothe nearest degree. 9, Find the point of intersection of the line r=12i4-3)-10k-+4(2i~j-4k) and the plane x-y-+2=2. Also find the angle between the fine and the plane, giving your answer to two decimal places. 10. Find the angle between the following planes. Give your answers to one decimal plac» (@) 4x-Ty-432=12 and 2x-6y- 529 (Bet y422—St and x= y-92—4 (©) F(G1+8)~24)—14 and F214 =18 (2) 1-5+6k)=10 and eTL4)-K)= 8 11 Find the value of the constant ¢ if the planes r(31+/#2K)=20 and 1.(41+3}-9k)=5 are perpendicular. 2 vectors Finding Equations of Planes and Lines of Intersection EXERCISE 3D 1. Find the vector equation ofthe plane passing through the paints A(3,2,0), BAL6,2) and C(6,4,3) 2. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points A(0,3,0). (7,11) and C412). 3. Find the vector equation of the plane containing the line r= —3)-Ke-+4(2142}-k) and the point (1,23). the Cartesian equation of the plane containing the line |=2}+3k + w(Bl—j2K) and the point (- 40,3) 5. The plane P contains the line = 1 j+2k-+(Si-3}-+K) and the origin, Find its equation. 6. Find the vector equation ofthe plane containing the lines J+ 3K AGI=2}+k) and =I 3|-+ 6K +2) +K) 7. Show thatthe lines = 21+4}+3k-+A(Si—j-K) and r= 6i+2)—K4+ sie j+k) are skew. Given both fines are parallel to the plane P, and that P contains the point (Gyl.2), find the Cartesian equation of. 8, Find the vector equation ofthe line of intersection ofthe following panes: (a) 2e4Sye2=11 and 6x~2y432=-1 (©) F(14i-9}+K)=10 and 81-5} + 6K) =11 9. Find the vector equation ofthe line of intersection ofthe planes 4x-¢.y-+82=17 and x=y-32=-2, Hence, or otherwise, find the point where these two planes intersect the plane 3x4 y+2 68, 10, Two planes are given by x+2y+2=6 and 4r-y+32=7, Given the point (p,2,9) lies on both planes, find the constants p and q. Also find the vector equation of the ine ofiterseeton of these planes 11 A plane P has equation 2x+y-=10. Find the equation ef the line which passes through (0,-1.1) and is perpendicular to the plane P. Find the point where this line intersects the plane and henee, or otherwise, find the coordinates oF A the reflection ofthe point A inthe plane 3B(RRRSNINED vecroxs The Triple Scalar Product and Linearly Dependent Vectors EXERCISE 3E Find (oe) i (9) 6 21-4)-K, b= 9i— jk and em 354 543k () = 61+2)-3k, ° ‘Whatdo you deduce about the three vectors in (e)? 2. Check whether the following vectors are linearly dependent (9) 866143)-k, b= 91+ 9}+k and c= 31+6)+2k (6) a= 71+ 2} 4k, B= 104412) 43k and c= -i+.4j+4h (©) 9=15)-2k, b=8143}-K and e==161+95 (®) #=131417)-k, b=2i-3}-3k and c= 71426+84 (©) aM j418K, b= 2142}~5k and e= 41-3} 28K (© an4i~j+ 12k, be 2i+6}8K and ew 21-7}+3k 3. Write the vector v= 24 i je3k j-J+9k as. linear combination of b=2i+)-K and 4, Given a=i+3}-4k and b=21+3)+7k, find a vector p such that a, band p are lineary dependent. Also finda vector q such that a band q are linearly independent. 5. The weotors a= 3i-j4k, parallelepiped. Find its volume. L46]-k and €=5i+8) +1 form these sides of a ‘6. ABCD isthe base of a parallelepiped. EFGH isthe face parallel othe base, end AE is ‘one of the edges. Given the coordinates of A, B, C and E are (23,1), (61.4), 3.7.0) and (46.0) respectively, find the volume ofthe parallelepiped, 7. AU39). BO, volume 3,8), C(5,7.6) and DG.6,7) are the vertices of a etvahedron, Find its vecrons EEE Miscellaneous Questions em EXERCISE 3F |. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passing though the points A(L1,2), 1(2,2,2) and C(0,~7,0). Find the distance ofthe plane from the origin. Show thes ‘he plane is parallel to the plane with equation 12x-4y+6:=11 and perpendicular to the plane with equation 21+ 9y+-2:=4 2. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane P which contains the line F=Si42)-K+ 4(T1-4j-k) and the point Q¢4,0,3). This plane intersects the plane 1 with equation x+y-+22 6. Find the vector equation of thir line of intersection, ‘Also find the angle between the planes, giving your answer to the nearest degree 3. The line passes through (7, equation 6x y+32 =31 (@) Find the coordinates ofthe point Q where the line ntersets the plane P () Find the angle between the line and the plane F giving your answer to one decimal place, (©) Find. vector v which lies on the plane P and whichis perpendicular to the line ‘Mar this vector on your diagram, starting at Q. (©) The perpendicular fom A tothe plane meets the plane at R. Find the equation of the line QR the projstion ofthe lin /on the plane. 2) and is parallel tothe vector 31+ j. The plane P has 4. Find the vector equation of the plane containing the point: Q(- with equation r= 2 )+ 4(i~}~4k) (2) This plane intersects the line J, with equation r= ~7145)+3k + w(t—2)-k) at the point T, Find the coordinates of T. (©) Find theangle between J, and the plane, giving your answer tothe nearest degree (©) Find the equation ofthe line J, which passes through Q and intersects , and, 17.-3) and the line J 5. A plane TT, contains the points A(0,2,0), B(3,~I.~4) and Cil,-I,0). The point V has coordinates (1,11). (@) Find the vector equation ofthe plane TT, (©) Find the distance of V from the plan T, (©) Show thatthe volume of tetrahedron ABCV is $ (4) The plane 1, is such that for each point P on Tl, the volume of tetrahedron ‘ABCP is still}. Find the vetor equation ofthis plan. ee Fo(SPRREIEIED vecrons 6. The planes 11, and TI, have equations 2++2y+ respectively. (a) Find the acute angle between the planes, giving your answer to one decimal place. (8) The point R(4,,0) is equidistant from TI, and TI. Find given itis positive (©) The perpendicular fiom R meets the plane 11, at A and Ml, at B. Given angle ARB is acute, find angle RAB tothe nearest degre, and 6x-2y430=-19 17. Aight circular cone has its vertex at V(4,9,9)..C(2,3.D isthe centre of the base, A ‘generator of te cone (a line which when rotated about the axis of the cone produces {he cone) has equation r= 4l+9}+9k + u(4i—4}-11k) () Find the height ofthe cone () Find the equation ofthe base ofthe cone, (6) Find the point Q where the generator meets the base. (@) Find the radius of the base and hence find the volume ofthe cone. 8 Two planes 11, and TI, have equations x43y—2=12 and 41+6y-+z015 respectively (2) Fin the equation ofthe line of intersection ofthe two planes K+ u(2i+]+ pk)iscomained in TI. Find the (8) The line 4, with equation constants p and 4, (©) Find the vector equation ofthe plane Tl, which is perpendicular to both Tl, and TH, and passes through the point (3,-4,). 9, The plane T has equation r.(31+j+5k)= 22. ‘The line passes through P(12,11,9) and Q(-8,-9,-3) (2) Find the equation of (b) Find the coordinates ofX, the point ofintersecton ofthe line and the plane T, (6) Theline J, passes through P and is perpendicular to he plane. It meets tie plane at Y. Find the coordinates oF. (4) Find the coordinates of P*, the image of Pin the plan, (6) Find the equation of 1, the image of in the plane, 10, A hollow sphere has centre C(3,2,1). The point A(7,24) lies on the sphere, The plane I has equation (21+ 2)+ Kk) =2, (Find the radius ofthe sphere (©) Find the distance of the centre C from the plane TI (©) The sphere intersects the plane on a citcle. Find the rativs of this circle. 26 vecrors Two lines f, and are given by Rpe-3iedjek+p(4l—3]) and ¥=31+4)+9k-+ (i+ )-K). Show thatthe lines are skew. (@) Find (©) Find 4 andj such that rr, is perpendicular to both lines. Hence, ind the shortest distance benween the lines. (©) The plane 11 is parallel fo both lines and passes through (1,2,5). Find its Cartesian equation and the distance between J, and this plane interms of 2 and ys. What does = represent? ‘The plane TI has equation (21+ j- 2k)= 18, (@) Find the point onthe plane which is closest to the origin, (©) Show that TT contains the line J, with equation y= 8i— k++ A(L+2}42k) (©) Fin the vector equation of the plane P which is perpendiular to the plane TI and also contains the line /,. The line 1, passes through AC ©%5,,0) and D(,2,6) (@) Find the equation off, and /, and show thatthe lines donot intersect. 1.5) and B(6,5,7). The line J, passes through (b) Theplane 11 contains /, but doesnot intersect J. Find its Cartesian equation. (©) Find the Cartesian equation ofthe plane ABD. (©) Find the volume of tetranedron ABCD. ‘The line has equation r = (34+-A)i+(4~ A)}+ (@- A)k.. Thepoint A has coordinates GS.) LetP be a general point on (a) Find AF and deduce that AP? =32? -124-+50. (@) Hence, find the point X on! which is closest fo the point A. (©) XA is rotated through one revolution about /t form a circle. Find the radius of this crete and the Cartesian equation ofthe plane containing the circle. Two lines J, and ate given by f,= 2)-k+A(1~3)) and f,=21—j+k + aC (a) Show thatthe lines are parallel (b) Find the Cartesian equation ofthe plane TT containing these two lines. (©) Find the distance ofthe plane 11 from the origi, (2) Show that V¢3,—4,1) lies o this plane, *(e) A cube with sides 5 units long has one ofits faces F on the plane 11. V is one of the vertices ofthis cube, The face F, ofthe eube is opposite to face Fand lies on the same side of the origin as F. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane containing F,. Given VQ is an edge ofthe cube such that O les on F. find the position vector of Q.| ae DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS fet Difeentie Equations EXERCISE 48 Differential Equations with Separable Variables 1. Find he genealsoluon ach of the flowing ierental equations (0) La ryesints cos 59? sin sx. EXERCISE 4A () FZ t2yesin ©) 2ycon5eSt—5y'sinSs= 6 |. Find the general solution of each ofthe following differential equations: © ene Bo2 arGr+2) @ eee (b) coy AY ge @ eBee 0 + g ° ° © @-9¥-pe ® ® rer Vasate ye? 0 rer Basce oxe o ee o oy nr 0 ° () EH NB igse- a2 ® o 2 sone fla yasvtsghen y=! when x20 3. Solve eB are, given y= when x= 0. 2 x. given y20 when #=0 & cosy ay 4, Solve 52 Jesiny® « Ve(u=1), given y= 0 when x=1 3. Solve cords sind, given y=t when x=0. We ‘ae » 4. Solve 24 xy=s, given y=0 when x=0 wy = x, given 9: 5. By using the substitution y=., fn the general solution of the ferent equation 28 on eye y? eta ey de aad 2. Solve Seztny dy. er e 2(oC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS The Integrating Factor EXERCISE 4C 1. Simplify: (@ em (b) er @©em @e~ © (meer @ em wy em @ om 2. Find the general solution of ach of the following differential equation &) PLr2eyerer @ ABB. veoss () res @ Be © BD ayere? nse ya @ #29. 0) une ye 0 6-9 y= 6-5) @ 0 Leya2/FF & Beyimaetoae 0 ste yoateee nao! 3. Solve ody ae’, given y= 0 when x=1 4, Solve 24 3ycot3r= 1, given yet when x=. de ” 2 Wve 2% 42y=(241}e, given yet when =~ 5, soe x842y- (201 ghe at whn 0-4 6. Solve (42449) 2_2y0.x(Jarrl) sin, given 5 when 320. 7. Solve sind 2y=.2c0s's, given y= 2 when = 2. ‘Sol a” given y hen 7 8. A-curve’s gradient at any pent (x,y) is proportional tothe average ofthe x and » , yeales proximally been Sand ge a 4. Solve 438-46, given y=4 and 27 when x=0, Which value does y approach as x >? fy ints # Solve $2429 +26y =17sin3x+6c0s3s, given y=5 and 2 Sr 2 4269 =175n3e given y05 and 12 when 6. sae £328 ayaa, gen 0? when sy emi ke 1 see ty =05 en yt al Set wen 0, Fd ef whic Za ich Baa, 8. Find the values ofthe constants 2, p,q and r for which y= Ae" pe’ vgrer isa pit nepal of 282-11 Syee aoe -T. eve e =0. ‘differential equation, given y=6 and Ba when 3 i 13. 4, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Find the value of the constant 2 for which @y ry Axe* is « particular solution of -4y'=8e". Find the general solution of this diferemil equation. Find the value of the constant 2 for which y= Are™ is a a Gch syate, (0) Fin.y interns of, given y=1 and 1 when () Explain why » is never negative (6) Find the coordinates of the tuning points of the curve and sketch the curve of against x. Find the value of K for which kx(cosSx-+sin5x) is a panicular integral of the ret eqeion £%4.25y=20¢085x~20sinSx, Hence, find yin terms of eo ven yet and 2 = 13 when x=0. gen yet ae Sotve $+ 62 Ay 85430, given y=6 and =-9 when r=0. (@) Show tha 2 =(1+26%")(I-de™) and deduce thatthe raph of y pains has one ting point. Find ie cordinatesofhis uning pint and detemine is (©) Show thathere are no points of nflexon © As x0, the canes asympotc taki @) Skechthecurve. Find the equation ofthis line. 8 funtion of, ex “ae intemsofx,x, & function of, express $ and $5 interns of x», Given y= ve, where v eats 3n (50 +6042)7=0 50, ide ren ons ot Given y=, where ret, express 2 and £ in tems of , © ana # terms of 4, © ona © Hence, show that the equation oes, sBesy=—? may be expressed as a fy 6, ar ar” -€*, Find yin tems ot, given y=0 and 23 when 3pee br MATRICES The Determinant of a 3 x 3 Matrix EXERCISE 5A 1. Find the determinant ofeach ofthe folowing mates: 21s) 6 3-2) 37 @) B01 7 426 4 25 6 420 @c|-13 8 @ def 2 3-8-4 33 2, (2a or 4 2) @ E}0 1 6 © Felt 51 7 13: 20) (a 6 2) sind cod 0 Lo 0 4 k1 6) 2 Given A=|2_& —1), find the values of for whieh [a 765 3. Given Ais 33 matrix with determinant 6, find the determinant of 4A. 4. Use the properties of determinants 1o find the determinant of the following mates (6 4 3) (022 @ A-|o 0 1 B-[o 1 a2 344) a5 24 6 1 © c=]3 9 2 @ D-{1 os 2, s 68 3 (200.100. 00 @ £[9 1 0 © Fel 5 25 26-1 3 6) = 7 wares The Inverse of a 3 x 3 Matrix EXERCISE 5B 1. Find the matix of enfactrs of each a the following matrices: 416 (2-1 2) (@ A=|2 0 (be) B=)9 2 5 a47 ls 0 1) “273 (res wcef9 2-4 20-8 tat (un 2 -s 2, Find the inverse ofeach ofthe following matrices: 520) (a az|-1 22 © B | (sat jc4}14 0 @ p 3 ap 1 3. Findthevaliesofp fr which emarix X= 1 4p | hao ive. 513 apea, ba 4. Given 2k}, and aijA=9A", find tho value of the positive constant k lags 413) pane 5. Gen A=] 20. 5|aniC=| 4 17 2|,sndnemanie Beth ha AB=C. laa lo 2 3 « 2) 25 | tnd ti Asch at AB aa “5 =pg STE Maries 7. Solve the following equations by finding the iaverse ofthe matrix of coefficients Bro yaz @ x4 yas 2e42y 45 xepte @) Arty e209 4382223 Bx-3y4 72023 () Axe5p-S2=35 aebyt zal Be-6yh2esIT @ | find AR and deduce B. Hence, 9. Given 492 (ABY", Also solve the equations: arty 433 a 45 arttye 10. Given 236 16 2 —3| ind AAT. Deduce A. What i such a max called? (a -6 2) Use your reat ole aeeiyeGee 2 Gre 2y-32= 17 3x 69423 38 naraices ERIN Linear Transformations in 3D EXERCISE 5C 1 Find the 3 = 3 mattix which represents: (2) an ealargement scale factor 4 (b) asstrech sale facor 2 parallel othe x-axis (6) stretches scale factor 4 $ and 2 parallel othe x,y and z-axis respectively (6) aclockwise rotation through 90° about Oy (6) an anticlockwise rotation through 90° sbout Oz (P) aclockwise ration through 30° about Oy () areflection inthe xy plane (fh) arefletion in the yz plane (@_arotation through 180° about the ine y=, z= 0 2. Describe the following liscar transformations 500 20 @ A-lo so ® Belo 005 to 0 5) (loo 109 © c-|o 04 @ v0 -1 0 oro oo 4 000 (<080" 0 sso (©) E=|0 0 0 ® Fe) 0 1 0 000 (-sin30® 0 cona0r, (Describe the single transformation equivalent to A? (Gi). Deserbe the transformation equivalent to (ii) Deserbe the single transformation equivalent to D?, (iv) Describe the single transformation equivalent to C! (@) Find CD. Describe the single transformation equvelen to CD. (i) Find [C). Give a geomet significance to this yal, TT 7pS secs 4. -M represents linear transformation i 3D space. Given |M|=0, what kind of ‘wansformation could M represent? 1-42 13 | represents a linear transformation in 3D space, Find un fo bj if 3 Find the images of (4,5), Q@:-L=2) and R(G,-2,0) under the transformation 432 sivenbyA=|-1 5 0 624, Sow thatthe image points are not collinear, vertices of a tangle, Find their images ‘A(4,2,0), B(2,3) and C(S,-21) are the Fe tang ees a 8a) x) (12-1 under the transformation given by ||] 2 4-2] y). Prove that the image 2) 3-63 points are collinear and find the vetor equation ofthe line on which they lie, f-10 0 © 1 OJ. Find the image of two general oo ee eee pins i 3D pcan i ‘Which transformation does A? represent? ‘A transformation is represented bY “ 19. The image of the print P under the transformation given by A (10,0,9).. Find the coordinates of tk +A(2i+j-5k) under the tansformation given 10, Find the image ofthe liner 237 by As|-1.2 4 061 16, MATRICES ESTER zd Find the image of the line Under the transformation given by 02-4 pels 1s 40 2) Write three poins A, B and C that lie on the plane r.(i+25+3k)= 6. The matix 520 X=] 1-1 3 | represents a transformation in 3D space. Find the images of A, B o1 2 fand C under this transformation. Deduce the equation of the image of the plane -(1+2}+ 3k) = 6 under this transformation, Find the inverse ofthe matrix 2 |. Use tis resut to find the image of aio the plane 35-4 y~2 =9 ander this transformation, 2G Show thatthe following equation of each line formations map 3D space onto line and find the vector fra *) 1-1 4) 42 2) @ A=2 4-10] @ a4) @ef2 at clas) 228 +3 3) Show thet the following transformations map 3D space onto a plane and find the vector equation ofeach plane: 8) S63 (71s 3} @ B20) @ cols ») a5~eeanE maraices Solving Equations by using Row Operations EXERCISE SD 1. Solve the following equations by using row operations: © x +2y~22 Breda Des Ty 432059 o ‘na line, find the vector equation ofthis ine. ® © ® 0 Bee2yt 24 xtTy-3eell 2esSys6e=1 2ys32=3) are3y422=8 Gr- y 482014 Areaye3e=11 2e-yoze3 B¥3y452=7 6x +4y-22=24 Seedy- z= lar+8y—42=10 ay 424 3r-I2y+62=6 2x By t4zad ® @ dee yea Grs2yeHle 4r-3y- 2. Use row operations to check whether the following equations have & unique solution, ‘an infinite set of solutions, or no solution. Solve, where possible, and in each case, sive a geometric interpretation to your result. In the eae that he thee planes itersec Se tay 2 216 W0x+8p22=3 i says eedyssen4 s4Sy+z 210 Brtllyete= 5 Den yores o Ty 43eas Brody edz= Miscellaneous Questions EXERCISE SE |, By reducing the followirg equations to upper triangular form, oF otherwise, show that the equations do not have a unique solution and find the value ofthe constant for ‘hich the equations are consistent. Also solve the equations for his value of p. Give a geometric interpretation 1 your result x +4y-32=10 Brt2y2 Tes 8) -S2~p 2. A-system of equations is given by x +2p434 2e Sy 432 Bre y bar: where @ and bare constants (@) By reducing the sytem of equations to upper triangular form, or otherwise, find the value ofa such that the system of equations has a non-unique solution, () For this value of find (the value of & for which the system of equations has an infinite set of solutions. Give s geometric interpretation to this result (Gi) the values of & for which the system of equations is inconsistent, Give a geometric interpretation to this result ks a) (8 3. Given A=/—k 1 5] and that A} y |=] 4° |, find [a] in terms of &. Deduce the lon 4 values of & for which the system of equations has a.non-unique solution. Check which ofthese values gives: (@) an infinite set of soluions (6) no soltion, 4. Show that the following equations have a unique solution for any value off: kes Sy 422-5een arrices Vol sys) (a 5. Find x,y ands if}2 -3 4 y]=/ 3} Hence, or otherwise, write the veetor 24 =z) +3}+17K as a linear combination of the vectors §42)+2k, i-3j+4k and Si+4)-3k 6 Given Seay roy dares, yn2eee se row operations to find x,y and z in terms of 9,8 and c, Hence, find the inverse of $20 the matrix A=}1 -1 3 O12 7. A system of linear equations is given by: x) (S48 124 Aly|=! 13 [where A=|i 3 9 la ree (@) Find the determinant of the matrix A, giving your answer in terms of (©) Determine the valueis of & for which the above system has: ().aunique solution i) no solution (Gil) an infinite number of solutions. (©) Solve the equations for k=1 ono a ‘ =| mac sn ete Anil items 2 Fd 3at values of 4 for whieh |A—24|~0. 9. Write one solution for he set of equations Deby treks x +3y422—hy wre y desk Given the above set of equations has more than one solution, find the possible values ‘OF. Find these solutions forthe smallest value of 2 ~ ~ sass ESET 10, Given 61 Henee, Find A? 133 3-5 3]. find A* and show that A? =124. 6 6 4, 11, The matrices A and B representa reflection inthe yz plane and a clockwise rotation through 90° about Or respectively () Find A, B, AB and BA, (6) Show tha all points on the z-axis are fixed (mapped onto themselves) under AB and BA, (©) Show thatthe point (a,b,c) is Fixed under BA provided b= *(@) Which single transformation i equivalent to BA? 12, Solve: ‘Show thatthe sum of the solutions is zero 13, The square matrices A and B are sad tocommuteif AB = BA the general Form i) fell 242 matrices which commute wit [' $40 14. A matrix is orthogonal if A"=A™'. Show that the matrix M=|4 4] is tot crt. Ao ovine ait and Bab ota en AB ao thogonal “15, Prove that fA isa square mati, then (A et wf ' = sinte 0 costar, (0) Find tea ofa inthe region 0: fo which: © Alsootnveible @ [A a maximum (©) The trace of a matrix is the sum of the entis inthe leading diagonal. Find the least value of he trace of A. — 3Ra pronann NUMERICAL METHOUS NuweRicaL MeTHOOs EET N U M E RI CA L M ETH [e) DS The Newton-Raphson Algorithm Locating Roots EXERCISE 6B 1. Show that 1? 4x? +1-1=0 has a root between x= 1 and x=2. Taking x=15 asa first approximation to this oot. use the Newton-Rapheon method twice to find a better EXERCISE 6A, approximation, giving your answer 192 decimal places. Is this answer accurate to 2 decimal places? 4. Show that x?—31°+7=0 has aroot between x=-1.5 and x=-1 2. Show that I~.+2cos3r=0 has a root between x0 and x= 1. Taking x=05 asa fist approximation to this root, use the Nevvion-Raphson iteration formula to find & better approximation, giving your answer to 3 decimal places. 2 Show that cos2x4-4x—5 = hasa root between x-=1.4 and 3. Show that Inf2x+3)=1—x has a root between =I and 3. Show that e°*= +5 has only one real root, and that it lies between x=~2 and x=-1. Taking x=-I.5 asa firs approximation, use the Newton-Raphson method 10 4 Show that &°* = tan has aroothetween x= 04 and x= 06, finds better approximation to this roo, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. 5. Show that “2 =5 has aroot between x=-3 and <2, 4. Show that e*(21?-+9x~5) =1 has only one real solution, Show that this solution les between x=0 and x=1. Taking x=0.5 as. first approximation, use the Newton- Show that e'+:-2+0 has just one oot and rove that hiro fe between «03 Raphson method to find a better approximation to this solution, giving your answer to and v= 05. 3 dima places. Show that the equation x-=sin3x has three eal roots, State wn ofthese roots, Show that thete isa root between 1'=(15 and Given that this root is, write the value of the third root in terms ofc. Show thatthe equation .°+1-1=0 has only one rel sltion, and that it lcs between x=0.5 and xml * Show that the equation 2? has two real roots. State the relationship between Fal ‘these roots. Show that one of these roots les between x=0.5 and x=0.8. Show that e'~sin.x=0 has no positive roots but it has an infinite numberof nepatve ‘ots. Show that one ofthese roots les between x= —8 and x=-3- Explain why, #2, the roots are approximately equal to ~ne, where 1< Show that 3tan"!x+2-6=0 has only one real solution, If ais this solution, find ‘wo consecutive integers a and b sich that a x=In2 is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated. ‘The area between the curve y-=sin3x and the waxis from x=( to x=} is rotated hough one complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the volume of the solid generated, Find the volume generated when the area between the line y= 7x and the x-axis fom x=1 10 x=2 is cated through one complete revolution about th x-axis. ‘The area between the parabola y* =10x and the axis from x=$ to 1°=9 is rotated through one complete revolution about the z-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated. By stating from the graph of y= e052, deduce the graph of y=see2x in the region Sex, The mea between the cuve y=see2e and the exis fiom x==5 to <= is roated through one complete revolution about the s-axis. Find the volume of ‘the solid generated “The area between the curve y=2+e™ and the exis from x=0 to x=! is rotated {rough one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated. ‘Sketch the grph o° y =xe", marking clerly any turing points and asymptotes. The area between the curve and the x-axis ffom x=0 to x=4 is rotated through one ‘complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume ofthe solid generated, 3 =jean APPUCATIONS OF INTEGRATION 9. 19, The area between the curve y=3+e" +e" and the axis from r=0 to x=In3 is "otated through one complete revolution about the s-axis. Find the volue ofthe solid ‘enerate. The area between the curve y=tan-x and the saxis from x=0 to x=4 is rotated ‘through one compte revolution about the x-axis, Find the volume of the solid ‘generate, The finite area bourded by the curve y= x(2) and the x-axis is rotate through one complete evolution about the x-axis. Find the volume ofthe solid geneaed, ‘A curve is given ty y=xVe0si. Explain why y is never negative inthe region OSx4. The ara bounded by the curve and the s-axis inthis region is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the volume of the solid generate. sol “+ Sketch its graph. The aree between the carve and the seaxis from x-=I to x=2 is rotated through one complete revolution about the axis, Find the volume ofthe solid generated, A curve is given by ‘A curve is given parametrically by x=0°+1 and y= IFAT. The area between the ‘curve and the xaxis fom x'=1 10 =10 is rotated through one complete sevolution about the xaxis. Fird the volume of the solid generated ‘A curve is given purametrically by x=7—cos@ and y= Jein@. The wea between the curve and the x-axis from @=0 to 9=4 is rotated though ore complete ‘evolution about the-axis. Find the volume of te solid generated, A curve is given parametically by x=2c0s'? and 9 120 14, sin®, Plot the euve from ‘The area between the curve and the x-axis in ths region is rotated through one complae revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid senerated. ‘The area between the ine y'=3x and the y-axis from y =3 to y=6 is lied through ‘one complete revolution about he y-axis, Find the volume ofthe solid generated. The area between the curve y=." and the axis From =O to y=9 is rotated ‘through one complete revolution about the y-axis. Find the Volume generated The area between the curve yy=Inx and the y-axis fiom y=—1 to y=1 is rotated ‘through one complete revolution about the y-axis, Find the volume generated, 20, 21 2 26, 26. 2. 26 2. 30. arrucavions otwreoesvion SESE “The area bounded by the curve 3 and the line y= 4, in the region x20, is rated through one complete revolution sbout the y-axis. Find the volume ofthe slid ‘penerate. ‘The ares between the curve y= de" and the y-axis from y=4 to y=8 is rotated through one complete revolution about the axis. Find the volume of the solid ‘generated, A curve is given paramettically by x= 2Vi and y= %¢° +21+e'. The area between the curve andthe y-axis from r= 0 to r= i rotated through one complete revolution about the )-axis, Find the volume of the solid generated from x=-1 0 ‘The area between the curve y'=.¥°+2_and the line rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume ofthe slid ‘generated. ‘The area between the curve y=e+3 and the line y=3 from x=1 to x=2 is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume ofthe slid ‘penerated. ‘The area bounded by the eure y=3e', the yaxis and the line y'=3e is rotated through one complete cevalition about the s-axis. Find the volume of the solid ‘generated. ‘The area bounded by the curve y=.x(6~s) and the line y=8 is rotated through one ‘complete revolution about the s-axs. Find the volume of the solid generated ‘The area bounded by the curve y=(2—x)(x-10) and the line y= 4x8 is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the volume of the solid ‘generated. ‘The area bounded by the curve y'=9—x? and the line y = is rotated through one Find the volume ofthe solid generated complete revolution about ‘ne line y Sketch the graph of y= 2sinx inthe repion OSS. The area bounded by this feurve and the line y=1 is rotated through one complete revolution about the line 1. Find the volume ofthe solid generated, ‘The area bounded by the curve through one comple revelution about the fine x=2, Find the volume ofthe solid generated, ins, the xanis and the line x=2 is rotatedpereann APPUCATIONS OF WTEGRATION Length of Arc and Curved Surface Area EXERCISE 8B 1, Find the length ofthe curve y= 24! from x woxes. eset Given coshsre + find the length of the curve 3. A curve has equation ysin(r+JPTT). Show that 2a! and find the eaton ). Show tat nL ad i length ofthe curve from x'=3 10 4. Acurveis given by VSe52X . Find the length ofthe curve from x=0 to 4 5. Given y= cosc2x, show hat 1+( 22) = Acsee2x-1) and hence find he length of are ofthis curve from = $ to & Prove that feo sds = sco stans+infsecx+tans{}+k, Show that the length of ¥ tan? @ to evaluat this integral 7. Accurve is given parametrically by of the curve fom 1=0 to =v. (+2 and y= 6(1=22). Find the length 8. A curve is given parametially by x= curve rom 1=0 t0 f= °—1. Find the length of the 9. The are of the cue y=4x from is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the area of he surface generated 10. The are of the curve y=VE from x=0 10 %2 is rotated trough one complete ‘evolution about the x-axis, Find the aea ofthe surface genciated cosh “11, The are of the curve fiom x=0 to x=tin2 is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the are ofthe surface generated Es — a APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION SE 12, The arc of the curve is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the area ofthe surface generated, 113, rove that [sed xdr= fseestans-snees+tana}e. The a of the curve y axis. Show thatthe ares ofthe surface gente is given by xf VIAN ay. Use the ?* fom to x=In2 is rotated through one complete revolution about the = substitution 2y = tanto evaluate this integra "14, Prove thatthe surface area ofa sphere of radius ris given by Ar’ aya! 3 15. A curve is given paramettcally by x= S¥2" and y ae Find the length of are of the curve from ¢=0 to (= 4. ‘This ac isrotated through one complete revolution bout the a-axis, Find the area ofthe surface generated. #16, A curve is given parametially by = cost? 3¢ and y= 2sinh3/, Find the length of are of the curve from /=0 to f=4In3. This are is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the area ofthe surface generated, 17, Acurve is given by 6)* =2-x) 24347 Day (©) Find te length of are of the curve From, (©) Find the area of the surface generated when this arc is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis, Show tat 1+(22) (9 swan) tore, 18. A curve is given parametrically by x'=41- 47? and y=2/°, Find the length of are of the curve from ¢=0 to ¢=2. ‘This arc is rotated through ene complete revolution about the x-axis, Find the area ofthe surface generated, 19, An asroid is given paramesrically by x= cos!s and y-=sin'r. Plot the astroid in the region 0:<1 <4. Find the length of arc of the curve inthis region. This ac is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the area of the surface ‘penerated. #20. A curve is given parametrically by x=14eosh2/ and y=4sinht. The region ‘between the curve and the axis from r=0 te 1=In2 is, (@) Find the area of R () Find the perimeter of R (©) The region Ris rotated though one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the curved surface area of the solid geneated. Also find the total surface area of the solid generate,Ee PAPEETE worsens meson Miscellaneous Questions EXERCISE 8C |. A triangle has vences atthe points (22), (44) and (62). Ths triangle is rotted through one complete revolution about the -ans. Find: (a) the volume generated () the Cua surface area ofthe objec ormed The same triangle is now rotated through one complete revolution about its horizontal base. Find: (©) the volume generaed (@) the surface area ofthe object formed. 2. A circle with centre (0,6) and radius 2 ix rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis to form a torus, shown ia the adjacent figure. Find the equations of the upper and lowe" semicircles forming the given cirele. Siow thatthe volume of the tors is given by 242 fJE=F de, and evaluate this integral 73. A circle with centre (02) and radius 2 is rotated -hrough one ompete revolution about the x-axis to form what is known as a hom torus, shown in the adjacent figure, (You may imagine it 4 a doughnut with no hole.) Find the surface area ofthe hom torus. ‘4. The Length of are of @ curve with polar equation r= /(@) from > {ary and find its circumference. “5. Show tha the eng ofa ofthe curve y= 81-1" fom x=0 to -8 is given by = [MF@=2aF ae. Use te subatiaion sine giving your answer to tee significant figures —2x to evaluate this integral, INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE Proving Reduction Formulae EXERCISE 9A, 1. Show that if J, = fated, then 1, =3%e"~nl,... Hence, find fe! de. Show tat, if = fsn” xd then 1, cosxsin™ x, Deduce sin ds 3, Show tat if, = feosh” xe, then nf, =(n=Dlg sinh sosh™ tant 4. Show ha iJ, = fan” xa, then = 5S. Show hat if = fe" dr then of, = "6" iy, 1 6. Show tat if 1,= [see* xa, then 1, =—L {tan xsee"?.4(=2)/, 4}. Hence, find facets inxeos™ x+(n—I, 1. Given 1, = foo" rds prove that nl, Deduce [co's a: "8. Given 1, = {sinh xdr, prove that /,=+foosh sinh" x—(n—I)}. Dede that [ions = ooshxinh!x=foosh sin + eos 9. Show that if = foot dr then 4, Show that if J, = f(y de, then J, =n)". Hence, find fins) de 1. Show tat if 1, = fxn" de then, *(In3)" nl}. Deduee fx(ins) de 12, Show tha if = [Grete de thon 27, «(6+ 2", 13, Show tai = foos*4x dry then nf, =A(n=I),y¢sin dros” ry =ee percsase INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE \WTEGHANION 6 REDUCTION FORMULAE Reduction Formulae with Limits #10. Given 1, amen timits EXERCISE 98 [o(1-)! ar, show that (042), n= Dy . 11 Shows if. fn" ds then == Dade ta: J, = 1. Show that, if 1, Jie ttn 1, =2=1, 5. Renee fain a 2 cone de, prove that 77, ¢m(r= la #0=0, Hence, show that 2. Show that if J, foos'. de, then Ins Hence, find feos? de and fetot a den 2022-120 Joors0u 4 #13, show tha if J,= [eather 1, 3. Show that if J,= [ye de then J, =e-nly,. Find /, and deduce we'd 14, Given J, =] ear, prove tht J, =nf,s~3€%, Evaluate J, and 1, interns of 4. Show thai J, = fire", then 1, rae eae 15, Given Jp=fe0-20)! ae, prove that nb 3My= ney. Deduce that ‘ 5S. Show that J,= flan de, then J, = Hence, evaluate Jrc-2taest tan xd 16, Show that it Jy fx"(L4e") dey then J, =F (32-(1— 8g} Him se 6 Show that, if J,=fe'sine de, then J,=a*=nin-Il,y. Hence, evaluate st, | Jorsvrsins as 117. Coster te pap of yes Exp vty si nr=) ts ny ' . eee 716 A= fsectrde, prove that = {J3"*+¢n-2y1, 44. Hence, evaluate | } sen) , *8. Given J, = [(1+2°)"ée, show that 2nf,, =2°7+n-DI, J 18 Given fy =f" 30d show tat (gg 44D =, " I, NI (0-1). 19. ‘de, prove that /,,, Hence find S28 ae ‘ —— Cyer pi INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE Applications of Reduction Formulae EXERCISE 9¢ [8 cos 40, show that 1, (5) 1-0, (@) Find 1, (©) A polar curve has equation r= O'E6S@ for 0< <4. Sketch the cuve and find the area itentxes. 2. Gre =i stow tt (@) Evaluate J, 1, and J, (©) A polar curve has equation r= 2sin@cos28. Sketch the curve and find the area ‘enclosed by one ofits smaller loops. 3. Show tha in 2d9-= 102 a : n=l () The finite region bounded by the curve y= Vian’ and the x-axis fom 3=0 to 4 is rotated completely about the xaxis to form solid of revolution. Find the volume ofthe slid generate, @) Given 4. Given 1,= fo08" 846, prove that, = ax (@) Show that 1, = 22. (@) Show that 1, = 32 () Sketch the polar curve with equation 7 = acos?, showing thatthe curve consists ‘oft loops. Finé the area enclosed by one ofthe loops (©) A curves given puametically by the equations x= 40-+sin20 and y= 2c0s‘0, for 005. Find the area enclosed by ths curve. +6, 8, +9, ITERATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE (@) A-curve has equation y= s7e*. Find the coordinates of the turning points ofthe curve and determine their nature. Sketch the curve, (©) Show tha the region between the curve and the s-axis from x=0 to x 2s has yh ‘Show that this Function is even and sketch ts Tey between the curve and the s-exis (©) This area is rotated through one complete revolution about the x-axis. Find the volume ofthe solid generate, IF ye feostrds, prove that 1,={(@=I)/,-sinxeos"'x). Also find the general solution ofthe following differential equation: wy ®. aytan x =cosx ee 1 foe in prove that (i) . (©) Find 1, (0) Acre has eution y= sinsVGOU for Ox <4 () Find the are enclosed between th cirve andthe axis in his ein, (i) This areas rotted though one complae rvoluon stout ears. Fd the volume ofthe solid genre. Given J, le dx, prove that al, =3~8(n—, 6x4 40x 428" eee (@) Show that (©) Findrr po cvs COMPLEX NUMBERS De Moivre’s Theorem EXERCISE 10A 1 Express the flowing inthe form cosn0' sin () (coso+isina)’ © (cosdvicino)! (© (coss0-+isin 507 ) (cosaisinay" (9 (coso+isina)? (0) Veos8=7sin 8 (2) (cosd+isindy (cos0+isind (©) (60:40 +isin 40) (c0s20-+isin 26) 1 » ctienay cos80-+sin50 i (00s 20+ isin28 (cos0+ising)" (0) cos ao-isinad o Se ® © 0 « @ 0 ) © © o ro) © ® (cosoising)" (coso=ising)! (cosso-isinsoy! (cos0sisinay* (cosa+isino)? sfeos20 020 (c0s0- ising) (cos 8+isind)i (cos90+sin90)VeasOsTaIRD 1 [cosdisinay 0380 + isin 8 cos +/sind (080 isin dy (cos0visino)” ) (cosd=isina)" (Gentian (0870+ isin 70) (cos8 (cos isin’) in 80] compte NuMBER 2. Expres the following in the form (cos+sin0)" () 3599+ sin99 () coslSosisintsa (©) coe sisin’® (@) cosg+ising (©) ex876-isin 79 (9) cost60-isin16a (©) (60940 +isins0)"(cond+isind}’ (cont sing) e080 sisi)” 1 1 oe o (0830+ sin30) [cosovisinay™ (4) S8120-isin129 1) Leessind cos30+ iin 38 0 coxteisind ny Lenz icine o) S820=isin20 “Ved isin dy ees601sin66 xs3041sin3 © (cosd+isind cos160+isini60 o_,eztoziana79) esovisinay {(e0s8—Fsin0)" 3. Express 2=14+4 inthe for 1 (c080+isin0) and hence find! 4. Express ¢ =-14-V5i inthe form r(cosd isin) and hence find: ‘8. Show hat (a+5i)"+(a~bi) sea for any real number a and 6 ‘6. Expres 1-1 in the form +(cos0-+isind) and show itis a solution ofthe equation 2-62 4232" 34242600. Find the other three soltions and sketch all four solutions on an Argand diagram. Show thatthe points representing these solitons form atrapezium and find the area ofthis apezium, 7. Show that (-1+-V5i (cor? +isin222), Hence, find the smaest natal number p such that (145i) is ret. 8. Expres 14-5) in the frm r(cos@-+isind). Given 145) is a solution ofthe equation 2* 4212140 '=0, find the real numbers @ and b @ SOProving Identities EXERCISE 108 CComPLeK NUMBERS Use De Moivee's Theorem 10 prove that 0:38 4e05!@-3eos@ and that 1 Stand tan’ 9 sin30 =3sin Asin’, Also prove that tan3 san 8 2 Use De Moive's Theorem to prove that cs4@sBeos'@—Hoos70-+. Also prove 4tan@—4tan? 9 3. that an hat tan 0 = Te Stan? O+ tan Use De Moe's Theor to prove tht if @ is not a muliple of x, the 4 sins 5 16s! =I2c08° 941 wind Use De Moivre's Theorem to prove that sin6O-sin26(3~16sn? 0+ 16sin‘8) 5 ence or therwise find sin @ i 2sin6@-=Ssin28 Use De Moivte's Theorem o prove that: cos 70 = cos’ @~21sin? Bcos’ @+ 35sin* Acos’ O-7sin* Bcos8 6 =) fx x 2) f «) Jeduce that cos'( = sin?(Joos'() asia oor (% Detacas (5) vi) (i) ase (io ‘Use De Moivre's Theorem to prove that cos60 = cos O(I-1Stan’ 0 15ta" ten) “6 x N uc that 1—tan'( i Decent -1n'( 4) } . ; 8 Prove tha cos! 0 4(400820+-c0s404+3). Hone, find feos’ 00 Prove that sn* @={10sin-Ssin30+sin $0). Hence, ind sin? #40 er ye sinptiy (2+) (<1) and det ssa (33084045). 2) Ue find the general solution ofthe equation coe sin 8 oni ‘COMPLEX NUMBERS The Roots of Unity EXERCISE 10C Write the roots of unity inthe form a+ bi Write the $* roots of unity in the form r(cosd+isind). Sketch these roots on an ‘Argand diagram. Write the 6! roots of unity inthe form r(e08@+/sind) and inthe form a+ Sketch hesero0’ on an Argand diagram Write the 8 roots of unity in the form a+b Sketch these roots on an Argand iagram. The points representing these roots form a regular octagon. Find the area of this octagon, Solve 2'=1, giving your answers in the form a-+Of. Hence, or otherwise, solve (42-398 1 Solve 2=1, giving your answers in the form a++bi. Hence, of otherwise, solve wit)? (2) iagram, where A Tis on the real axis. Given triangle ABC is isosceles, state which ‘oo sides are equal and find ZBAC tothe nearest degree The points A, B and C represent the three values of w on an Argand. ‘Show thatthe real par of al solutions ofthe equation (I+-2)" =2" is ~ Let we cte2Esisin2Z, Show tht w ino of <1, Wie the tert of this equation in the same form as w, and chow that they are 1, ww? and w! Ilusrate the roots onan | Argand diagram. "By "considering (wtb tw), prove that witwti sw 1. Show that wehw* = 2e0s2% and find w! + w 2 cost Prove tht 4eos cos 3 Giver w=cos isin, write wand w? in a similar form. Show that these complex. numbers are thee of the 18" roots of unity. Given, 7 and w* are represented by the poins A, B and C respectively on an Argand diagram, explain why (eagle ABC is equilateral, aEXERCISE 10D |. Solve the fllowing equations, giving your answers in the form r(cos-+isin 8): @ Pa1s8 tae © fen1-vi © He 4s 4Vii © Pes @) P2240 @ Fa16 (t= 7-241 2 Solve 2*=-64, giving your answers in the form a+b. Hence, solve (w= 2457)" = 68. 3. Find the three cube roots of 12V6~-I2V6i, giving your answers in the form 1r(cos0+isin), and plot these roots on an Argand diagram. Show thatthe points ‘representing these roos are the vertices ofa triangle of area 943. 4. Sohe *=-8V5-+8, giving your answers in the form r(cos@-isind). Sketch these roots on an Argand diagram. Show thatthe points presenting these roots on an ‘Argand diagram form the vertices ofa square, and find thearea ofthis square. 5. Sole :'=27, giving your answers in the form abi Hence, solve (wet) =270Qw-1), *s 324, giving your answers in the form a4, Show thatthe points ‘these roots on an Argand diagram form the vertices of trapezium and find the area ofthis trapezium, 125%, giving your answers inthe form r(c0s@+ sind). Let A, Band C ‘present these rots on an Argand diagram. Explain why A, B and C lie ona citcle ‘The points A, B and C are mapped onto the points P, Q and R respectively under @ transformation which multiples complex numbers by cosé-+ising. Find the complex numbers represented by P, Q and R. Sketch P, Qand R on the same Atgand diagram as A, B and C. Deseribe the transformation which maps triangle ABC onto tangle PQR. So ‘COMPLEX NUMBERS Loci on an Argand Diagram EXERCISE 10E 1 2. 8. For each of the following, find the equation of the locus of the point T(a,y) ‘representing the complex number == x-+iy. Sketch the lous in each ease (@) [5-2 © [=6 © [=hkao (@) [eases (©) |r+3-2425 o () [e-1+24= [+4] i) (0) [e+3-24=24} o [At o (m) Re(z)=5 (9) (0) Re(z43-29=2 Oy (@) age=F © © aye-2) 0 mateo nat Given ar(=1)~ar(z+1)=5, show thatthe oes ofthe pint P(x,y) representing the complex number 2 =:+y is» semicirle and find its centre and radius. Given arg(z—6)-arg(z) =, show thatthe Ieeus ofthe point P(x,y) representing the complex number z= x+iy isthe are of @ cle, and Find the centre and radius of this circle Find the equation of the locus ofthe point P(x) representing the complex number ze xsiy if Im(:*—4i) 0, Sketch the lous oP on an Argand diagram, Find the equation ofthe leus ofthe point P(x») representing the complex numer sesow it Re[e= of Pon an Argan diagram 0, whete 7 is the complex conjugate of Sketch the locus-_ PAAATIEIEDL connec woes 6. Find the equation ofthe locus ofthe point P(x) remesening the complex number ( 7. Express v=1-+/ inthe form r(cos@+/sin 8). The pont P represents on an Argand diagram, where —o radius ofthis circle, 8. Find the complex numbers w and v such that: Display wand won an Argand diagram, (On an Argand diagram, the point P represents the complex number that the focus of all points P such tat [> ~o this line, +H). Show {is line and find the equation of 9. Sketch on the same Argand diagram the loci given by: agen Find the point of intersection ofthese two loc. 10, Sketch on the same Argand diagram the loc given by: Find the points of intersection ofthese two loci 1, Find the equation ofthe locus ofthe point PCs.) representing the complex number +iy if 2~5-12[=6. Sketch the locus of P on an Argand diagram. Deduce the maximum ard minimum values of [o. 12, Find the equation ofthe locus ofthe point P(s,») representing the complex number Mo + if e331 ‘Sketch the locus of P onan Argand diagram. Deduce ‘he maximum and minimum values f |. Also find the maximum and minimum values of. >= ‘COMPLEX NUMBERS 13, Find the equation ofthe locus of the point P(x,y) representing the complex number za xtiy if le+4-f)=|2-3+24. Sketch the locus of P on an Argand disgram, Deuce the minimum value of 14, Find the equations of the loci of P and Q representing the complex numbers z and w respectively if |z~142/|=2 and |w~6~10j|= 5, Sketch the loci of P end Q on the same Argand diagram. Deduce the maximum and minimum values of |w-~ 2 15, Find the equation of the locus of the point P(x, representing the complex number zersiy if ‘Sketch the locus ofP on an Argand diagram. Deduce the locus of +37 and state the maximum value of arg(2+ 3-7). 16, Find the equation of the locus of he point PCs») representing the complex numer Ir +2-i, Sketch the locus of Pon an Argan diagram. Deduce 17, Shade on an Argand diagram the region represented bythe following inequalities: @ Hes (0) fe-2e4z1 (© [e+6-24 @ 25/45 (© Re23 ime) <7 () -2eRee <6 () -3simes5 £ E sarge 35% © Osergs3% O Fsages% w =34.<[242-4 ( [etd>fes3ea4 18, Shade onan Argand diagram the region represented by the following inequalities, In each ease in he area ofthe shaded region, (@) <5 and 4 carez<% (b) 3s|:|6 and Ssuges% 3 © [>2, Esams% and ineys3 @ fe-3f23, Osarges and Ree) 56 19. Shade on an Argund diagram the region represented by 2, F Sarge stan '3 and [z-2-2i|s|z-6~6f. Find the area of this region, giving your answer to 2 decimal laces. mM-_ pAPOETESTENEDR covoucr nowocrs Miscellaneous Questions a EXERCISE 10F |. Expres the following complex numbers in exponential fem: (@ reli &) rete © (©) 261 © Given 2*+22?=42480(2"bar-+b)(=*4er+4), find the constants a, b and o Hence, solve the equation 2*+-2:*—4:+8=0. Sketch the our roots on an Argand diagram and show thatthe points representing the roots are the vertices ofa trapecium, Fld the area ofthe trapezium, *3. Evaluate H+" +e +e" 4.46", By using o = 0s0+/sin 0, show that 60s n)sin x= (1-60s.)sinnar 20-053) sinx4sin2x+...4sin(nD) Show that when x values ‘and is od, this sum can take evo values, and find these "4. Evaluate 1+3e" +96 +270" +...438e". Diiduce that ~3e0s0-3" coun 118 +3"? cosnd ~-2S=3e088) 14 3008049608204... +3" cos "5. Prove that I~e" =-2ie'sin(s). Evaluate §,=e" +e! $24.5, te fllowing resus 0. Deduce sin6-+5in30+..+sinn—)o 0 S822 sind €080+60830+...+c05(2n—1o « 22 948304 #208 On N88 Hence, oraherwise, vane { a9 Y sine “6 Show atthe sansomaton +922 map al conles nb «ono te complex number =i “7. Treemtomaion waz mst op nt 49 eh cmp umber weu'+iv. By finding wand vin terms of sandy, or otherwise, show that f= lies on cirle centre O radius 1 hen w will eon the real xis inthe region [-22] =o 7% SERIES XPANSIONS SERIES EXPANSIONS The Factorial and "C, notations EXERCISE 11 1. Evaluate the following, without using the factorial button on your calculator from (e) onwards @ st wo ©» @ of Oy o an 63 © om 2. Simplify: To oo ay 2n* J (n+6)t Ged 4 ona 8 ae ON G-Fi 3. What does °C, mean? Write the values of °C, and 4. Evaluate the fllowing: ws w'c + OG @"c, © Gy *, 5. Consider *C, and "C,. Which of he two values would you pred to be the bigger? Find both values and comment on your result 6. Evaluate the following, giving your answers in terms of n ws wo", re @*c, ©, OC LL 7%(AVOEEEIENEEN scnes oransons Maclaurin’s Theorem EXERCISE 118 |) Use Mactaurn’s Theorem to expand the following upto terms in @ () cos2x (©) sind @ tans (6) Its) (O nttss?) @) (40 () e'sinse ( sex 2 eit y=; en ie cpa oy psi 3+ Find the frst, second and third derivatives of y= tan“!x and hence find the series expansion of up totems in», Use the sbstution x= to find an approximation forthe value of =. What isthe percentage ertor in this result? ‘4 Use the results ofthe krown series expansions o expand the following upto tems in 2 From (a)f0(0, state the range of values of for which exch expansin is vale @ ©) Inci+23) (©) cosa © sings © (0 n(t—30) oF men (infin @ ses) © mfaen'a—9} sing? 16. fx (™ oe) (0) (ls30e (0) cos! () ©) esins (@) eosin) (9 In(tesing) os y ee2e (0) incosx ‘xein( 22) expand tanh upto tems in 5. Given n= (E). and tan" up totems in § Expand to(+10x) up to terms in, stating the range of values ofx for which the ‘xoanson is valid. Use sain substation find an pproxinte ave fr n(2) and find the percentage enor in your result 7 Given & l(a) = pr-3° +924... find the posible ales of the entants a p: and g 5 Stow rama vabeots,dn(sr4)u «MO era 2 ome lowigss snag pve! wp osemsin (2) « (ied) oa) m(!) oe The Binomial Theorem EXERCISE 11¢ 1. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the fellowing @ (+n (6) (1-22) (© (3x) © (ua) © (xy o (8) 2. Find the coefficient of x” in the expansion of (1+). 3. Find the coeficent of inthe expansion of (1421) ‘4 Find the coefficient of s* inthe expansion of (143) (15s) dhe conic ne expansion of ef) Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the folowing up to terms in x, sting the ‘ange of values of for which each expansion holds @) (142098 (I-x)!) © (easy © We © ray Ome (© (1645)! () 247%)" @ 6) © (sey! wt, o aay oy lex : ay () Tver ) Tiers ©) Jon 7. Expand the following up to terms in 2°, stating the range of values ofr for which each expansion holds ©) (1-20 )ATFTONF © Ge) (442)sins @) eM (lex ¢ ) rex © Toy Gay Or 8. Expand VI=2¥ ep to terms in, sting the range of valucs f= for which the CxPansion is valid. Use the substitution x=% to find an approximate value for v7, Siving your answer at a facin, Find the percentage er. A stunt supa ining, the substitution x=-3 to find the approximation far V7. Why would this lead to a ‘wrong answer? ss., ids (PAIRED sexes coansions frome =a expansion i aid. Use the subtintion x= tind an approximate value for fF giving your answer as fation, Find the percentage erin your sul 9. Expand 'up to terms in 2°, stating the range of values of x for which the 10, Expand (ta up to terms in x7, stating the range of values of x for which the ‘xoansion i valid. Using this expansion upto terms in 3°, substitue an appropriate ‘value forx to find an approximate value for ¥'5, and find the percentage error in your result. What difference would the term in x? have made to the approximition? 1. Expand VFE up to terms in x°, stating the range of values of x fer which the _ ‘expansion is valid. Use a suitable substitution to find an approximate value for VOT 12, Expand YTS up to terms ins, stating the ange of values of x for which the ‘expansion is valid. Use a suitable substitution to find an approximate value for 413. 13, Use the results ([43)" =t=r42° 38-4. and (=) the following up to terms in x’, stating the range of values of x for which each expansion is valid ce bx-+. to expand (@) (143x)" () (I-6x)' (e) (4432) xy" 6 8 © (143) ot oy 5 2 a @ os os 14, Expand the following up to terms in 2°, stating the range of values of x fr which each expansion is valid, Also write the general term ofeach expansion, (a) (I-2x)" (&) (1-3xy" (© (Isaxy" ( (B+xy" (© (9~2x)" ‘ 1s a4 ®irns Mae Tea 15, Express y= imo partial fractions and expand yin ascending powers of 32-5) = up to terms in”, slating the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid ‘Also write the general term ofthe expansion. 6x 421047 GADD powers of up to terms in’, stating the range of values of + for which the expansion is valid, Deduce the value oF 0), es 76 16, Express f(x): into partial factions and expand f(x) in ascending SUMMATION oF Sens KEESHEN SUMMATION OF SERIES Using Standard Results EXERCISE 120 1 Evaluate: ® ose of o fo. © © Sore ® Srey o @ Sura © Ser-ne-2 o Eror-yer +) 2. Evaluate: @ Petes, ) Pa eee ©) Pt 19% 4.4308 PHP 6428 (©) F107 S158 +... +100% (9 (3)+(24)4Gx5)4...+ 2022) @) () P4343? (THEI 4194..04107 noua fTretneelas ou 379° x1) + 6x13) +x15)4.4 25x50, *k) 2n3431n3* +41n3? 5In34 4... +5103” eePRESET surmaion oF sens 3. Find the sum ofthe following series, giving your answers in terms ofr ot o Se © Ser @ Sue © Yee © Xor-2 © Zerr+s) @ Laren © Srenn © Saven 9 Eer-w © Sees) 4 Stow Sr ABAD ante tte rinet Str. Show that S°2r(2r?—1)=n(n+(nt+n-1) and deduce the value of S$2(2"-1) Soraren 6 show hat $6057) He, nd i at Lorer+y 1. Show nat $:(102 7) AL #20) ee, evatate $102 = # 6 i 8 sone te Bare 2 Dane) ane 4n(26n+4n-1), 9. Show that S4r(l+r*)= m(net)(x? +042) ard find the least number of terms required such that 4r (I+?) > 58080. 7% ‘SUMMATION OF SERIES Summation of Series by Comparing to a Known Series Expansion EXERCISE 128 Lind the sum of the following infinite series by comparing them (0 @ known series expansion ® wo 95 wy Petatak 2. Wee it rtf esr expson of e-s) andee ind —E 3. Write the first four terms of the series expansion of In(l~z) and hence find 4. Wet tt remsotdeseis ont ¢ ates fad a 5. tid Sighs Ds 3Pa REESIIEN somnssron oF sens SUMMATION OF SERIES *6. Find the sum of the following infinite series: aed The Method of Differences 7 Express ACS — no priate nd writ the fst our tems ofthe series EXERCISE 12¢ a 1, Express —— 1 into pari factions an hence tn SL ermine) a tt St i Payee) Mera feo nieces Yates > Se cf ert tt end Sp, ‘ # Sino 3-25; std Sst ae WH at (nett (r+i! the sum to infinity of this series. % White the first four terms ofthe series expansion of (Ix) Differentiate thc serisa . tnd dec te un ny and hence find Sy" 4. aa ae into partial fractions. Hence, find 1 (rer are) c 10, Wee it ar ems hese exon of 1-3). tg he sensand erey per mt dot sans se tnt 5 Ditsnataers ee ‘olny, 11. Wie te ist rts theres egson of +). Inept i see nd 5 Bape 54 iy pal actions Hence, ta ‘hence find the sum of 1 1 (r+ 7K +839) x43) Gx SKI . Sr+ al ; Dre cyst en witty 12. Write the first four terms of the series expansion of =. Integrate this series and F * 6 Express —So! __intg ial fractions, fence, show that wren Sto pill faces Hn, stow Dear aba Ae alge By whe 4 8.Cand Dare constant Inn Prove by induction that n? +3 [(ne Ip] for 922. ra 7PAMAEIEIENIED Pro0r ov woucrion Further Questions on Induction EXERCISE 13E 1 s, +6. 1, 8 9, 10. un. ‘The terms ofa sequence are given by yy =4u, +6. The ister, 1, is 1 (@) Find the next three terns, (6) Proveby induction that 1, = 3347" The terms ofa sequence are given by t= 5u, +4. The fist, i 9 (@) Find te nex thre terms, (©) Prove y induction that u ‘The terms ofa sequence are given by iy =1,+20-+2. The first term, 82. (@) Find te nest three terns. () Proveby induction that 1, =n(7+1). Use induction to prove De Moivre's theorem: (cos6+/sin 8) nen. osnd-+isinn8 for et Given y=", prove by induction that 2 = no, Prove by induction that, E609 eine ae Prove by iaston at ns" s(n Prove by induction that for each natural number, there exis two natural numbers @ and b rach hat §° = Prove by induction that any amount of postage greater or equal to 12e can be formed by using jst de and Se stamps Prove by infuction that $° sin Dsin(2rO) sin n sin(n +1) PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS. PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS Permutations EXERCISE 144 | Find the numberof ways of arranging 7 books on a shelf. 2. Inmhow many ways can 6 pictures be hung in line ona wall? 3. Infow many ways ean 4 athletes line fora relay race? 4. In how many ways can 8 soldiers stand in fine to face the sergesnt? 5. Imhow many ways can 10 cars be parked in 10 adjacent parking spaces ifthey all have tbe parked withthe front bumper facing the pavement? 6. Exch person on a S-member commiite is tobe assigned a diferent tsk. Tn how many ways car the tasks be assigned? 7. A teacher calls ou the names of her 23 students, In how many ways can this be done? 8. Keely sows 5 different seeds in $ different pos. In how many ways ean this be done? 9. Airdresser's salon has 9 seating spaces. In how many ways cu 9 ladies be seated? 10. tnhow many ways can the letters ofthe English alphabet be listed? 11. How many S-letter arrangements ean he made ftom the English alphabet ifno letter is repeated? . 12, Find the number of 3-letter arrangements that can be made fom the word PIANO. How maay ofthese contin atleast one consonant? 1B, Inhow many ways can 4 of 7 Russian dolls be aligned on a shelf? 14. A teathe is to assign the roles of prefect and sub-prefect to 2 of his 16 students. In how many ways can this be done? 15, Ata cote moming 20 elderly women write their names on apiece of paper and put them ina hat. The first, second and thied person whose name is drawn will win-& coffee meking machine, a ketle anda faster respectively. In how many ways can the prizes beassigned? — @AMORERSTONEEE remanons avo couanarions Permutations with Restrictions and Repetitions EXERCISE 148 |. Find the number of ways of arranging 7 different Mathematics books and 2 diferent Physics books ona shelf ifthe Physies books are to be placed one at each end, 2. Find the number of ways in which $ Probabiiy books and 3 Statistics books ean be placed ona shel (@) the Probability boots have to be nex to each other (6) the Statisties bookshave tobe next o each other (© both Probebilty and Statistics books have tobe next o each other, 3. In how many ways can Year I, 3 Year Ill and 5 Year VI students be aligned for a Photo? In how many ofthese possible arrangements are the students of ench Year ext to each other? 4. Alison, Brian, Charles, Diana, Emma, Frankie and George ate tobe seated on a bench | how many ways can this be done? Find the number of possible seating arrangements if (@) Alison sits inthe middle () Brian sis at an end (6) Diana and George ae a opposite ends (@) Alison sits next to Brian (e) Emma sts between Brian end George (D the girls sc next o each other Fiona has 9 different tens in her washing: 4 shorts, 3 trousers and 2 skins. She hangs her clothes ffom the waisthand, with their ont facing the washroom window. Find the number of ways in which she can hang them if: () she hangs them in any order (6) she hangs clothes ofthe same type next to each other (©) she hangs them in any order but not necessarily with ther front facing the window ‘6. Inhow many ways ean five cars be parked in a row if they can face either direction? 7. A.number plate consists of three eters followed by thee digits. How many different ‘number plates are possible? How many number plates would be possible ifthe three sits cannot be 0002 8. Find the number of 4-eter arrangements that can be made from the English alphabet it (2) letters cannot be repeated (6) letters canbe repeated () the letters ae all consonants and eters cannot be repeated (@) the letters ae all vowels and letters can be repented (e) the letters ae ll the same 9 18, PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS ESSTGNEY The safe at a hotel opens by dialling a sequence of any 4 digits fom 0 to 9, called a “combination. Why is the word “combination” inappropriate? How many safe combinations are possible? Find the number of combinations which have four identical digits or four consecutive digits. If these combinations are avoided, ad i is tlso not allowed to use a combination stating with zero, how many combinations ‘would be possible? How many 4-digit numbers can be made from (1,2,34,56,78} if 'a) digits cannot be repeated 1b) digits an be repeated 'e) the number formed is even and consists of different digits (@) the number formed is odé and ean have repeated digits? How many numbers greater than 40000 can be formed from {3.45.67} if digits cannot be repeated? ‘A number greater than $00 is to be formed by using any ofthe digits from {2.45.78} ow many diferent numbers ae posible igs are ot repeated? ‘An ice-cream shop has 10 different favours. Find the numberof ways the shopkeeper ‘an prepare a ipe-dip cone if (@) the three dips are ofa different favour (©) any flavour ean be repeated (@) the top and botiom dip are of the same flavour but different fiom the middle dip. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters ofthe word ATOMIC. How many of these arrangements () start with a vowel (6) star and end witha consonant (0 have the vowels next to each other? Find the number of4-eter arrangements of laters tsken from the word HEXAGONS. ow many ofthese: (2) consist oF 4 consonants (@) contain the word AXE (© have no two adjacent vowels and no two adjacent consonants? Four couples are io be seated round a table. in how many ways can this be done if (©) they can sit anywhere they like () each person is to sit next t hsm partner (© Paul and Graziella are nt tobe seated next to eachother (©) a woman hast st facing Paul? Tore women and three men are to be seated round table, Find the number of ways inwhich this ean be done if. (@) 0 woman iso sit next to snother woman (all men are to sit next to each other Inhow many ways can 10 different beads be strung to form a bracelet? oF(AREER rensutarions ano comsivarions Permutations involving Identical Objects EXERCISE 14C 1. Find the numberof permutations ofall the letters ofthe word: i) NETBOOK (b) SPRINTER fo WIL (@) AVALANCHE {@) ISOSCELES (9 IDENTITY {g) INDEPENDENT {h) PARALLELOGRAM 2. Kyle has 12 toy bricks, identical except for colour. Six are yellow, four are red and two are orange. In how many ways can he pu these bricks ina line? 3. Tina hangs 18 socks onthe washing line. The socks are identical, excep for colour. Four ae white, six are blue and eight are black. She hangs them from te ribbon, with the nee part facing le. In how many ways can she hang tem? 4, On his sixteenth birthday, Peter tied sixten balloons in a line on the balcony. The balloons were identical, except for colour. Four Were orange, five were green and seven were red. In how many ways could the balloons be arranged? 5. Thomas is stacking a shelP a a supermarket. He has 4 blue still water bots, 6 pink sparking water bottles and 7 transparent lemonade bottles, all ofthe same make, Find the numberof ways he ean place them next to each ather on «shelf if: (@) there sno restriction (b) all the sill water bottles must be placed onthe left end ofthe shel {e) all the lemonade boties must be placed next 1o each other, 6. Tom has 8 red, 10 yellow and 7 green beads, identical except for colour. In how many ways can he arange them in row if (@) they are arranged in any order (6) the red beads have to be placed next to each other (6) beads ofthe same colour have tobe placed next to each other? 1. Olivia has 12 toy bricks, identical except for colour. Half of them are red and the other half are black. She ues these blocks to build the boom two rows of her toy castle, sing six blocks in ach row. In how many ways ean this be dane? In how ‘many ways ean these two rows be built if (@) the blocks in each row are ofthe same colour (6) bricks lying ontop of eachother have the same colour *(@) bricks lying on top of eachother havea different colour? o PERMUTATIONS ANO COMBINATIONS. JESTER 8. Inhow many ways can the leters ofthe word ELEPHANT be arranged? How many ‘ofthese arrangements have: (@) the E's together (8) the Es separate (©) the vowels together (@) Taste lst eter? 9. Find the number of arrangements of the word INFLEXION. How many of these arrangements (@) have the vowels together (©) start and finish with 1 (©) have the consonants together? 10, Find the number of permutations of the word SUCCESSFUL. How many of these arangements (@) ave the C’s together () have the S's together (6) have the U's separate (@) art and finish with & vowel? 11, Find the number of permutations of the word MISCELLANEOUS. How many of hese arrangements have (a) the L's together 1b) the vowels together ‘e) the vowels together andthe consonants together? 12, Find the number of permutations ofthe word ELECTRICITY. How many of these srangements fa) have the E's together {b) start and finish with the same leter (6) have the word CITY appearing in them? 13, Find the number of permutations of the word BIOLOGY. How many of these arrangements (a) have the O's together (©) have the G between the O's (6) start with Land finish with G2 114, Inhow many ways ean xy! be written without using exponent form? 15, Grandia has ten identical euro coins to distribute amongst her three grandchildren. In how many ways can she distribute the coins? tn how many of these possibilities isthe oldest grandchild the only one to end up ith no coin at all? 16, Twelve idemical sweets are to he distributed amongst 4 children such that all chile reevive a least one sweet, In how many ways can this be done?{PREESEETENEE reronurarons ano comBINATINS Combinations EXERCISE 14D 1. Find the number of ways of choosing 10 students from a class of 22 2, Inhow many ways can 4 cards be chosen from a pack of $2? 53, Find the number of ways of selecting 5 numbers from 42. 4. Find the numberof ways of choosing 4 students from a clas of 25 ifthe oldest and the ‘youngest are ott be chose. 5. Infow many ways can 2 team of 6 students be chosen from a class of 1 if the tallest student has tobe chosen? 6. Find the number of ways of choosing 4 leters fom the English alphabet. How many ‘ofthese combinations consist of 4 consonants? 7. Find the number of ways of choosing tree letters from the word TIGERS. How many ‘ofthese contain atleast one vowel? 8. Inhow many vays can a team of 4 girls and 3 boys be chosen from a class of 10 girls and 11 boys? 9. Ateam of atiletes isto be chosen fom 8 men and 7 wamen. In tow many ways ea this be dane? in how many ways ean they be selected if thers must be more men than 10. Three books ate to be chosen from $ novels and 7 Science books. In how many ways can this be done i there must be at last one novel? 11, Two even and three odd numbers are 1o be chosen from the first 20 natural numbers. Inshow many ways can this be done if: (@) there is norestrction () the even numbers must have wo digits? 12, Five cards areto be chosen from a pack of $2. Find the number of ways in which this can be done if (@) any 5 cards are chosen () exactly 2 cards are red (6) there are nore reds than blacks, 13, A drama group of 20 students is subdivided into three groups: 3 students will present the show, 10 will perform during the show and uhe remaining 7 wil belp in backstage, Iivhow many ways can this be done? ro PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS. Further Permutations and Combinations EXERCISE 14€ In the GUESSS lotery, 8 numbers are drawn from 50. Gamblers must guess these 8 ‘numbers to win the lotery Smaller prizes are als piven to holders of tickets with 6 fr 7 ofthe 8 winning numbers. Find th total number of different tickets which can be ‘bought. How many ofthese tickets contain (@) the 8 winning numbers () exactly Twinning numbers (6) exactly 6 winning numbers? ‘A multiple choiee exam consists of 20 questions, each with 4 possible answers, only ‘one of which is correct. A mark is given for each comet answer. In how many ways ‘ean a student aban: (@) 20marks (0) 18 marks 6) 17 marks or more? Find the numberof permutations ofthe word LIECHTENSTEIN, How many of these permutations: (@) havethe T's separate {() have the vowels together (6) star andend with he same leer (@) have the E's separate? Mandy wants to buy 4 bottles of soft drinks. At the supermarket she finds & different varieties. In how many ways can she selact thse bottles if (@) the seleced 4 bottles ae all different (©) 3 ofthe botles are the samme (6) 2 boiesare of one variety and 2 of another (@) the bottles are all ofthe same variety? Find the number of4-eter arrangements that ean be made from the word TRINIDAD ihe arrangements contain: (a) 4 different eters (6) any 4 levers (©) justone consonant. Find the number of Sleter arrangements that can be made from the word PHILIPPINES, Find the umber of 4leter arrangements that can be made from the word OPHIDIOPHOBIA. Seven pairs of brothers and sisters are at party. A team of 4 isto be selected fora ‘game, In how many ways can this eam be Selected if (@) any 4 ae chosen (©) there must be more gies than boys '(@) there mst be at leas: one pur of brothers and sisters onthe team?PERMUTATIONS AND CoMINATIONS Miscellaneous Questions EXERCISE 146 1. A famous artists preparing his wil hei witsno bedi Pe Nine fiend order chicken a . na free ticket for a guest. He has three friends atleast t one concent’ A TY director hs 4 adver slots during one programme. Find the number of ways in which he ean schedule the slots it he four sponsos with a commercial each (6) two sponsors witha commercial each, each zommercial to be shown ic (©) three sponsors with a commercial each, with any one of the commercials to Find the number of $-leter arrangements teks fom CATERPILLAR, How maty of BC and DEFG:1 by joining three non-cllinear points 8. Six people standin a room with 2 exits. In how many ways can they exit the room 9. A dic with 6 faces is tossed four ow many differen outcomes are possible How many of mes contain exactly tse 6's? 0. In bowling, a bowler rolls a bowling ball to knock down maximum of 10 bowin Pins, sumbered 1 to 10. In how many diferem ways can the pins be sanding afer one roll? A bowler makes a strike if he hits allen bowling pins inthe fist she, In how many diferent orders ea ns fli