X-RAY

Total number of Questions In this chapter are :

(i) In chapter Examples .......................... 05

(ii) Solved Examples .........................

15

Total no. of questions

................ ........... 20

1 INTRODUCTION
(i) X-Rays was discovered by Prof. wilhelm
Rontgen (1895) for which he was honoured
with noble prize (1901).
(ii) They are also called "Rontgen rays'.
(iii) When high energetic cathode rays (i.e.
electrons) strike a metal piece of high atomic
weight and high melting point (e.g. W, M0,
........) a new kind of invisible rays are
produced which affect the photographic plate
in the same way as do the light rays. Prof
Rontgen named these unknown & invisible
rays as X-rays.
(iv) The X-rays are electromagnetic radiations with
wavelengths from about 0.1 Å to 100 Å (0.01
nm to 10 nm). (These boundaries are not sharp,
one can produce X-rays with   0.01 Å.
(v) The shorter wavelength end of X-rays overlaps
gamma rays region & the higher wavelength
end overlaps with ultra violet region of the em
spectrum.
(vi) The frequency range of X-rays is  1016 Hz
(soft) to 1019 Hz (hard).The corresponding
photon energy range is  few hundred eV
(soft) to few tenth of KeV (hard) thus X-rays
consists of high energy photons.
(vii) The soft X-rays are those with wavelength
greater than about 10 Å (10 Å – 100 Å) while
the hard rays are those with wavelength less
than about 10 Å (0.1 Å – 10 Å)
2 PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
1. A coolidge tube is used for the production of
X-rays.
2. It contains 3-major parts :-
(A) Electron – Source :
Coolidge tube consists of a cathode C, which
is heated by a filament F through which an
electric current is passed. Due to thermionic
emission, electrons are emitted by the
cathode.
(B) Target:
Target of high atomic weight and high melting
point like tungsten or molybdenum is used
which is inclined to electron beam at 450.
Cold water is circulated to remove heat.
(C) Battery :
The potential difference between
the cathode & anode is  15 kV to
150 kV (for diagnostic X-rays).
V
+
–
Target
Electrons
C
F
A
+
de
atho Coolent
C
X-Rays
Evacuated
tube Lead shield
3. Whole equipment is kept inside a hard glass
bulb having a high vacuum of about 10-6 cm
of mercury (Hg).
4. Electron is emitted by thermionic emission.
5. Thermionic emitted electrons are accelerated
by a potential difference of 105 volt towards
target.
6. When accelerated electrons strikes the target
inclined at 45º & comes under sudden
deceleration then emission of X-rays takes
place in the form of electro magnetic waves.
7. Actually only 0.2% - 1% of energy of incident
electron takes part into production of X-rays.
Rest converts into heat. This causes target
to become very hot and so there is made
some cooling arrangement.
8. Target is in form of wedge & hollow in shape.
9. The target is usually of tungsten while the
rest of the anode is of copper (due to its high
thermal conductivity)
10. Properties of target meterial.
(i) high melting point
(ii) high thermal conductivity
(iii) high mechanical strength
(iv) high atomic number z for more intense
x-rays.
11.The energy of x-rays photons or the
penetrating power of the x-rays is controlled
by the potential difference between the anode
and the cathode (i.e. on accelerating voltage).
Higher is the accelerating voltage, higher is
the KE of the bombarding electrons and so
higher is the energy of x-ray photons
produced, or higher is the penetrating power
of x-rays.
 12. The intensity of x-rays depends on the If   Penetration power  ( energy  )
electrons current. Greater is the number of If   Penetration power  ( energy  )
electrons emitted by the cathode, more is
(c) X-rays do not pass through heavy metal
the number of electrons striking the target
(Lead, Calcium, Barium Sulphate) and bones.
and so greater is the intensity of X-rays
If such objects is placed in their path , they
produced.
cast their shadow.
3. PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS (d) They affect photographic plates.
(e) They show photoelectric effect and compton
Properties of X-Rays may be divided into two effect.
headings :-
(f) Long exposure to X-rays is injurious for human
3.1 Properties similar to light :- body.
(1) X-rays are electromagnetic waves with (g) When x-rays falls on living creatures, it
wavelength of the order of 0.1 nm (  1 Å) produces strain.
(2) The wavelength of X-rays is very small in Ex.1 Maximum distance between intermolecular
comparison to the wavelength of light. Hence lattice planes of a crystal is 10 Å. Wavelength
they carry much more energy. (This the only of diffracted x-rays by this crystal will be-
difference between X-rays and light). (A) 10 Å (B) 20 Å
(3) The wavelength of X-rays ranges from 100 to (C) 30 Å (D) 40 Å
0.1A0 where as that of visible light ranges
from 4000 to 7000A0. (2d sin  )max 2  10  sin 90º
Sol. max = =
(4) They are invisible. nmin 1
(5) They travel in straight line.  max = 20 Å
(6) They travel with speed of light.
(7) X-rays are not deflected by magnetic and 4. ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS
electric field. X-rays carry no charge.
(1) W hen X-rays passes through medium,
(8) Wavelength of gama rays < wavelength of intensity of X-rays decreases.
X-rays < Wavelength of ultra violet rays
(2) If I0 is the initial intensity of X-rays then
(9) They shows all the important properties of
intensity I after traveling x distance in
light rays, like ; reflection, refraction ,
interference, diffraction and polarization etc. medium will be I = I0 e-x
(10)Due to this property they help in the study
of crystal structure.
(11)They diffract from crystal according to bragg's law.
2d sin  = n , D sin  = n, where d =
distance between crystal lattices
 = glancing angle D = distance
between two consecutive atoms.
(12)They produce illumination on falling upon where
fluorescent material. I0 = Intensity of incident X-Ray photon
3.2 Properties similar to cathode rays I = Intensity of transmitted X-Ray photon
(a) They have ionisation power. Therefore when x = Thickness of given sheet
they passes through a gas , the gas is  = Absorption or attenuation coefficient for
ionised. given sheet material
(b) They have penetration power. They penetrate Graph of  v/s x
through dif f erent depth into dif f erent
substance, e.g. wood, cardboard, thin metal
sheet , flesh etc. Penetration power depends
upon wavelength of x-rays and nature of
material.
 (3) Absorption of X-rays is high in heavy material 5. CLASSIFICATION OF X-RAYS
but low in light material.
(4) Absorber of X-rays are Pb, BaSO4. X-ray emitted from target can be divided in two
categories.
(5) Pb is best absorber for X -rays
(A) Continuous X-ray
(6) High  of X -rays  more absorption ( )
(B) Characteristics X-ray
Low  of X -rays As the electron enters into the target material, it
        less absorption because low  reading loses its kinetic energy & may come to
(7) Half value thickness or Half width (x1/2)  rest inside the metal. The electron before finally
being stopped, makes several collisions with the
It is the thickness of given sheet that reduces
atoms in the target. At each collision one of the
the intensity of incident X-ray photon by 50%
following two types of X-rays may get form.
I0 5.1 Continuous x-ray :
When x = x 1/2 then I =
2
When high energy electrons (accelerated by
I0  X 1 coolidge tube potential) strike the target element
= I0 e 2
they are defiected by coulomb attraction of
2
nucleus & due to numerous glancing colisions
n 2 0 . 693 with the atoms of the target, they lose energy
x1 = =
2   which appears in the form of electromagnetic
waves (bremsstrahlung or braking radiation) & the
I I remaining part increases the kinetic energy of
& = the colliding particles of the target. The energy
I0 x
x 1/2 recelved by the colliding particles goes into
(2)
heating the target. The electron makes another
(8) Absorption coefficient () collision with its remaining energy
1 Bremsstrahlung h
I = I0 e–x If x = 

Ki = e v  
  
I0 I0 1   x-ray photon

then I = I0 e–1 = = 2 . 718 = 0.3676 I0 mv 2 
e 2
 K 
    Kf – Ki = energy lost by
So when  =
1
= x–1 then I =
I0
  electron in striking with
 0.37 I0  L target element
x e
  
Absorption coefficient for a given material is 
equal to inverse of that thickness that reduces M  
the intensity of transmitted x-ray to 37% of
  1 2

its original value.  e Kf = 2 mv'

v’
Ex.2 The attenuation coefficient of aluminium for
sof t x-rays is 1.73 per cm. Then the 1. When high energetic electrons enter into
percentage of these x-rays that would be target material, they are decelerated. In this
transmitted by an aluminium sheet 0.578 cm process emission of energy take place.
thick is nearly- Spectrum of this energy is continuous. This
is also called Bremstrahlung.
(A) 18 % (B) 37 %
2. Continuous x-rays are also called decelerated
(C) 63 % (D) 30 %
radiations.
I 3. Continuous spectrum ( or ) depends upon
Sol. –x = e–1.73 × 0.578 = e–1
I0 = e potential difference between filament and
target .
1 1 4. It does not depends upon nature of target
= = = 0.368 = 37 % material.
e 2718
5. If V is the potential difference &  is the
frequency of emitted x-ray photon then.
Case(1) When incident electron loses its complete
energy in 1st collision with target atom then
photon of maximum frequency (or minimum
wavelength) will be emitted & in this case
1 hc eV
eV = mv 2 = hmax = , max =
2  min h higher energy state may make a transition to
c c
  =           min = 
 max
1
min 
v h
Case (2) When incident electron do not loses any of
its energy in collision with target atom.
1 hc
eV = mv 2 = h = = 0
2 
 = 
and therefore Wavelength of continuous
x-ray photon ranges from certain minimum to
infinity & therefore x-ray spectrum is not
monochromatic.
5.2 Characteristics x-rays :
We shall now discuss what happens if the
electron knocks out an inner electron from the
atom with which it collides.
(i) The electrons in an atom occupy different
quantum states characterized by the quantum
numbers n, , m, ms. The energy primarily
depends on the principle quantum number n.
(ii) The two electrons corresponding to n = 1 are
said to be in K shell, those corresponding to
n = 2 are in L shell etc.
(iii) Suppose, the incident electron knocks out
an electron from the K shell. This will create
a vacancy in the K shell in the sense that
now there is only one electron with n = 1,
whereas two coluld be accommodated by
Pauli exclusion principle. An electron from a
this vacant state. When such a transition
takes place, the difference of energy E is
converted into an X-ray photon of wavelength
 = hc / E.
(iv) X-rays emitted due to electronic transition
from a higher energy state to a vacancy
hc careated in the K shell are called K series
=
eV X-rays.
e¯
incident electron
k-electron
 
KaX-ray
(v) As the electrons in K shell are most tightly
bound, maximum energy is to be given to
the atom to knock out an electron from the
K shell. That is why, in figure, the energy
level of the atom with a vacancy in the K
shell is shown highest.
The energies E K , E L ...... etc. are
characteristic properties of the material. For
different materials, the values of these
energies will be different. The values of
EK – EL, EL– EM etc. also have definite values
for a given material. The wavelengths of the
X-rays emitted corresponding to these
transitions are
hc
k =
E K  EL
hc
 k =
EK  EM
hc
L =
E L  EM
 etc. These wavelength, therefore, have definite (xiii)
values for a particular material. The X-rays
emitted in this way are the characteritic
X-rays shown in figure. They are so named
because their wavelengths may be used to
identify the element from which they originate.
(vi) Charactenistic x-rays spectrum is a line
spectrum.
(vii) In this spectrum frequency or wavelength of
lines of series do not changes with
accelerating voltage.
1216
k = Dif fe re n t ta rg e ts of t un gs t en ( W) .
(viii) Å
z  12 M ol y b de n um ( M o) a nd ch ro m iu m (C r ) ar e
u se d an d t he k i ne ti c e ne rg ie s o f th e
(ix) Properties of characteristic x-ray is regulated in ci de nt e le ct ro ns a re k ep t co ns ta nt . It i s
by atomic number of target element, not by observed that the minimum wavelength  m in
coolidge tube potential. is inde pend ent of t arge t ma teri al.
Ex.3 The potential difference between the cathode
and the target in a coolidge tube is 120 KV.
What can be the minimum wavelength (in Å)
of the x-rays emitted by this tube. What will
be the momentum of this photon-
(A) 0.01 Å, 6.6 × 10–23 kg m/s
(B) 0.1 Å, 6 × 10–23 kg m/s
(C) 0.1 Å, 6.6 × 10–23 kg m/s
(x) EK  = EK  + EL  (D) 0.01 Å, 66 × 10–23 kg m/s
Sol.(C) W hen electrons accelerated through a
h K  = h K  + hL 
potential difference V strike a target, the
maximum frequency of the emitted x-rays is
 K  = K  + L 
given by-
c c c  K   L hc
 K = hc
= +  K   L  eV = hmax =   min =
 K  K L min eV

(xi) For the same target element

6.6  10 34  3  10 8
27  min =
 K = K  1.6  10 19  120  10 8
32
(xii)Graph of Intensity of characteristic X-rays  min = 0.1 × 10–10 m = 0.1 Å
versus wavelengths The momentum of the emitted x-ray photon
h 6.6  10 31
is p =  =
min 0.1 10 10
p = 6.6 × 10–23 kg m/s
Ex.4 The maximum frequency of the x-ray emitted
by an x-ray tube operating at 30 KV is-
(A) 2.47 × 1015 Hz (B) 4.94 × 1016 Hz
18
(C) 7.24 × 10 Hz (D) 0.41 × 1010 Hz
The X-ray emission when stream of fast
moving electrons strike a target of heavy
element.   ,   corresponds to characteristic
X-rays.
 eV 1.6  10 19  30  10 3 
Sol.(C)  = =
h 6.63  10 34

48  10 1634
  = = 7.24 × 1018 Hz
6.63
Ex.5 If the x-ray tube is working at 25 KV then the O
minimum wavelength of x-rays will be Z
(A) 0.49 Å (B) 0.29 Å (f) The atomic number of Cu, Ag & Pt were
(C) 0.19 Å (D) 0.39 Å established to be 29, 47 & 78 respectively.
12400 (vi) When an electron in n = 1 level is ejected,
Sol.(A) min = Å then for the remaining electron the electric
V
12400 field due to nucleus is screened by the
 min = = 0.49 Å remaining electron in the n = 1 level.
25  10 3
(vii) Moseley estimated that the effective nuclear
6. MOSELEY'S LAW charged for the K transition is (Z – 1) e.
(viii)According to Bohr’s model, the energy
(1) In 1913, Moseley did experiments on then released during the transition from
known elements & calculated the K 
n = 2 to n = 1 is given by
frequencies of the various elements.
(ii) This law exhibits relation between frequency   
of characteristic X-rays & atomic number Z E = h
K  = RCh Z2eff 1  2 
 2 
of target element.
(iii) Moseley noted that the characteritic lines 3 RC
shifted systematically as the target material  K  = (Z – 1)2
4
is changed.
(iv) According to this low square root of frequency 3RC
K  = (Z – 1)
of characteristic X-rays is proportional to 4
atomic number Z.
 = a (Z – b)
I K
K where a & b depend on transition & do not
Z
 depend on target material.
3RC
a= = 2.47 x 1015 Hz
4
Z b = screening const.
(v) The moseley’s experimental studies for K X-ray line b = 1
(a) Supported Bohr’s theory for L X-ray line b = 7.4
(b) Experimentally determined the Z of elements
(c) Established the importance of ordering of 7. X-RAY DOZE
elements in periodic table by atom numbers 1. Doze of X-ray are measured in terms of
& not by atomic weight (The cobalt nickel an produced ions or free energy via ionisation.
arrangement)
2. These are measured in Rontgen
(d) Gaps in Moseley’s data for z = 43, 61, 72, 75
suggested existence of new elements which 3. Rontgen do not measure energy but it
were later discovered. measures ionization power.
(e) The graph between  & Z or energy of X-ray 4. Safe doze for human body per week is one
photon E = h versus Z for characteristic Rontgen.
X-ray lines is parabolic as shown in fig. 5. One Rontgen is the amount of X-rays which
emits ( 2.5 x 104 J) free energy through
ionization of 1 gram air at NTP.
 8. USES OF X-RAYS (10) Moseley's law relates frequency & atomic
number.
Medical uses - The X-rays quite freely pass (11) The wavelength of x-rays is of the order of
through the flesh but are stopped by the bones. 10–10 m.
So we can photograh the bones inside the body (12) The target element in an x-ray tube must
on a photographic film. This is used to detect have a high atomic number and melting point.
and study bone fractures due to an accident.
(13) X-rays can be used to study the structure of
Chest radiograph are used to study diseases in
crystals.
lungs. Dentist also use X-rays to study
(14) Coolidge x-ray tube is the modification of
teeth-decay.
Roentgen's x-ray tube.
X-ray are also use in cancer therapy. These
damage the tumour cells. (15) Coolidge x ray tube acts as an automatic
rectifier.

Uses in Art and Science (16) The reverse phenomenon of x-rays is known
X-rays are used to detect covered paintings. It is as photo electric effect.
also used for determining crystal structures. (17) Diffraction of x-rays was first verified by Von
Structure of DNA was also determined using Lave spots.
X-ray diffraction. (18) Electrons are emitted by making x-rays
Uses in industry incident on the surface of matter where as
X-rays have been used to detect minute cracks x-rays are produced by making high energy
and faults in concrete and metal structure which electrons incident on target material.
otherwise are not visible. (19) The diffraction of x-rays is not possible by
X-rays have been used as a quality control in ordinary grating because the size of grating
rubber industry (e.g.) if there are bubble in rubber element is much larger than the wave length
tyres, X-rays will indicate it. of x-rays.
X-ray machines are used to inspect suitcases,
 m1 V1
wooden boxes etc, without opening them and
(20)  m2 = V2 (for continuous x-Ray)
can be typically found at the custom, security
counters at airports etc.
E1 1
9. PO INT S T O REMEMBER (21) =
E2 2

(1) The value of min depends upon the voltage 2

 Z1  2
V of the X-ray tube. (22)   =  (for characteristic x-Ray)
(2) For the production of X-rays, it is essential  Z2  1
to keep high order vacuum in the tube. (21) H2 and He atom can not emit x-ray because
(3) The intensity and the penetrating power of energy level are very close in these atom.
X-rays obtained by a coolidge tube may be (22) Patients are asked to drink BaSO4 solution
controlled independently. for x-ray examination because BaSO 4 is
(4) Roentgen discovered X-rays. good absorber of x-rays.
(5) Only 0.20 % energy of electrons is utilised (23) X-ray can not be used in Radar because it
for the production of x-rays. does not reflect back.
(6) Wavelengths of K-series are generally less (24) X-ray photography works on principal of
than 1A0 and those of L-series are nearly 10 shadow photography.
times longer. (25) Production of x-ray and photo electric effect
(7) X-rays show photoelectric effect. are opposite phenomenon because in photo
(8) If the number of electrons striking the target electric effect photon energy is transfer to
is increased, the intensity of x-rays produced electrons and in case of x-ray production
will also be increased. electron's kinetic energy is transferred to
(9) Soft x-rays are produced at comparatively low photon.
potential difference and high pressure.
(26) To observe diffraction of x-rays, diffraction
grating should be order of x-ray's wavelength.
Simple hole is not order of that so it does
not show diffraction but distance between
crystal planes are the order of wavelength of
x-rays so we can see diffraction pattern from
target with the help of the crystal.
(27) A random and excess exposure to x-ray may
induce disease, x-rays have a damaging effect
on the living cells of body which may lead
to cell death. High exposure for a long period
(say for years) may lead to cancer or genetic
defects.
(28) EK  = 10.2 (z – 1)2 eV
 S OLV ED E X A MP L E S
Ex.1 The ratio of energies of x-rays of the
wavelength 0.01Å and 0.5 Å will be- I0
Sol.(C) = 4, x = 7mm (given)
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 I
(C) 1 : 5 (D) 50 : 1
I0
2.303 log10
E1 hc  2 2 E1 50   = I
Sol.(D) E =  . =   E = x
2 1 hc 1 2 1
Ex.2 When the minimum wavelength of x-rays is 2.303 log10 4 2.303  0.6023
2Å then the applied potential difference = =
7 7
between cathode and anticathode will be-
(A) 6.2 KV (B) 2.48 KV
 = 0.198 mm–1
(C) 24.8 KV (D) 62 KV Ex.6 The separation between Bragg's planes in a
crystal is 10 Å. Then the maximum wavelength
12400 12400 of those x-rays which can be diffracted by this
Sol.(A) V =  ( Å ) Volt  V = = 6.2 KV crystal is-
min 2
Ex.3 An x-ray tube is operated at 15 KV. Calculate (A) 5 Å (B) 10 Å
the upper limit of the speed of the electrons (C) 20 Å (D) 0.2 Å
striking the target. Sol.(C)  2 d sin  = n
(A) 7.26 × 107 m/s (B) 7.62 × 107 m/s
7 (2d sin )max 2d sin 90º
(C) 7.62 × 10 cm/s (D) 7.26 × 109 m/s max = =
nmin 1
Sol.(A) The maximum kinetic energy of an electron
accelerated through a potential difference of = 2 × 10 Å max = 20Å
1 Ex.7 An x-ray tube with Cu target is operated at
V volt is mv 2 =eV 25 KV. the glancing angle for a NaCl. Crystal
2
for the Cu k line is 15.80. Find the wavelength
2eV of this line.( d f or NaCl = 2.82 Å,
 maximum velocity v =
m h = 6.62 × 10–27 erg-sec)
(A) 3.06 Å (B) 1.53 Å
2  1.6  10 19  15000 (C) 0.75 Å (D) None
v =
9.1 10 31 Sol.(B) According to Brag law,  2d sin  = n,
v = 7.26 × 107m/s n = 1 for first order  2 × 2.82 sin 15.8 = 
Ex.4 An x-rays tube is being operated at 20 KV,   = 5.64 × 0.2723 = 1.53 A0
the maximum speed of electrons striking the Ex.8 The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons
anticathode will be- hitting a target so as to produce x-ray of
(A) 8.4 m/s (B) 8.4 × 107 m/s wavelength 1 Å is
7
(C) 4.4 × 10 m/s (D) zero (A) 1.24 KeV (B) 12.4 KeV
(C) 124 KeV (D) None
2eV
Sol.(B) v max = Sol.(B) min = 1 Å (given)
m
1240
2  1.6  10 19  20  10 3  min = (eV) (nm)
= E
9.1 10 31
v max = 8.4 × 107 m/s 1240(eV )(nm)
Ex.5 When x-rays of wavelength 0.5 Å would Thus, E = .01(nm)
= 12400 eV
transmitted by an aluminium tube of thickness
E = 12.4 KeV
7 mm, its intensity remains one-fourth. The
attenuation coefficient of aluminium for these Ex.9 Electrons are accelerated in television tubes
x-rays- through potential difference of about 10 KV.
Lowest wavelength & highest frequency of the
(A) 0.188 mm –1 (B) 0.189 mm –1
x-rays emitted will be-
(C) 0.198 mm–1 (D) None
 (A) 12.4 Å, 2.4 × 108 Hz Ex.13 The wavelength of K-line characteristic x-rays
(B) 1.24 Å, 4.4 × 108 Hz emitted by an element is 0.32 Å. The
(C) 12.4 Å, 2.4 × 1018 Hz wavelength of k-line emitted by the same
(D) 1.24 Å, 2.4 × 1018 Hz element will be-
12400 (A) 0.27 Å (B) 0.32 Å
Sol.(D) min = Å = 1.24 Å (C) 0.39 Å (D) 0.49 Å
10000
1 1 1 
c 3  10 8 Sol.(A)  = R (Z – b)2  2  2 
max =  = = 2.4×1018 Hz.  1 2 
min 1.24  10 10
Ex.10 When the x-ray tube is operated at 1KV, then 1 1 1 
x-rays of minimum wavelength 6.22 Å are
  = R (Z – b)2  2  2 
 1 3 
produced. If the tube is operated at 10 KV,
then the minimum wavelength of x-rays will  1
be- 1  
  4 
(A) 0.622 Å (B) 6.22 Å 27
  =  1   = × 0.32
(C) 3.11 Å (D) zero  1   32
 9
 m2 V1 6.22  10 3   = 0.27 Å
Sol.(A)  = V   m2 = = 0.622 Å
m1 2 10 4 Ex.14 If the k radiation of Mo (Z = 42) has a
Ex.11 The short wavelength limit of continuous wavelength of 0.71 A0. Calculate the wavelength
x-radiation emitted by an x-ray tube operating of the corresponding radiation of Cu (Z = 29).
at 30 KV is 0.414 Å. Calculate Planck's Sol. From Mosley's law, we have,
constant-
c
(A) 6.22 × 10–34 erg-sec (Z – 1)2    (Z – 1)2 = A
(B) 6.624 × 10–24 erg-sec k 
(C) 6.624 × 10–27 J-sec where A is some constant,
(D) 6.624 × 10–34 J-sec
(Z MO  1)2  Cu  41 
2
 Cu
ch  eV   = or   =
Sol.(D) min =  h=    2  MO
eV  c  min
( Z Cu  1)  28  0.71

2
1.6  10 19  30000  0.141 10 10  41 
h =   Cu = 0.71 ×   = 1.52 A0
3  10 8  28 

 h = 6.624 × 10–34 J-sec Ex.15 What is the energy of k x-ray photon of copper
(Z = 29) ?
Ex.12 What element has k line of wavelength 1.785 Å.
R = 109737 cm-1. (A) 7.99 KeV (B) 8.29 KeV
(C) 8.25 KeV (D) 7.19 KeV
(A) Platinum (B) Zinc
(C) Ferrus (D) Cobalt Sol.(A) E(k) = 10.2 (Z – 1)2 eV
= 10.2 × 282
1 1 1 
Sol.(D) For k line  = R (Z – 1)2  2  2  = 10.2 × 784
k 1 2  = 7.997 keV = 8 KeV
4 1 1
(Z – 1)2 = .
3 k  R

4 1 1
= × 8 × 109737
3 1.785  10
 (Z – 1)2 = 680.6
 Z – 1 = 26  Z = 27
Thus, the element is cobalt.