JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
short-term imprisonment or both.
 A child or a young person, who under
the legal system may be dealt with for
an offense in a manner different from
adult.
A Child
B Juvenile - answer
C Delinquency
D Juvenile delinquency
Juvenile
 A child or a young person, who under
the legal system may be dealt with for
an offense in a manner different from
adult.
 Refers to young people regarded as
immature or one whose mental as well
as emotional faculties are not full
developed, thus, making them
incapable of taking full responsibility of
their actions.
 A person who is subject to juvenile
court proceeding because a statutorily
define event or condition caused b or
affecting that person was alleged to
have occurred while his or her age
was below the statutorily specified age
limit or original description of juvenile
court.
Delinquency
 Failure to perform an act required by
law, or the non-performance of duty or
obligation that is mandated by existing
law or rule.
 Refers to any action; course of
conduct that deviate from acts
approved by the majority of people.
 It is the description of acts that do not
conform to the accepted rules, norms
and customs of the society.
 It refers to any misconduct or
misbehavior that is tantamount to a
felony or an offense.
 It is distinct from crime in the sense
that the former may be in the form of
violation of law, ordinance, or rule but
it is punishable only by a small fine or
Juvenile Delinquency
 It is used to describe a large number of
disapproved behaviors of children or
youths. In this sense, anything that the
vout docs which other do not is called
as juvenile delinquency.
 It refers to any action or conduct of
children or youth that are not
conventional or not normally accepted
by the people.
 It refers to any misbehavior or deviant
behavior committed by children such
as those minor offenses or
misdemeanors, or those acts defined
by juvenile codes or laws.
 Children's offenses typically include
delinquent acts which would be
considered as an offense if committed
by adults.
 FIRST RECOGNIZED WHEN IT WAS
INTRODUCED BY THE NY
COMMITTEE ON PAUPERISM IN
1818
What is the Child's Basic Right?
 Right to life
 His or her own name and identity,
 To be raised by his or her parents
within a family or cultural grouping and
have a relationship with both parents,
even if they are separate
 The child must be given the means
requisite for its normal development,
both materially and spiritually.
 The child that is hungry must be fed;
the child that is sick must be nursed;
the child that is backward must be
helped; the delinquent child must be
reclaimed; and the orphan and the waif
must be sheltered and scoured.
 The child must be the first to receive
relief in times of distress.
 The child must be put in a position to
earn a livelihood and must be
protected against every form of
exploitation.
  The child must be brought up in
consciousness that his/her talents
must be devoted to the service of
his/her fellowmen.
THE 54 ARTICLES OF THE CONVENTION
DETAIL FOUR BROAD
a. Survival rights cover a child's right to life
and the needs that are most basic to
existence. It starts from the time of the
conception Upon birth, every child should
enjoin the basic right to health and nutrition.
b. Development rights include what children
require to reach their fullest potential. It
encompasses freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, access to
appropriate information and the right to
education, leisure, recreation and cultural
activities.
c. Protection rights recognizes the
vulnerability of children by preserving their
identity and nationality as well as providing
safeguards against abuse, neglect, child
labor, drug abuse, sexual exploitation, sale
and trafficking, torture and deprivation of
liberty and armed conflict.
d. Participation rights allow children to take
an active role in their communities and
nations.
Terms to ponder.
• Minors
 1. Depending on state laws, persons
who fall under the statutory age limit of
17 or 18.
 2. In law, the term minor (also infant or
infancy) is used to refer to a person
who is under the age in which one
legally assumes adulthood and is
legally granted rights afforded to adults
in society.
 3. Depending on the jurisdiction and
application, this age may vary, but is
usually marked at either 18 or 21.
Specifically, the status of "minor" is
defined by the age of majority.
• Youthful offender
 A child, minor, or youth, including one
who is emancipated in accordance
with law, who is over nine years but
under eighteen years of age at the
time of commission of the offense
 Mean free from parental authority over
persons and property of the
emancipated child. Emancipation
takes place by the attainment of age of
majority. Unless otherwise provided,
majority commences at the age of
eighteen years (RA 6809 which is an
"act lowering the age of majority from
twenty-one to eighteen years
amending for the purpose of executive
order number 209.
JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
 application of criminal justice to minors
and youthful offenders through the
cooperation of the criminal justice
system.
 Philippines -applies to person below
18 years of age.
• Parents Patriae
 Principle which claimed the State
becomes the father.
 later became central to development of
juvenile court in America.
 Derived from- Chancery or equity
courts - Created by the king of
England, under the guidance of King's
chancellor.
 The king exercise the right of parens
patria (parents of the country) by
enabling these courts to act in loco
parentis (in the place of parents) to
provide necessary services for the
benefit of women and children.
Nuclear family
 Composed of a father, mother and a
child or children
Extended family
 Composed of members other than the
father, mother, and children, e.g., in-
 laws, relatives, household helps,
employees, etc.
Q. What happens to the civil liability incurred
by a CICL?
 The civil liability for acts committed by
a youthful offender shall develop upon
the offender's father and, in case of his
death or incapacity, upon the mother,
or in case of her death or incapacity,
upon the guardian. Civil liability may
also be may be voluntarily assumed by
a relative or family friend of the
youthful offender.
Parental Authority
 Is the sum total of the rights of the
parents over the person and property
of their unemancipated child, the
exercise of which has no distinction
between a legitimate and an
illegitimate child.
Parental Responsibility
 Is the mass obligation, which the
parents have over the person and
property of their unemancipated child.
Parental authority shall be exercised
jointly by the parents of the child. In
the case of disagreement, the father's
decision shall prevail unless there is a
judicial order to the contrary.
 Parental authority and responsibility
may not be renounced or transferred
except on the following cases:
1. guardianship
2. legal adoption
3. final order or judgment of a competent
court
4.substitute parental authority
5. separation of parents
6. death, absence or unsuitability of the
parents
7. entrusting of disadvantage child to heads
of children's homes, orphanages and similar
institutions
8. surrender of the child by its parents done in
writing to any public institution or any
benevolent or charitable institutions.
Q. Johnny who is 17 years old and Susan,
who is 15 years old, are siblings who have no
proper parental care or guardianship because
their parents have deserted them for a period
for six continuous months. They are classified
as?
A. neglected child
B. dependent child
C. Abandoned child- answer
Q. Refers to a child who is vulnerable to of
committing criminal offenses because
of personal, family, and social circumstances.
A. Child
B. Child at risk- answer
C. Filipino child
D. Abandoned child
"Child" refers to a person under the age of
eighteen (18) years.
"Child at Risk" refers to a child who is
vulnerable to and at the risk of committing
criminal offenses because of personal, family
and social circumstances, such as, but not
limited to, the following: n (1) being abused
by any person through sexual, physical, so
psychological, mental, economic or any other
means and the parents or guardian refuse,
are unwilling, or unable to provide protection
for the child;
(2) being exploited including sexually or
economically;
(3) being abandoned or neglected, and after
diligent search and inquiry, the parent or
guardian cannot be found;
(4) coming from a dysfunctional or broken
family or without a parent or guardian;
(5) being out of school;
(6) being a street child;
(7) being a member of a gang;
(8) living in a community with a high level of
criminality or drug abuse; and
(9) living in situations of armed conflict.
Filipino Child (PD 603)
 A minor or youth; any person below 18
years old, a boy or girl at any age
between infancy and adolescence;
however, the law includes infants and
even unborn children.
  A person who is 18 years old or those
over but unable to fully take care of
themselves from abuse, neglect,
cruelty, exploitation, or discrimination
because of physical or mental
disability.
Abandoned Child
 A person who has no proper parental
care or guardianship, or whose
parents or guardian has deserted him
for a period for at least six continuous
months.
 themselves from abuse, neglect,
cruelty, exploitation, or discrimination
because of physical or mental
disability.
Q. A person without a parent, guardian or
custodian, or whose parents, guardian
custodian, for good cause desires to be
relieved of his cares and custody, and is
dependent upon the public for support.
A. neglected child
B. dependent child- answer
C. abandoned child
D. juvenile delinquent child
Dependent child
 A person without a parent, guardian
or custodian, or whose parents,
guardian or custodian, for good cause desires
to be relieved of his cares and custody, and is
dependent upon the public for support.
Neglected child
 A person whose basic needs have
been deliberately unattended to or
inadequately attended to physically or
emotionally, by his parents or
guardians.
Emotional Neglect
 It occurs when a child is raped,
seduced, maltreated, exploited,
overworked or made to work under
streets or public places, or when
placed in moral danger, or exposed to
drugs, alcohol, gambling, prostitution
and other vices.
Q. What do you call a child who, although not
afflicted with insanity or mental defect, is
unable to maintain normal social relation with
others and the community in general, due to
emotional problems or complexes?
A. Disable child
B. Mentally ill child
C. Mentally retarded child
D. Emotionally disturbed child- answer
E. Physically handicapped person
Disabled Child- It includes mentally
retarded, physically handicapped, emotionally
disturbed and mentally ill children, children
with cerebral palsy and those inflicted with
similar afflictions.
A person who is:
 Socially incompetent, that is, socially
inadequate, occupationally
incompetent and unable to manage his
own affairs.
 Mentally subnormal
 Intellectually retarded from birth or
early age
 Retarded at maturity
 Mentally deficient as a result of
constitutional origin through heredity or
diseases
 Essentially incurable
Physically Handicapped Person
 A person who is crippled, def-mute, or
otherwise, suffers from a defect which
restricts his means of action or
communication with others.
Q. A person whose parents' knowingly and
willingly relinquished parental authority to the
department or any duly licensed child-
placement or child caring agency individual.
A. Guardian Ad Litem
B. Child-Caring agency
C. Voluntary Committed Child- Answer
D. Involuntary committed Child
E. Commitment or surrender of a child
F. Child-placing or child-placement Agency
Guardian Ad Litem
A person appointed by the court where the
case is pending for a child sought to be
committed to protect his
Child-Caring agency
It refers to a private non-profit institution or
government agency duly licensed and
accredited by the Department that
provides twenty-four hour residential care
services for abandoned, neglected,
involuntarily orphaned, or voluntarily
committed children.
VOLUNTARY COMMITTED CHILD
 A person whose parents' knowingiy
and willingly relinquished parental
authority to the department or any duly
licensed child-placement or child
caring agency or individual.
CHILD- PLACING OR CHILD-PLACEMENT
AGENCY
 It refers to a private non-profit
institution or government agency duly
licensed and accredited by the
Department to provide comprehensive
child welfare services, including but
not limited to receiving application for
adoption or foster care, evaluating the
prospective adoptive or foster parents
and preparing the home study report.
Commitment or surrender of a child
 It is the legal act of entrusting o child to
the
care of the Department or any duly licensed
child placement or child caring agency or
individual by the court, parent or guardian.
Q- It refers to a mental capacity
to understand the difference between right
and wrong and its consequences.
A. initiative
B. inference
C. discretion
D. discernment- answer
Discernment
 It refers to a mental capacity to
understand the difference between e
right and wrong and its consequences.
 Discernment is preliminarily
determined by a social worker and il
finally by the court in the case of a with
child charged with a non-serious
offense. In all other cases,
discernment is determined by the
court.
Age conditional Criminal Responsibility
 It is the age when a child who is
but below above fifteen (15) but below
eighteen (18) years of age commits an
offense with discernment.
Q-Who among the following is criminally
liable when commits a crime?
A. Jun who is 17 years of age who acted with
discernment.- answer
B. Johnny who is below 18 years of age who
acted without discernment.
C. Jeffry who is 17 years of age who acted
under the impulse of irresistible force.
D. Jimmy, drives a motor vehicle and
accidentally bump a person and died as a
result.
Q- A principle that requires a process of
resolving conflicts with the maximum
involvement of the victim, the offender and
the community.
A. fair justice
B. retributive justice
C. restorative justice- answer
D. distributive justice
Restorative Justice
 It is the principle that requires a
process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim,
the offender and the community.
Youth Detention Center
  It refers to the government-owned or
operated agency providing
rehabilitative facilities where the child
in conflict with the law may be
physically restricted pending court
disposition of the charged against him.
BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD
 Refers to the totality of the
circumstances and conditions which
are most congenial to the survival,
protection and feelings of security of
the child and most encouraging to the
child's physical, psychological and
emotional development. It also means
the least detrimental available
alternative for safeguarding the growth
and development of the child.
Child in Conflict with the Law
 It refers to a child who is alleged as,
accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed of an offense under
Philippine laws.
DIVERSION- Refers to an alternative, child-
appropriate process of determining the
responsibility and treatment of a child in
conflict with the law on the basis of his/her
social, cultural, economic, psychological or
educational background without resorting to
formal court.
What is the system of Diversion?
(a) Where the imposable penalty for the crime
committee is not more than six (6) years
imprisonment, the law enforcement officer or
Punong Barangay with the assistance of the
local social welfare and development officer
or other members of the LCPC shall conduct
mediation, family conferencing and
conciliation and, where appropriate, adopt
indigenous modes of conflict resolution in
accordance with the best interest of the child
with a view to accomplishing the objectives of
restorative justice and the formulation of a
diversion program. The child and his/her
family shall be present in these activities.
(b) In victimless crimes where the imposable
penalty is not more than six (6) years
imprisonment, the local social welfare and
development officer shall meet with the child
and his/her parents or guardians for the
development of the appropriate diversion and
rehabilitation program, in coordination with
the BCPC;
(c) Where the imposable penalty for the crime
committed exceeds six
(6) years imprisonment, diversion measures
may be resorted to only by the court.
Q. - These are certain acts or omission which
may not be punishable if committed by adults
but become illegal only because the person is
under age and the act was committed by
children, minors, juveniles, youthful offenders
or other person in need of supervision or
assistance.
A.overt acts
B. coverts acts
C. delinquency
D. status offense- answer
Status offense
 These are certain acts or omission
which may not be punishable if
committed by adults but become illegal
only because the person is under age
and the act was committed by children,
minors, juveniles, youthful offenders or
other person in need of supervision or
assistance.
Examples:
 Sexual misconduct or immoral conduct
 Use of profane language
 Running away from home
 Disobedience to parents or school
officials
Q- A person who within a period of ten (10)
years from the date of his release or last
conviction of the crime of serious or less
serious physical injuries, robbery, theft,
estafa, or falsification, has been found guilty
of any said crimes a third time or oftener.
A. Recidivist
B. Reiteration
C. Quasi-recidivist
D. Habitual delinquent- answer
  Recidivist
 One who, at the time of his trial for one
crime, shall have been previously
convicted by final judgment of another
crime embraced in the same title of
this Code. Recidivism involves at least
two convictions, and hence, it is a form
of plurality of crimes like reiteration,
habitual delinquency and quasi-
recidivism. The first conviction must be
by final judgment and must take place
prior to the second conviction. (People
v. Baldera, 86 Phil. 189) The number
of years intervening between the
convictions is immaterial. Recidivism is
likewise considered even if the
offender has been given absolute
pardon for the first conviction, since
pardon merely extinguishes the
penalty (US v. Sotelo, 28 Phil, 147) but
not in the case of amnesty as such
extinguishes all the effects in law of
the crime committed. (US v. Francisco,
10 Phil. 185)
• Habitual delinquent
 A person who within a period of ten
(10) years from the date of his release
or last conviction of the crime of
serious or less serious physical
injuries, robbery, theft, estafa, or
falsification, has been found guilty of
any said crimes a third time or oftener.
(Art. 62, Par. 5)
 Quasi-recidivism
 Arises when the offender shall commit
a felony after having been convicted
by final judgment, before beginning to
serve the sentence, or while serving
the same, he shall be punished by the
maximum period of the penalty
prescribed by law for the new felony
besides being penalized as a habitual
delinquent, applicable. (Art. 160)
 THE EARLY GENERAL THEORIES
ON THE CAUSES OF
DELINQUENCY
 Etiology of delinquency is the study of
causes of delinquency. Why do crime
and delinquency occur in our society?
What are the roots of this social
problem? This topic focuses on the
various explanation and theories of
crime and juvenile delinquency.
 If we attempt to study the root and
causes of delinquency we must to deal
with theories. The following are the
early general theories on the causes of
delinquency:
Q-The theory which assert that persons
should be held responsible for their actions
when they do evil things because their body
is possessed by evil spirits.
A. classical theory
B. positivist theory
C. neo-classical theory
D. Demonological Theory- answer
• Demonological Theory
• It is based on the belief of early primitive
people that every object and person is guided
by a spirit
• This theory promoted the notion that
persons should be held responsible for their
actions when they do evil things because
their body is possessed by evil spirits.
• Classical Theory
This is advocated by Cesare Becaria and
Jeremy Bentham.
 It promoted the idea that people
choose criminality the same way when
they choose conformity; the youth
commit crime because they think or
imagine greater things can be earned
through conformity. This is because
people by nature are hedonistic.
 Hedonism is the doctrine which states
that people seek pleasure and avoid
pain.
 Considering that youths are rational
and conscious| choose to commit
delinquency, they shoul therefore be
punished.
Q- Based from the classical theory,
punishment is given to wrongdoers to strike
fear in their hearts thus making them to less
likely to offend others again.
A. Specific deterrence- answer
B. General deterrence
C. Incapacitation
D. Retribution
*Classical Theory
 The following are the reasons why
delinquent persons must be punished:
General Deterrence
 Punishment of delinquents and
criminal offenders will strike fear in the
hearts of other people, thus making
them less likely to commit acts of
delinquency or crimes.
• Specific Deterrence
 Punishment will strike fear in the
hearts of wrongdoers thus making
them to less likely to offend others
again.
Incapacitation
 The simplest form of justification;
wrongdoers should be lock-up in lail
since while they are imprisoned in an
institution, they cannot commit offense
against another people.
Retribution
 Criminals should be punished because
they deserve it; a punishment is
morally right and just in light of the
harm and damage caused by the
offense.
• Neo-Classical Theory
 The theory that contends that children
and lunatics cannot calculate pain and
pleasure, therefore, they must exempt
from incurring criminal liability
Q-They are considered as the holy three of
criminology-
A. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Rafael
Garofalo- answer
B. Cesare Becaria, Enrico Ferri, Rafael
Garofalo
C. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferry, Rafael
Garofalo
D. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Esmael
Garofalo
Positivist or Italian School
 It was advocated by the Hely three of
Criminology, in the person of
 Cesare Lombroso- Father of empirical
criminology
 Enrico Feni
 Rafael Garofalo
 The school that denied individual
responsibility and reflected no-punitive
reactions to crime and criminality, it
adheres that crimes, as any other acts
are natural phenomenon.
 Criminals are considered sick
individuals who need to be treated by
treatment programs rather than
punitive actions against them.
 It promoted the idea of determinism as
a way of explaining crime and
delinquency. These means that every
act has a cause that is waiting to be
discovered in the real world.
 The theory believes that the causes of
juvenile delinquency could be
identified thru the application of the
scientific method and once causes
were discovered, the individual
offender could be treated or
rehabilitated much as medical doctors
treat the causes of human illness.
Sara method
Scanning
Analysis
Response
• Critical Theory
 This theory views juvenile delinquency
as a by product of existing social
arrangements. The concept of power,
influence, inequality, and the conflict
 guide this theory in exploring and
clarifying the nature of juvenile
delinquency.
 This theory blames the causes of
juvenile delinquency on the imbalance
of power within the human society.
Q-These are groups of theories which
claimed that physical appearance reveals the
characters in a manner that criminals have
distinctive criminal physical characteristics
that makes them identifiable as delinquents
or criminal offenders.
A. Biological theories- answer
B. Sociological theories
C. Early general theories
D. Psychological theories
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
 These are groups of theories which
claimed that physical appearance
reveals the characters in a manner
that criminals have distinctive criminal
physical characteristics that makes
them identifiable as delinquents or
criminal offenders.
 Biological theories promoted the notion
that people's behavior bears some
relationship to their biological
constitution. Recently, a biological
theory which emphasizes biological
variations within the normal range has
begun to include the interplay of
biological, social and psychological
variables in crime and delinquency.
LOMBROSIAN THEORY
 It was introduced by Cesare Lombroso
in 1876, the father of modern
Criminology.
 He believed that certain physical
features identified the convict in prison
as a "born criminal" The born criminal
is an "atavism which simply means
that he has physical make-up, mental
capabilities, and instinct of primitive
man.
 He maintained that a born criminal
could be identified by the possession
of certain visible stigmata such as
asymmetry of the face, or head, large
monkey like ears, receding chin and
others.
 Criminals are classified as epileptic,
insane and inborn.
 However, Lombroso was criticized for
his theory because he based only on
his findings conducted studies on from
examining criminals. He did not (non-
crimmat offenders characters.
Therefore, there is no valid
comparison as to the difference
between the physical characteristics of
criminals and none criminals.
 GENERAL INFERIORITY THEORY
 It was advocated by Ernest Hoston, a
Harvard anthropologist.
 he argued that criminals are inferior to
civillans in nearly all o their bodily
measurements.
 He likewise stated that low foreheads
indicated inferiority.
 He further stated that crime exist
because there are some inferior
people who are responsible for them.
Some of the descriptions of inferior
people who are potential criminals
includes the following;
 Sneaky, little, constitutional inferiors -
thieves
 With narrow, hard-bitten, tough and
not notably undersized
 Men with low mediocre body builds are
people who tend to break the law
without preference
 He proposed that criminals should be
permanently exiled to self-governing
reservation, isolated from the society
sterilized to prevent future offspring's.
• O- Based from the sematetyping theery
these are classification of people who usually
use fraud in the commissien of
crime.
Ectomerph
Endomorph- answer
Mesomorsh
Romonotic
• SOMATOTYPING THEORY
 It was advocated by William Sheldon
whose ideas were concentrated on the
 "Survival of the Fittest" as a behavioral
science.
 He believed that inheritance was the
primary determinants of one's behavior
and the body physique was a reliable
indicator of personality.
 He classified people in three ways as
follows:
E -Endomorphs (viscerotonic)- (heavy built
body, manifest the probability of such person
to commit a crime and fraud cases are most
often committed.
M -Mesomorphs (romonotic) - athletic body
built, manifest extroverted personality, which
commonly committed physical injury.
E -Ectomorphs ( cerebrotonic) - tall and thin,
manifest introvert personality that most often
committing petty crimes.
Mesomorphy-Delinquency Relationship
 Delinquency exists because there are
mesomorphic men or youth that are
responsible for its occurrence.
Ernst Kretschmer (1888 -1964)
 German psychiatrist.
 In his best-known work, Physique and
Character (1921), he attempted to
correlate body build and physical
constitution with temperament and
mental illness, identifying three
physical types - the pyknic (rotund),
the athletic (muscular), and the
asthenic (tall and thin) - and claiming
that different psychiatric disorders
were associated with each of them.
GENETICS THEORY
 This theory states that people who
have abnormal genetic structure or
chromosomal activities commit crimes
and delinquency.
 The theory explains that the behavior
of violent male criminals is the
proposal of a chromosomal
abnormality in which such males have
an XYY, instead of XY, male
chromosomal pattern. The extra
chromosome, so goes the hypothesis
turns these criminals into super males.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
 The psychoanalytical theory shares
with biological theory the search for
the causes in biological processes for
anomalies it attempts to look into the
mind of the реорle.
 The treatment and policy implications
of psychoanalytical theory are directed
and obvious Criminal and delinquent
offenders should be treated not as evil
but as sick persons who are basically
responsible for their actions in any
rational or controllable sense.
Therefore, punishment of offenders will
be ineffective and only provoke more
guilt and unhealthy psychological
reactions.
 The theory contends that Delinquents
and criminals need treatment for
underlying emotional disturbances.
Cure that problem, and the problem of
crime will be remedied.
• According to Sigmund Freud, the father of
psychoanalysis, it t is the part of human
psyche that is fueled by the pleasure
pleasure principle " want what I want when I
want is also it" and at the same time it is also
considered as the irrational part of the mind.
 ID ANG SAGOT
O. Based from the psychoanalytical theory it
is the rational and conscious part of human
psyche
Id
Ego- answer
Superego
Hypothalamus
FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
 It focuses on abnormalities and
disturbances in the individual's
emotional development from the early
childhood.
 Crime according to Freud, crime is a
symbolic expression of inner tension
 that each person has but fails to
control. It is an expression of having
learned self-control improperly.
 He believes that people develop in a
series of stages. When abnormalities
occur, the person is more likely to
experience conflict. Conflict arises
from the person's basic drive and
social controls. Because conflict is
painful to confront, people tends to
push into their unconscious mind, thus,
experience that produce conflict.
Finally, people defense mechanisms to
handle personal conflicts.
THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION THEORY
 People who are frustrated will act
aggressively, and people who engage
in aggression are frustrated first.
 Aggression
 A behavior whose goal is to inflict
damage or injury on some object or
person and it may be
 Overt
Physical or verbal
 Covert
Unobservable like wishing someone to die
 Frustration
A behavior directed at anticipated goals or
expectations or a person must have
expecting the attainment of a goal or
achievement in order to be frustrated It
develops when a person experiences the
blocking of some goal. It involves hopes and
unfulfilled expectations; it is not a feeling or
emotion but a failure of objectives or goals.
 It may lead to anger, which makes
aggression more likely to happen, and
when aggression is induced by violent
anger, the person who is provoked
may either use words or weapons
• SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
 There are four reasons why
sociological theories are distinct and
prominent explanation of crime and
delinquency than the biological and
psychological theories:
1. The new sociological theories blame
delinquency on social and
environmental circumstances.
2. Social institution was believed to be
plaque by disintegration and
disorganization.
3. Some observers assumed that
disintegration and disorganization
made individuals more likely to engage
in delinquency.
4. The prevailing opinion was that the
lower class was responsible for the
majority of delinquency.
GANG THEORY
 Advocated by Frederick Thrasher
 A gang is a band of people going
about together or working especially
for
some criminal
purposes.
 Delinquency develop through the
following:
 Gangs originated as playgroups
 Playgroups are transformed into gangs
 Competition to turf leads to gang
conflict
 Delinquent gangs may have complex
social structure as any other social
group.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
 Advocated by Edwin Sutherland.
 Theorized that criminal behavior is
learned though social interactions.
Nine Propositions of Differential Association
Theory

 Sutherland's theory doesn't account for
why an individual becomes a criminal
but how it happens. He summarized
the principles of differential association
theory with nine propositions:
 All criminal behavide is learned.
 Criminal behavior is learned through
interactions with others via a process
of communication.
 Most learning about criminal behavior
happens in and relationships.
 The process of learning criminal
behavior may include learning ab beat
technignes to carry out the behavior as
well as the motives and
rationalizations that would justify
criminal activity and the attitudes
necessary to orient an individual
towards such activity.
 The direction of motives and drives
towards criminal behavior is learned
through the interpretation of legal
codes in one's geographical area as
favorable or unfavorable.
 When the number of favorable
interpretations that support violating
the law outweigh the unfavorable
interpretations that don't, an individual
will choose to become a criminal.
 All differential associations aren't
equal. They can vary in frequency,
intensity, priority, and duration.
 The process of learning criminal
behaviors through interactions with
others relies on the same mechanisms
that are used in learning about any
other behavior.
 Criminal behavior could be an
expression of generalized needs and
values, but they don't explain the
behavior because non-criminal
behavior expresses the same needs
and values.
• ECOLOGICAL THEORY
 Advocated by Clifford Shaw and Henry
McKay.
 They believed that criminal
delinquency could be understood only
by considering the social context in
which youth lived - context that itself
was a product of major societal
transformation brought by:
 Occurrence of rapid social change
procedure by industrialization, urbanization
and immigration.
 A rapid social change produces
dilapidated area. - magkakaiba na ang
pinapaniwalaan ng matanda at bata
 Social disorganization allows culture
conflict to arise.
 Cultural conflict allows crime and
delinquency to flourish.
 Delinquent behaviors result allowed to
flourish delinquency become a full time
job or carrier.
SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
 It emphasizes the cause of
delinquency by imitation.
 Imitation refers to the engagement in
behavior after the observation of
similar behavior in others.
WALTERS B. MILLER'S THEORY
 He examined lower class areas in
Boston and came to different
conclusions.
 In a nutshell, he saw a society
composed of groups, which, while
sharing some values, had otherwise,
differing lifestyles and norms. The
lower class was simply a separate
culture whose expectations and values
were different from those of the middle
class.
 He came to see delinquency as an
expression of culture present in slam
neighborhoods.
 His theory of delinquency can be
summed up as follows:
 Lower class communities are female
dominated that promotes the focal
concern.
 juveniles are encouraged to associate
with street corner gangs to validate
masculine identity.
 New members of gang achieved status
by adhering to the behavior consist
with focal concern.

The lower class-culture revolved around six
focal concerns as follows:
Trouble
 Some members of the lower class
claim that they want to avoid trouble
with law, but they covertly seek it.
Members of criminal and delinquent
gang seek trouble overtly.
Toughness
 Includes physical strengths,
masculinity, sentimentality and bravery
Smartness
 Refers to the ability to outfox people
on the street corner and learn to take
advantage of the weaknesses of one's
opponents.
Excitements
 Involves a search for thrills, danger
risk, prompted in part by long period of
boredom and routine that lower class
people experiences
Fate
 Believing that they cannot control their
future by setting and achieving goals,
they may turn for example, to gambling
where they hope to hit the jackpot
Autonomy
 Independent and believe in common
expression of "nobody tells me what to
do
STRAIN THEORY
 Advocated by Robert Merton.
 It emphasizes the predominance of
crime and delinquency among the
lower class and majority populations,
the most deprived of legitimate
opportunities.
 Anomie refers to the breakdown of
social norms and a condition where
those norms could no longer control
the activity and societal members.
Without clear rules to guide them,
individuals cannot find their place in
society and have difficulty adjusting to
the changing conditions of life. This in
turn leads to dissatisfaction, frustration
deviance and conflict.
1. The individual continuous to accepts
the value of both the goals and the
means, the form of behavior exhibited
will be conforming.
2. If an individual accept the goals, but
reject the means to achieve them. the
form of behavior will be deviant and
innovative.
3. If an individual sees the goals as
unattainable (rejects them), but accept
the means, the form of behavior is
ritualistic.
4. If an individual rejects both and
means, the form of behavior will be
deviant and retreatist.
5. If both goals and means are rejected,
and then substituted for, the form of
behavior will be deviant and rebelling.
EMIL DURKHEIM'S ANOMIE THEORY
 Not simply as normlessness but as the
more or less complete collapse of
societal solidarity itself.
 He framed the early development of
Consensus theory.
 He stated that the order of social life
does not derive from individuals but
from the society because the individual
is not sufficient unto himself, it is the
society that he receives anything
necessary to him.
 He maintained that crime is an
important ingredient of all healthy
 societies because crime makes people
more aware of their common interest
and help to define appropriate, moral
or lawful behavior.
 He believed that crime is normal and
functional
 Crime is Normal
Crime is nothing more than a consequence of
the creation and application of norms. It is
because some behavior is wrong that other
behavior is right. That is the reason why
crime is said to be normal.
Crime is Functional
 Because it is the basis for social
change. Crime often points out to the
social group, those elements,
processes, or arrangements that may
need to be changed.
The main characteristics of delinquents
according to Cohen:
 Malicious Behavior
Delinquent boys get their jerk from tormenting
no-delinquent children.
 Negativistic
That is, they think their behavior is right
precisely because it is wrong to the norms or
rules of a larger culture.
 DELINQUENCY AND OPPORTUNITY
THEORY
 Advocated by Richard Cloward and
Lloyd Ohlin.
 Delinquency is a result of great
disparity between what youths are
taught to want and what is actually
available to them.
 Youths who join a delinquent
subculture want to achieve success,
nut since their legitimate means are
blocked; they turn to illegitimate means
in the form of delinquency, and
eventually, crime.
 Three kinds of Delinquent subcultures
according to Cloward and Ohlin:
 Criminal Subculture
 It develops in a stable, lower class
neighborhood
 Adult role medels
 Integration of all levels, so younger
people learn from older people how to
commit offenses and how to handle
themselves when they get caught.
 Cooperation between offenders and
supposedly legitimate people in the
community.
 Control of delinquents by adults
criminals
Conflict
 This type arises in disorganized slums,
where many people move in and out
and social and cultural rootlessness
and conflict occur.
Retreatist
 Some youngsters are eager to
succeed in the criminal or the conflict
subculture, but do not meet the
standards. Nor do they live up to the
requirements of the conventional
culture. They are double failures; they
find it impossible to make a name for
them if any line of activity they attempt.
Eventually they give up and retreat to
drugs.
IVAN NYE'S THEORY/SOCIAL CONTROL
THEORY
 He believes that delinquency is
natural, conformity, on the other hand,
is not all natural, it must be explicitly
taught and encouraged, usually by
parents.
 He focuses on the family. He noted
that in the early years, children have
no concept of right or wrong and
therefore break rules quite often.
  He believes that delinquency depends
primarily on family attitudes and
feelings, not family structure.
 He also agreed that youths who have
great amount of freedom are more
able to engage in delinquency. Those
who have little freedom are so
frustrated that they may also commit
more delinquency.
 Three types of social control:
Internal
 A child's Conscience develops as he
grows older.
 Direct
It is what most people think of when they hear
the word control. It includes the prevention,
supervision, sanctions and rewards by
external agents - Parents, teachers, police
and others.
 Indirect control
It is exercised through a person's affection for
parents and other conventional figures. The
child does not wish to lose the affection of a
loved parent or other authority figure and so
conforms to the rules of the society.
SOCIAL BONDING THEORY/TRAVIS
HIRCHIS THEORY
 Travis presented the most recent and
most popular version of focial control
theory. He synthesized and elaborated
on the work of other social contro
theories, provided a clearer picture of
what was meant by social bond.
 He mentioned four ties of society as
follows
 Attachment
 It is emotional element.
 Refers to the extent that a person
cares about other people via norms
and conscience. The strength of the
attachments or ties one has significant
to other or to institutions can inhibit
deviance
Commitment
 It is a more rational quality, referring to
the degree of one's investment in
conventional activities. It represents
the investment of one has already built
up in conventional society
Involvement
 Refers to the time spent in
conventional activities, if these occupy
a youngsters entire day, delinquent
incidents cannot take place. Suggest
that youths are so involved in
conventional behavior that they don't
have time for delinquent behavior.
Belief
 People who think it is wrong to violate
a particular law will probably not
violate it. It constitutes the
acknowledgement of society's rules as
being fair. That is, one has a respect
for those rules and norms and feels a
moral obligation to obey them.
Social control theory was developed by
Travis Hirschi in 1969. It is also known as the
Social Bond Theory.
Hirschi refers to four elements which
constitute the societal bond. These bonds
include:
 Attachment - to other individuals
 Commitment - to following rules
 Involvement - by typical social
behaviors
 Belief -- a basic value system
 When one of these four items break
down, Hirschi hypothesizes that an
individual may then participate criminal
activities
NEUTRALIZATION THEORY
 It was advocated by Gresham Sykes
and David Matza.
 " Matza proposed that one's becomes
free from delinquent acts through the
use of techniques of neutralization.
Denial of Responsibility
  Juveniles may deny being responsible
for the illegal act.
Denial of injury
 Delinquents believed that even though
what they have done was illegal, it was
not immoral. Therefore, no one was
really hurt by the act anyway.
Denial of victim
 Juveniles may deny the seriousness of
the action by claiming that what they
did was right under the circumstances.
Condemnation of the condemners
 Youths may shift from their own illegal
behavior to the behavior of others.
Appeal to higher authority
 Sometimes adolescents may justify
illegal behavior by claiming that they
committed the act for someone else,
such as gang, the peer groups and
others.
Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory
 Techniques of neutralization theory
suggests that although delinquents
know that their behavior is wrong, they
justify it as "acceptable" on a number
of grounds:
 Five techniques of neutralization
 Denial of responsibility
 Denial of injury
 Denial of victim
 Condemnation of the condemners
 Appeal to higher loyalties
LABELING THEORY
 It focuses on the formal and informal
applications of stigmatizing, deviant
labels or tags by society on some of its
members.
 It treats such labels as both as
dependent variable (effect) and an
independent variable (cause)
 It contends label as dependent
variable when attempts to explain why
certain behavior is socially defined as
wrong and certain persons are
selected for stigmatization and
criminalization.
 It contends labels the independent
variable when it hypothesizes that
discrediting labels cause continuation
of the criminal or delinquent behavior.
 It states that social control leads to
deviance.
 Three elements of labeling process:
Stereotyping- A quick mental classification of
individuals or groups and exaggerates the
differences among people. It also involves
jumping to conclusions = that is, taking a
single cue and making a sweeping judgment
on it.
 Retrospective Interpretation - Involves
labeling individuals in a certain way
and then viewing them in an entirely
new light.
 Negotiation- Occurs often in criminal
courts, where defense and prosecution
bargain with each other over the
charge, plea and sentence.
Summary of Theories Related to Delinquency
 ANOMIE THEORY - Breakdown of
social orders as results of loss of
standards and values that replaced
social cohesion.
 TRAIT THEORY - Person chooses
law-violating or conventional behaviour
and it suggest that biological make-up
controls human behaviour.
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY-
Process of learning and internalizing
moral codes; crime are product of
learning the norms, values, and
 behaviours associated with criminal
activity.
 SUB-CULTURE THEORY- Certain
groups have values quite distinct from
those of the rest of society.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY-
Effects of an individual's position in
society and those of the rest of society.
- under strain
 STRAIN THEORY- People in society
share one set of cultural values, lower
class persons often do not have
legitimate means to attain society's
goals; they may turn to illegitimate
means instead; conform in
conventional values of the middle
class.
CONTAINMENT THEORY.
 every individual there exist a
containing external structure and a
protective internal structure, both
provide defense, protection, or
insulation against delinquency.
 ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY -
focuses on the characteristics of the
crime rather than on those of the
offender.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY.
 Takes into account the entire criminal
event, which includes the criminal
motivation, and situation. (Choose).

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY-

Criminal behaviour is taught and learned.
Social influences, interaction. (In different
association, different behavior can be
learned).

 CULTURAL/DEVIANCE THEORY-

Attributes crimes to a set of values peculiar to

the lower class. (There are different rules in
the street).

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY-

The theory suggests that, among
determinants of a person's later illegal
activity, residential location is as significant as
or more significant than the person's
individual characteristics.

 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY-

Criminality as a learned as a learned
or culturally transmitted process.

SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

 Techniques and strategies

tharregulate human behaviour and
lead to conformity or obedience to
society's rule.