Name : Fajar Nur Juliyanto

Class : 6A
NIM : 1805020047
Lecturer : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid, M.Pd.

FINAL TERM
QUESTION:

1. What are the relations between syntax and grammar? you can refer to any point
2. Write the sentence and constituent structure along with the examples.
3. What do you know about syntactic category? Elaborate them with the examples.
4. What are the differences between Lexical and Functional categories?
5. Draw the PS tress of the following phrases and sentences:
a. The guests played music and danced.
b. Mares eat oats
c. Many tall teachers saw him in the dusty attic
d. up the hill
e. found a puppy
6. Explain the difference between specifier and complement (better give examples
of each).
7. Mention the PS Rules and write the sentences match with the rules.
8. Try drawing tree structures for the following sentences using the phrase
structure rules
below:
a. The gigantic yellow bee worried Maxine.
b. Every kid from syntax class came to the party.
c. Maxine likes every yellow bee and purple ant.
d. Every long book and some animated films interested Maude.
e. The new kids in class yelled and ran around the classroom.
Answer:
1. Syntax is the study of sentences and their structure, and the constructions within
sentences. Syntax tells us what goes where in a sentence. Grammar is the general
term referring to the set of rules in a given language including syntax, morphology,
while syntax studies sentence structures.
2. The man read a book.

read
book
man a
the

3. A syntactic category is a syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume. Word

classes, largely corresponding to traditional parts of speech (e.g. noun, verb,
preposition, etc.) are syntactic categories. In phrase structure grammars, the phrasal
categories (e.g. noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc.) are also
syntactic categories.
Phrasal categories
• Noun Phrase (NP) : men, the man, the man with a
telescope
• Verb Phrase (VP) : sees, always sees, rarely sees the
man, often sees the man with a telescope
• Adjective Phrase (AP) : sad, very sad, very sad about losing
• Prepositional Phrase (PP) : over, nearly over, nearly over the hill
• Adverbial Phrase (AdvP) : brightly, more brightly, more brightly
than the Sun
Lexical Categories
• Noun (N) : puppy, happines, man, soup, pillow
• Verb (V) : find, run, sleep, throw.
• Preposition (P) : up, down, across.
• Adjective (A) : lucky, big, happy, candid
• Adverb (Adv) : again, always, never, fairly

4. Lexical category is familiar. Because some of them are traditionally referred to as

part of speech. There is Noun (N), Verb (V), Preposition (P), Adjective (A), and
Adverb (Adv). For Functional Categories is less familiar. It contains Tense (T) and
Determiner (Det). Both is Functional Categories because their members have
grammatical functions rather than descriptive meanings.
Example:
• Noun (N) : puppy, happines, man, soup, pillow
• Verb (V) : find, run, sleep, throw.
 • Preposition (P) : up, down, across.
• Adjective (A) : lucky, big, happy, candid
• Adverb (Adv) : again, always, never, fairly

Phrasal categories are a family of expressions that can substitute for one another
without loss of grammaticality is called a syntactic category. Syntactic categories
include both phrasal categories and lexical categories.
Example:
• Noun Phrase (NP) : men, the man, the man with a
telescope
• Verb Phrase (VP) : sees, always sees, rarely sees the
man, often sees the man with a telescope
• Adjective Phrase (AP) : sad, very sad, very sad about losing
• Prepositional Phrase (PP) : over, nearly over, nearly over the hill
• Adverbial Phrase (AdvP) : brightly, more brightly, more brightly
than the Sun

5. Answer:
a. The guests played music and danced
b. Mares eat oats

c. Many tall teachers saw him in the dusty attic

d. Up the hill
 e. Found a puppy

6. Specifier is defined as an element that may occur before or preceding the

head (may exist in a phrase). And for Complement defined as a phrasal
category that may occur only next to a head and elaborates on the
meaning of the head.
Example:
Rin saw banner across the road
In the PP, banner across the road, banner is the specifier. So, banner is the
specifier of the PP across the road. In the PP, the P(Preposition) across takes the
NP the road as complement.
A complement is defined as a phrasal category that may occur next to a head, and
only there, and which elaborates on the meaning of the head. The complements
are underlined
7. Answer:
a. S → NP VP
The women ate the apple
b. NP → Det N̅
The women
c. N̅ → N
Women
d. VP → V̅
Sit in the toilet (V̅ → V PP)
e. V̅ → V NP
Ate the apple
f. V̅ → V PP
Cook in the kitchen
g. V̅ → V AP
h. N̅ → N PP
Reza at the library
i. PP → P̅
At the library
j. P̅ → P NP
on the stage
k. AP → A̅
 Rude to the pet
l. A̅ → A
Small
m. A̅ → A PP
8. Answer:
a. The gigantic yellow bee worried Maxine.

b. Every kid from syntax class came to the party.

c. Maxine likes every yellow bee and purple ant.

d. Every long book and some animated films interested Maude.

e. The new kids in class yelled and ran around the classroom.