Short Questions

Naeem Series Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com PU, M.
Phill) 03214346076
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
Garhi Shahu Branch, Lahore. 04236375441 1
Naeem Series Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com PU, M.Phill) 03214346076
Short Questions
1. What is sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. e.g. Ali is a student Following are the
kinds of a sentence
a) Assertive/declarative sentence: A statement about something which may be positive or
negative, is called assertive sentence. e.g. Mohsin writes a book.
b) Interrogative sentence: A sentence that is used to ask a question is called an interrogative
sentence. e.g. What is your name?
c)Imperative sentence: A sentence which expresses some command, request, forbiddance, advice
or suggestion is called imperative sentence. e.g. Please give me your pen.
d) Exclamatory sentence: A sentence which expresses strong feelings of sorrow, happiness or
wonder is called exclamatory sentence. e.g. What a pretty bird!
e) Optative sentence: A sentence which expresses some wish, pray or curse is called optative
sentence. e.g. May you live long!
2. Write the different classes of sentence according to its structure.
a) Simple sentence: A simple sentence is one which has one clause only. e.g. The moon was bright.
b) Compound sentence: A compound sentence is one which has more than one clauses of equal
ranks. The moon was bright and we could see our way.
c) Complex sentence: A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses. e.g. They rested when evening came.
3. What is synthesis of sentences?
Synthesis is the joining of two sentences into one. E.g He worked hard. He failed.
He worked hard however he failed.
4. What is a complement?
Complement means an additional word or words which complete the meaning (idea) of group of words
that have subject and verb. e.g. Ali seems happy.
a) Subjective complement: A noun or a pronoun that identifies, renames, or explains the subject.
e.g. Irfan is the leader.
b) Objective complement: A complement that tells something about object is called objective
complement. e.g. He made me happy
5. Define object
A noun or noun equilalent that receives the action of the verb is called object. e.g. The doctor examined
the patient.
a) Direct object: The direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb. e.g. The doctor
examined the patient.
b) Indirect object: An object which receives the action of the verb indirectly is called indirect
object. e.g.The teacher gave him the award.
6. Define Subject: The doer of an action is called subject. (Some boys are throwing stones on buses) Here
‘some boys’ is subject.
7. Define Predicate: Predicate is that part of sentence, which tells something about the subject. e.g. Salma
sang a beautiful song.
8. Define phrase: A phrase is a group of words, which has neither subject, nor predicate. e.g. The sun rises
in the east. On the table, in the corner etc
9. Define a clause: A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb, e.g. He wrote a letter. E.g.
He works in an office. .
10. What are parts of speech?
Words, divided into different classes according to their function are called parts of speech.
11. Give the number of parts of speech.
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
The parts of speech are eight in number.

(1) noun (2) pronoun (3) verb (4) adjective
(5) adverb (6) preposition (7) conjunction (8) interjection
12. Define Noun
Name of person, place or thing is called noun.
a) Abstract noun: It is the name of quality, state or action. It does not take article in normal use.
E.g Love, Honesty, Wisdom, Beauty, Truth.
b) Collective noun: A collective noun is a singular noun that names a group of people with a
common interest. E.g class, family, office
c)Material noun: The name given to materials is called material noun. It does not take article in
normal use. E.g Class, Team, Club, Flock, Heard etc.
d) Countable noun: Nouns which are used for persons, things or places which are countable are
called countable nouns. E.g books, tables etc
e) Uncountable noun: Nouns which are used for things which can not be counted are called
uncountable nouns. E.g Gold, flour, honesty, advice, work, etc.
13. What do you understand by gender of a noun?
Gender in English grammar refers to the division of nouns into a male or a female.
14. How many kinds of genders are there in English?
There are four genders in English:
(1) Masculine Gender (2) Feminine Gender
(3) Common Gender (4) Neuter Gender
15. What do you understand by masculine gender?
A noun that denotes a male is called masculine gender. e.g. man, father, lion
16. What do you understand by feminine gender?
A noun that denotes a female is called feminine gender. e.g. woman, mother, lioness
17. Define pronoun: A word used for a noun is called pronoun. Eg. He, She, You etc following are the kinds
of pronoun
a) Relative pronoun: This pronoun refers to a noun or pronoun and joins two sentences.
E.g. Who, where, but etc.He asked me where he was going.
b) Emphatic pronoun: Emphatic pronouns are those which end in self or selves when they are
used after nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis. E.g. I myself will do it.
c)Reflexive pronoun: A reflexive pronoun is an object pronoun that refers back to the subject. e.g.
myself,, himself, yourself Example: I hurt myself.
d) Reciprocal pronouns: Compound pronouns like “each other” and “one another” are called
reciprocal pronouns. They are playing with one another.
e) Interrogative pronouns: Pronouns used to ask questions are known as interrogative pronouns.
e.g. who, whose, whom, which, what etc. e.g. Who are you?
f) Distributive pronoun: Distributive pronouns refer to persons individually or one at a time. E.g.
each, either, neither, everyone etc. Everyone was playing.
18. Define an Antecedent.
The word or group of words that a pronoun replaces, or refers to, is called its antecedent. Or a noun for
which a pronoun is used is called its antecedent.
e.g. Ali writes a letter. He is competent student. (Ali is an antecedent of He)
19. Define transitive verb: The verb that always takes an object to complete the sentence is called
transitive verb. E.g. He writes a book
20. Define intransitive verb: A verb that does not take object to complete the sentence is called intransitive
verb. E.g. He weeps.
21. Define auxiliary or helping verbs: Sometimes the principal verb needs the help of another verb to make
its meaning clear, such verbs are called auxiliary or helping verbs. E.g. is, are, am, was, were, will shall,
has, have, had etc.
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22. Define verbals or participles: Verbals are forms of the verbs that are used as nouns, adjectives or
adverbs in the sentence. There are three kinds of verbal:
a) Gerund: The “ing” form of a verb used as a noun is called gerund. E.g. Singing is my hobby.
b) Infinitive: An infinitive is a non-finite verb form consisting of to + first form of the verb. E.g. To
play games on computer is my hobby.
c)Participle: An ing form of verb that can be used both as a verb and adjective. E.g I bought a
singing doll.
23. Define adverb.
Adverb is a word which qualify a verb or an adjective or an other adverb.e.g. carefully, always, very,
often
a) Adverbs of manners: An adverb of manner tells us how something is done. e.g. skillfully,
clearly, correctly
b) Adverbs of time: An adverb of time tells us when something takes place. e.g. tomorrow, next
year, today, yesterday
c) Adverbs of place: An adverb of place tells us where something happens. e.g. outside, here,
where, there
d) Adverbs of frequency: An adverb of frequency tells us how often something takes place. e.g.
once, twice, ever
e) Interrogative adverbs: The question words which tell where, why, when and something
happens
f) Emphasizing adverbs: Some adverbs can be used before adjectives are other adverbs to
emphasize them. e.g. really, very, quite
g) Adverb of affirmation or negation: Adverbs of affirmation and negation affirm and negate the
action.
h) Adverb of reason: An adverb of reason is that which shows the reason of an action.
24. What are qualitative/descriptive adjectives?
These adjectives show the quality positive or negative of a person or a thing. e.g. nice, brave, intelligent,
poor,
a) Quantitative adjectives: These adjectives show the quantity of a thing. e.g. Some, much,
enough
b) Proper adjectives: Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper nouns. e.g. Pakistani,
Islamic
c)Demonstrative adjectives: A demonstrative adjective is that, which points out person or thing
particular. e.g. this, that, those
d) Interrogative adjectives: Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. e.g. what, which,
whose
e) Distributive adjectives: Distributive adjectives show things taken out singly. e.g. each, every,
either, neither. Each boy, every girl etc
f) Numeral adjectives: These adjectives show how many persons or things are meant. e.g. one,
two, three, all, many
25. What are degrees of adjective?
There are three degrees of adjective:
a) Positive degree of adjective: Positive degree of an adjective shows quality of a thing or a person
without comparing with other persons or things, e.g. brave, coward, wise, fool
b) Comparative degree of adjective: Comparative degree of an adjective shows comparison
between two things or two persons, e.g. He is taller than his friend.
c) Superlative degree of adjective: Superlative degree of an adjective shows comparison among
more than two things or persons, e.g. He is the richest of four friends.
26. Define preposition.
A preposition is a word which relates noun or pronoun with other word or words in a sentence. e.g in,
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
at, of, from . There are two kinds of preposition.

a) Simple preposition: Preposition based on single word is called simple preposition. e.g. of, to,
from
b) Compound preposition: Preposition based on more than one word is called compound
preposition. e.g. out of, according to, in front of
27. What is Conjunction?
A word that joins more than two clauses, words and sentences into one is called conjunction. e.g. and,
but, or
There are three kinds of conjunction:
a) Coordinating Conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions join words or group of words that are of
equal importance. e.g. but, and, or
b) Subordinating conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate clause and
shows its relationship with the main clause. e.g. after, although, as
c)Correlative conjunctions: Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called correlative
conjunctions. e.g. both and, either or, neither nor,
28. What are the kinds of coordinating conjunction?
There are four kinds of coordinating conjunctions:
a) Cumulative conjunctions: Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called
cumulative conjunctions. e.g. and, as well as, also
b) Alternative conjunctions: Alternative conjunctions are used to express a choice between two
alternatives. e.g. otherwise
c) Adversative conjunctions: Conjunctions which are used to express a contrast between two
statements are called adversative conjunctions. e.g. but, yet
d) Illative conjunctions: Conjunctions which express inference are called illative conjunctions. e.g.
therefore, hence
29. Define Interjection.
An interjection is a word that shows sudden feelings or emotions. E.g oh! Hurrah!
30. What do you understand by Articles?
Articles are the words, which modify a noun or an adjective. They are two types;
a) Definite article: Definite article specifies a noun. The is definite article.
b) Indefinite articles: Indefinite articles are those which generalize the noun. a and an are
indefinite articles. “a” is is used with every singular, common noun of consonant sound. E.g. A
book, a table etc “An” is used with every singular common noun, having “Vowel sound”. E.g. an
egg
31. Which kind of noun is not generally preceded by articles?
Proper noun, Abstract noun and Material noun are not generally preceded by article.
32. Can we use articles with uncountable noun?
No, articles cannot be used with uncountable noun, like floor, gold, sugar , advice etc
33. What is meant by Mood?
Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented. There are three
moods in English.
a) Indicative Mood: A verb which makes a statement of fact or asks a question, or expresses a
supposition which is assumed as a fact, is in the indicative mood. e.g. Where do you live?
Noman is a good player. If I go to Karachi, I will buy a gift for you.
b) Imperative mood: A verb which expresses a command, suggestion and a request, is in the
imperative mood. E.g Give me a cup of tea, please. Read this book to improve your English.
c) Subjunctive mood: The subjunctive mood expresses conditions including wishes, indirect
requests, speculation, and recommendations, e.g If I had been you, I would have called him.
She wishes he were here.
d)
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34. What is Functional English?

Functional English means that English in which we understand the use and different functions of the
words and sentences.
35. What are letters?
Letters are the basic units of language, which make words. Every letter is symbol of a specific sound.
There are 26 letters of English language.
36. What are alphabet?
Alphabet means the letters of language, which make words. There are two kinds of alphabet,
a) Vowels: The letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels.-
b) Consonants: All the letters except vowels are called consonants.
37. What is a syllable?
Syllable is a part of a word, which is uttered by one sound, e.g. basket
In the word basket there are two syllables: bas+ket. There may be more than two syllables in a word.
38. What is a word?
A word is a group of letters, which give some meaning, e.g. book, cat, eat"
39. What do you understand by fragment?
Fragment is a group of words which does not give complete thought, e.g. came to help
In this group of words, the thought is not complete.
40. Define syntax: Syntax is that part of the grammar that deals with the arrangement of words into
phrases and phrases into sentences. e.g. Subject + Verb + Object / Complement + adverb Salma goes to
college daily.
41. What do you understand by the analysis?
Analysis of a sentence means to break it up into different parts.
42. Define determiner: A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to define noun or noun phrase,
e.g. this, enough, every
43. Define tenses: Changes in the form of verbs to show time are called tenses.
44. Define punctuation: Punctuation means those symbols, which separate sentences, and different parts
of sentences so that the idea may be clear and understandable.
45. Define synonym: A word which means the same, or nearly the same, as another word, is called
synonym. e.g. The word 'wide' is a synonym for 'broad'.
46. Define antonyms: Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms. e.g. The word 'fast' is a
antonym for 'slow'.
47. Define homonyms: Words that sound alike but different meanings and spellings. e.g. 'hare' and 'hair'.
48. What is voice?
Voice is a style of verb, which shows weather the subject does action directly or the action is done
indirectly.
a) Active voice: The active voice indicates that the subject is performing the action. e.g. The
students raised money for a trip.
b) Passive voice: The passive voice indicates that the action of verb is being performed on the
subject, e.g Funds were raised by the students. Flowers are plucked by Rafiq.
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
Précis Writing
Introduction:
Précis writing is a very fine exercise in a reading; writing and practical life for those who have to carry on
communication with others. Précis is neither a paraphrase of the Original passage nor a list of main points.
It is a piece of continuous writing which possesses proper organization of ideas, logical sequence of points
and the variety of language. It is not merely a condensed reproduction of the original passage. Précis
writing skill involves both the comprehension and effective writing. It is equally important for business and
official people.
Literal meaning:
The word précis is a French word which means exact or terse. In English it means sum up, abridge,
summary, precise etc. So it is a restatement in shorted form of the main ideas and points in a piece of
writing.
Definitions:
By Oxford Dictionary:
"It is a short version of a speech or a piece of writing that gives the main points or ideas.”
By Cambridge Dictionary:
“It is a short form of the text which briefly gives only the important parts.”
So we can say that a précis is the main theme of a passage Written in the fewest possible words.
Qualities of a good Precis
A good piece of précis should possess the following qualities;

1.Conciseness:
A good précis is always written in the fewest possible words. The writer expresses only the gist, the
main purport or general idea of the passage very concisely. There is no room for examples, illustrations
and quotations in précis.
2.Complete and self contained:
A good précis is always complete and self contained. It means it must convey its message fully and
clearly without requiring any reference and allusion to the original passage to compete its meaning. The
writer should ensure that all the important ideas are included in the précis.
3.Coherence:
There is coherence in a good précis. It means that each part of the précis must be related to the other
part like the beads of rosary. In order to achieve coherence, connecting words like however, similarly,
therefore, that, so, consequently, etc should be used in précis. In coherence, ideas do not appear as
separate notes.
4.Clearness:
A good précis is also clear, vivid, simple and easy to understand because in this the writer uses simple,
clear and familiar words after understanding and comprehending the original passage.
5.Correctness:
A good précis is correct in every respect there is no mistake of grammar or punctuation
6.Faithful representation:
A good précis presents a faithful reproduction of the main theme. There is no room in précis for on
thoughts or ideas.
7.Length:
A good précis is almost one third of the original passage. Therefore the writer includes all the
unnecessary details from the précis.
8.Elimination of Outdated words:
In a good précis there is no room for outdated words and phrases. It possesses current vocabulary in it.
9.Use of Grammar and Idioms:
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
A good précis is always in harmony with the grammar. It bears the use of idioms which makes précis
more concise and useful.
10.Punctuated:
A good précis also possesses proper and suitable use of punctuation marks where necessary. The use of
punctuation marks makes the précis easy to understand and create effective feedback.
11.Writer's own words:
In a good précis, the writer uses words of his own. He does not borrow words, phrases, and sentences
from the original passage. It shows the through understanding of the writer.
12.Paragraph:
A good précis also possesses this quality if be necessary. It does not contain loose sentences.
Paragraphs should not appear to be separated in a good précis. Paragraph also shows the order of
ideas.
13.Chronological order
A good piece of précis does not change the chronological order of the original passage.
14.Variety of language:
A good précis contains easy words and simple sentences. It avoids complex sentences which may create
ambiguity and divergence between the thoughts of the original passage and the précis passage.
15.Logical and natural sequence of points:
This means that sentence and ideas should follow one after the other in an unbroken chain. The main
theme should run through the sentences like a thread through the beads of a necklace.
16.Reflects the Title:
A good précis also possesses a title that shows the main theme of the passage. Whether the title is
pointed out or not, it must emerge before the very eyes of the reader while he is reading the précis
passage.
17.Avoids redundancy of thoughts:
A good précis does not possess redundancies or repetition of thoughts and facts and figures.
18.Avoids lexical items
A good précis avoids lexical items. There is no room for colloquial expressions, circumlocutions,
periphrasis or rhetorical flourishes.
19.Use of Indirect speech
A good précis is an embodiment of indirect speech. Direct speech is always avoided that is why it is not
found in a good piece of précis
20.Leading thoughts in harmony with general impression
A good précis should give the leading thoughts and the general impression of the passage summarized.
A précis that gives only leading points without general impression is not useful. It can not be called a
perfect one.
21.Tense
A good piece of précis may be penned down in present or past tenses.
22.Third person pronoun:
A good piece of précis always uses third case of personal pronoun in stead of using first or second cases
of personal pronouns.
23.Avoids Personal opinion:
A good précis does not possess personal views of the précis maker. It only possesses the ideas of the
writer of the original passage
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
Rules Of Précis Writing
The rules of précis writing are penned down as follows;

1.Carefully read the passage:
Before the writer starts making précis of the passage it should be read two or three times very carefully
so to comprehend the passage completely
2.Underline the main points:
After reading the passage carefully, all the important points and ideas should be underlined and the
questions at the end of the passage can assist you identify the main points
3.Chalk out a rough draf
Put down all the main points in a sequence to get the first draft of your précis
4.Order
It is desirable to maintain the original order of ideas but it can be changed. However the chronological
order should not be disturbed
5.Chronological order
The writer should not change the chronological order of the original passage
6.Length:
A good précis is almost one third of the original passage. Therefore the writer should exclude all the
unnecessary details from the précis.
7.Eliminate the Outdated words
In a good précis there is no room for outdated words and phrases so they should be eliminated. It
possesses current vocabulary in it
8.Proper use of Grammar and Idioms
The writer should use grammar and idioms properly. A good précis is always in harmony with the
grammar. The use of idioms makes précis more concise and useful.
9.Use Punctuation
There should be proper and suitable use of punctuation marks where necessary. The use of punctuation
marks makes the précis easy to understand and create effective feedback
10.Use your own words
The writer should use words of his own. He should not borrow words, phrases, and sentences from the
original passage. It shows the through understanding of the writer
11.Use Paragraph
The writer should use paragraph if he feels necessary. He should not make loose sentences. Paragraphs
should not appear to be separated in a good précis. Paragraph also shows the order of ideas
12.Use Variety of language
The writer should use easy words and simple sentences. He should avoid complex sentences which may
create ambiguity and divergence between the thoughts of the original passage and the précis passage
13.Maintain the Logical and natural sequence of points
This means that sentence and ideas should follow one after the other in an unbroken chain. The main
theme should run through the sentences like a thread through the beads of a necklace
14.No Personal opinion
A good précis does not possess personal views of the précis maker. It only possesses the ideas of the
writer of the original passage
15.Use the third person pronoun
The writer should use the third case of personal pronoun in stead of using the first or the second cases
of personal pronouns
16.Use the indirect
A good précis is an embodiment of indirect speech. Direct speech is always avoided that is why it is not
found in a good piece of précis.
17.Final draf
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In the end there should be re-reading and re-checking of the précis to ensure that the sequence of facts
and figures or thoughts and ideas is the same as it is in the original passage.
DO as Directed
Indicative mood. The Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood

1. If it rains, I shall stay at home. 1. Sit down. 1. I wish I were a millionaire.
2. Do they play foot ball? Open your book at page 5 2. Would that you were there.
3. They play foot ball. 2. Get out of town! 3. If they were in the city, they
4. They do not play foot ball. 3. Have mercy upon us! would contact us.
5. He wrote a letter to his Cousin 4. Please do me a favour. 4. We would have passed if we
6. He did not write a letter. 5. Let him go. had studied harder.
6. Let me play. 5. If we started now we would
7. Let us go there. be in time .
8. Let us play hockey. 6. He walks as if he were drunk.
9. Be steady. 7. He behaves as though he
10. Work hard if you want to were a scholar. (but actually
succeed. he is not)
11. Take care of your health. 8. It is time you studied.
9. I should prefer you go by air.
10. I would rather you take test.
11. People demand that the
admission be open.
Exercise:
1. I wish I knew his name. 20. We recommended that a bridge be built
2. She wishes her boyfriend were here over the river.
3. He wishes he were a better student. 21. I resolute that Mr. Ali be appointed
4. If he were to be appointed, I would leave. chairman of the college.
5. If I were seven feet tall, I'd be a great 22. He demanded that his students use two-
basketball player inch margins.
6. If Juan were more aggressive, he'd be a 23. She suggested that we be on time
better hockey player. tomorrow.
7. If you were rich, we wouldn't be in this 24. I requested that he be present at the
mess. hearing.
8. He orders as if were his wife. 25. Long live the king!
9. She talks as if she were mad. 26. God save the king!
10. He acted as if he were guilty 27. God has mercy on us
11. It is time we started. 28. God have mercy on us
12. It is time we went home. 29. I shall have plenty of time tomorrow
13. It is time we go home. 30. Has it been raining all night?
14. Heaven rest her soul! 31. Kindly send me your latest catalogue
15. God bless you! 32. I have been living here for months.
16. Heaven help us! 33. If I were you I should not that.
17. If I were you I would not do that 34. I wish I knew his name.
18. I would rather you went by air. 35. The college requires that every student
19. People demand that the admission be take the mid term examination 2003
open. 36. Take care of your health
37. Let me do my job
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
38. Allama Iqbal was our poet 44. Stop writing and stand up.
39. I have finished my job 45. If you speak the truth I shall forgive you.
40. Kindly send me your latest broacher. 46. He argues as if he were a lawyer.
41. Write in ink please. 47. Have mercy upon us.
42. Can you solve this sum? 48. Don’t abuse others.
43. May you get better!
Transformation:
1. Statemental Sentence/Affirmative
 Subject + Helping verb + verb + object.
He has helped me.
 Subject + 1st form or 2nd form + object.
He helps me. Or He helped me.
2. Negative Sentences
 Subject + Helping verb + NOT + verb + object.
 Helping verbs = is are am, was were, has have, had, can could may might would , should
must, do, does, did
 He has helped me.
 Subject + 1st form or 2nd form + object.
 He solves my problem.
 He does not solve my problem
 He helped me.
 He did not help me.
3. Interrogative Sentences
Helping verb + Subject + verb + object?
 Does he solve my problem?
 Did he help me?
 Has he helped me?
4. Imperative Sentences:
 Help me.
 Don’t help me.
5. Exclamatory Sentences:
 How a!
 What a!
 How + adverb/adjective!
1. He has never visited the zoo. (Change into interrogative)

2. I can help you. (Change into negative)
3. You need go there. (Change into negative)
4. He has some doubt about you. (Change into negative)
5. The company runs its affairs. (Change into interrogative)
6. She has to work hard. (into negative)
7. You are as responsible as I. (into negative)
8. Have you ever gone there? (into negative)
9. You sing beautiful. (into exclamatory)
10. It was a horrible scene of quake. (into exclamatory)
11. He is a man. (into exclamatory)
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
12. Nobody was there but her. (into affirmative)

13. Speak the truth. (into negative)
14. Everybody is here except him. (into negative)
15. The horse runs swiftly. (into exclamatory)
16. I think he is at fault. (into negative)
17. He or you would do it. (into negative)
18. Either he can write correctly. (into negative)
19. You need to go there. (into negative)
20. Be regular. (into negative)
21. How beautifully he was reciting the Holy Quran! (into affirmative)
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
Cash Crops of Pakistan
Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70% of its population depends upon agriculture. A huge number
of its people are living in villages. These villagers are working in fields. They are producing two types of
crops-food crops and non-food crops. The non-food crops are cash crops. Cash crops mean those crops
which earn foreign exchange for our country. The major cash crops of Pakistan are cotton, rice, tobacco,
fruits and oil seeds. These crops are exported to foreign countries. With the help of cash crops, the country
has been earning huge foreign exchange. These cash crops have become flourishing business for the people
of Pakistan. The cash crops of Pakistan are grown in almost all provinces of Pakistan. The farmers grow
them willingly.
Cotton is one of the major cash crops which is grown in the fertile lands of Sindh and Punjab. It is the
flourishing crop which gives a huge foreign exchange to our country. The government helps the farmers by
providing them pesticides and other chemicals to save the crop from the severe attack of dangerous insects
and diseases. The government provides high quality seeds to the farmers and guides them about how to
grow the crop of cotton scientifically. Cotton is exported to foreign countries. It is called the silver fiber.
Most of our textile industries depend upon the productions of cotton.
Rice is another productive crop of Pakistan. The rice of Pakistan is liked in the foreign countries. It earns a
considerable foreign exchange for the country. This crop needs a huge amount of water for its harvest. It is
grown in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab. It has many kinds. Normally, it needs a hard soil to grow. Our
farmers grow this crop a lot.
Tobacco is one of the major crops of Pakistan. Its leaves are called the golden leaves. This crop needs soft
surface. It is cultivated throughout Pakistan. However, the NWFP is famous for this crop. .The northern
areas of NWFP like Mansehra, Abbottabad and Swabi districts are favourable places for its cultivation. The
world's famous Tobacco called Virginia Tobacco is grown in Peshawar, Swabi and Mansehra. The Tobacco
industry is earning a huge foreign exchange. It is exported to European countries as well.
Oil seeds of Pakistan are very famous in the world. Cotton seeds, mustard seeds and sunflowers are the
common seeds, which are used to prepare ghee. Although, we export the oil seeds yet in limited quantity.
The government is trying to improve this production to earn foreign exchange. In the same way, the fruit of
Pakistan are famous all over the world. The apples, mangoes, kinnos and bananas are exported to foreign
countries. Our fruit are competing in the world market.
Pakistan has favourable seasons and productive weathers. All kinds of crops are sown and grown easily
with huge quantity. The farmers and the peasants are hard working. They are willing to grow more food.
However, our crops depend upon the monsoon rain. If it rains in time, the crops are good and productive.
The failure of rain causes the dearth of crops. Therefore, the government should provide modern
agricultural machinery, high quality seeds and interest-free loan to the farmers to upgrade the cash crops.
Tube wells and canal system should be easily available to the farmers to water the plants well in time. The
farmers should be guided and trained in the modern agricultural techniques. They should be provided all
facilities in the villages, so that they may pay full attention to their fields and crops.
The Importance of Commerce Education
The modern world is very fast and complicated. It is a world of commerce and business. Every country tries
its level best to have frequent trade and commercial dealings with other countries to improve its economy.
The prosperity and the growth of economy of a nation depend upon its business, trade and commerce and
highly developed industries. In the past, the business and other commercial dealings were easy, but the
high growth rate of population and development of all the nations have made the trade and business very
complicated and hard. The modern business requires highly trained and skilful young men. This
requirement has given due importance to commerce education.
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
The main objectives of the commerce education are to train and to educate our youth to manage the highly
complicated modern business, and to get the desired results from the trade. Commerce education means
to enable our youth to compete in the modern business and to pace with the modern world. The
commerce education gives pragmatic approach of the modern economics and industry. The commerce
education enables the youth to understand and judge the various trends of trade and business of the
modern world.
A commerce graduate keeps his eyes on profit and loss, the rise and fall in the business and the demand of
the modern time. He knows well how to deal with the customers. He can advertise the items and
commodities of his company and the country well.
A well-organized company needs a well-educated manager. A commerce graduate manages his company
well according to the needs of the hour. He judges well and makes a good forecast of the future. He attracts
the foreign companies and customers easily. The commerce education trains the youth in the fields of
costing, income tax practice and sales tax practice.
The commerce education makes the individuals independent and self-sufficient. They earn their livelihood
by themselves. Commerce education enables them well aware about the challenges of the modern times.
After completing the commerce education, it becomes easy for them to choose a right career, of their
choice. They reach their destination easily and gain their goals.
The commerce education has become a pressing need of the modern times. The development of a nation is
measured with its strong economy. If the economy of a nation is strong and well built, that nation is
honoured and liked in the entire world. All the nations of the world desire to have trade and business with,
that nation. If the economy of a nation is weak and poor, that nation is left behind in the entire world. It
means that the progress of a nation depends upon economy and a well-set economy is possible only when
it is managed by commerce graduates. Keeping in view the importance of commerce and commercial
education, the government has established many commercial institutions. These institutions are training
the boys and girls in commerce education. They are complicated prosperity objectives approach
Inflation
The rise in the prices of the daily commodities is called inflation. Inflation is one of the biggest problems
faced by the entire world. Even the well-developed nations are in the grip of inflation. However, Pakistan,
which is an under developed country is facing inflation problem very seriously. The prices of the daily use
items are increasing regularly. It is creating huge and hard problems to almost all the people.
Majority of our population is poor. They work in the fields, factories, industries or in the offices. All these
people are living hand to mouth. They draw meagre salaries. They do not have extra resources to meet
their needs. They are facing the hard situation of life. That is the reason that all members of the society are
working hard to pull the cart of their life. Inflation has created adverse effects on the society. Ours is a joint
family system. Each family,' approximately consists of seven to ten members. To fulfill the desires and needs
of all members of the family, the working hands are compelled to adopt any other means to earn
livelihood. In this way, crimes, looting, killing and corruption are increasing day by day. The government
employees are forced to accept bribes and misuse their powers. Injustice, cruelty and dishonour are
prevailing in the society.
Pakistan is a poor country. Most of the people are living below poverty line. Unfortunately wealth is storing
and rolling in the hands of a few people. These wealthy people buy things at huge prices. In this way,
inflation increases daily. Pakistan holds a strong geographical status on the map of the world, but
unfortunately, for a long time, it has been disturbed and teased by the neighbouring countries. To
safeguard our national interest and the country, we have to spend a huge amount of national wealth on the
purchase of weapons. We have fought two major wars with India, which have brought severe effects on our
economy.
Our country lacks industries, mills and factories. We have to purchase many items from foreign countries. In
some fields we have established our own industries, but we are lack of raw materials, which we have to
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY
purchase from foreign countries. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Alas! This sector is not given proper
attention. We have to purchase wheat, corn and sugar from our neighbouring countries. It causes high
inflation. The frequent elections and instability in the government policies are wasting a huge amount of
national money. The projects are almost short termed, left incomplete and in this way the nation faces high
inflation. To meet the deficit of the budget, the government prints new currency notes. When the money
comes in abundance, the rich people waste it purchasing things for high prices. In this way the inflation
rises. Sometimes the businessmen and the industrialists rise the prices of the things to earn a huge profit.
In the same way, the government, sometimes imposes high taxes on some items, which causes for the high
inflation and high prices. Our population is very huge. A large number of people needs abundance of
things. This situation creates high inflation.
Pakistan is an under developed country. It cannot face high inflation. It is, therefore, necessary to develope
the economy, multiply the industrial sector, and to pay full attention to the agriculture to improve the yield
per acre. The government should spread a network of technical educational institutions to produce
professionals and skilful graduates. Each and everybody should be given equal rights and the rich people
should be stopped to cross the limits of wealth.
Dignity of Labour
Bread is hidden in the blood and sweat of human beings. Bread is the outcome of labour. Man is a rational
creature. He has been given wisdom and caliber. He is declared as the crown of all the creations of Almighty
Allah. However, his life is complex because he has feelings, goals, missions and ambitions. To fulfill his
desires and to achieve his goals, man has been working hard since the start of the world. He has been
working in the fields, industries and offices to earn his livelihood. Man's hard work has distinguished him
among all other creatures:
We are Muslims and we follow the true religion Islam. It is the religion which is against idleness and
wastage of time. Our religion teaches us to work hard to earn livelihood. The Holy Quran says,"Man is given
that much for which he strives hard." The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said,"He, who works hard is friend to
Allah."
The above holy sayings prove that the dignity of a man is hidden in hard labour. Our worldly progress
mainly depends upon the manual labour. Manual labour gives respect, honour and greatness to the hard-
working man. He is liked and respected by all in the society. He is trusted and considered as a symbol of
success and achievement. New hopes and desires always spring in his heart and mind. For the fulfillment of
his desires, he works hard day and night. This hard work brings him close to his destination. Hard work
gives man satisfaction and peace of mind. A farmer sows seeds in the field. He waters the plants and the
crops. He cares for all his crops regularly. At the end of the harvest year, when he cuts the crops and gets
the fruit of his hard labour, he gets relaxation, contentment and spiritual peace. He feels proud of his
performance. He feels happy when he sees his children eating the food of his hard labour.
We are Muslims and we are not allowed to waste time. On the other hand, hard labour is a virtue. It brings
us close to Almighty Allah. Hard work changes the situation of human life. It makes man self-sufficient and
contented. Hard labour makes man active and independent. It makes man brave and encouraging. Our
religion Islam has laid great stress on the dignity of labour. Work is a worship, which distinguishes man from
all other creatures. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) used to do all his works with his own hands. He mended his
shoes, washed his clothes, swept the floor and milked the goat with his own sacred hands. He dug trenches
during the battle of Khandaq. Similarly, our ancestors worked hard and ruled the entire world. Manual work
brings prosperity and changes the fates of the nations, The World War II ruined Japan and Germany but
they did not lose their hearts. They worked hard and rose to high position.
Unfortunately, we are misled by the idea of the nature of work. The work may be small or big, once, if it is
done honestly, it is a reward. Humble and low work should not make us ashamed of ourselves. The only
thing we should be ashamed of is the idleness and wastage of time. It is the honesty and dedication to hard
work, which give dignity to all types of work.
IFTIKHAR ACADEMY

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Naeem Series Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com PU, M.

The parts of speech are eight in number.

at, of, from . There are two kinds of preposition.

34. What is Functional English?

Qualities of a good Precis

A good piece of précis should possess the following qualities;

Rules Of Précis Writing

The rules of précis writing are penned down as follows;

Indicative mood. The Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood

1. He has never visited the zoo. (Change into interrogative)

12. Nobody was there but her. (into affirmative)

Cash Crops of Pakistan

The Importance of Commerce Education

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