From Words to Major Phrase Types

LECTURER : Sari Inda Lestari, SS, M.Hum

SUBJECT : English Syntax

GROUP NAME
Chandra Wardhani Batubara (18052019)
Desi Sinta Marpaung (18052027)
Endang Simorangkir (18052020)
Uli Astry Tambunan (18052008)
Vira Vepri Chayru Nisya Br.Harahap (18052015)

STUDY OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAMS

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
ASAHAN UNIVERSITY
2020
 FOREWORD

Praise be to Allah SWT for facilitating the completion of this paper on time.

Without his help, of course we would not be able to finish this paper well. Salawat and

greetings we give to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully we will get the intercession in

the future.

of course we realize that this paper is far from perfect and there are still many

obstacles and shortcomings that exist.

So we hope this article can be useful. thanks.

 CHAPTER I

A. BACKGROUND
The syntactic category is one that exists in syntax. A series of words in a phrase,
clause, or sentence can be identified one by one through syntactic categories. Syntax
categories are also known as word classes or parts of speech. ―Part of speech is a
traditional term to describe the different types of words which are used to form sentences,
such as noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, and interjection.

B. Problem
What is meant by Lexical categories?

C. Purpose
To know the lexical categories.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Lexical Categories
The lexical category is a class that is in a syntactic category whose existence is the
main role in forming a sentence.This definition shows that the lexical word class gives
"content" to a sentence. The lexical category is also called the open class, which consists of
nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs. A lexical category is a syntactic category for
elements that are part of the lexicon of a language. These elements are at the word level.

Lexical Categories Examples

Noun (N) Harry, boy, wheat, policy

Verb (V) arrive, discuss, melt, hear, remain

Adjective (A) good, tall, silent, old, expensive

Preposition (P) to, in, on, near, at, by

Adverb (Adv) silently, slowly, quietly, quickly, now

1. Nouns
Nouns are defined as words that refer to people, animals, things, or places.
Example : Jim, dog, aeroplane, teacher, chair, London.
(These words refer to something that is true or real).

2. Verb
Verbs are one of the large lexical categories that refer to actions, feelings, and
states.
 Example : Run, Feel, Seem
(The verb run is a verb that shows an action).
(Feel shows feelings).
(Seem verb denoting the state).
 Example sentences :
The boy should comb his hair.
(In the sentence above, the verb comb shows an action that the noun should do,
namely boy).
 3. Adjective.
Adjective is a word that can describe a noun.
Example : A beautiful spring
- In the noun phrase a beautiful spring, the word beautiful
(adjective) describes spring (noun).

4. Preposition.
Preposition is a lexical category which serves as the parent in prepositional phrases
and comes before its complements.
Example : Into, With, For.
With my best friend
(In the prepositional phrase with my best friend, the preposition
with explains the complement, namely my best friend, so that the
preposition with functions as the parent (head).

5. Adverb
Adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Example :
 The teachers are extremely unimpressed by his efforts.
Adv Adj
In the sentence above, the word extremely (adverb) describes
unimpressed (adjective).
 Our new professor works very hard.
Adv adv
In that sentence, the word very (adverb) describes hard (adverb).

B. Non-Lexical Category
Non-lexical categories or functional categories are also called closed classes or closed
classes. The non-lexical category consists of determiners, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions,
and degree words. The statement explains that the functional category is the "glue" that
holds a sentence together.
 Non-lexical categories Examples

Determiner (Det) the, a, this, these

Auxiliary (Aux) will, can, may, must, be, have

Conjunction (Con) and, or, but

Degree word (Deg) too, so, very, almost, more, quite

1. Determiner.
Determiner, which explains specifically the meaning of a noun.
Example : A camera
(In the noun phrase above, the word a (determiner) describes the noun
Camera).

2. Auxiliary verbs.
Auxiliary verb is a verb that appears as the determinant of the main verb. Auxiliary verbs
are divided into four groups, namely modal auxiliaries, aspectual auxiliaries, the
passive auxiliary be and the dummy auxiliary do.
Example :
 We can dance until midnight.
(In that sentence, the auxiliary verb modal can is followed by the main dance
verb. The modal can in the sentence we can dance until midnight shows the
ability to perform the main verb which indicates an action, namely dance).
 These students are always complaining.
(The auxiliary verb are indicates the duration of time in the main verb which
indicates the action which is complaining).

 Shelley has broken two wine glasses.

(The auxiliary verb has indicated the time when the main verb occurred, which
indicates the action was broken).

 This donut was eaten by our Head of Department.

 (In the sentence above, the auxiliary verb was followed by the main verb eaten.
The auxiliary verb was indicates the sentence is the passive voice).

3. Conjunctions.
Cconjunction is one of the small lexical or non-lexical categories whose members connect
categories of the same kind.
Example : They arrive at 10 a.m. and they left at 6 p.m.
(Conjunction and on they arrive at 10 a.m. and they left at 6 p.m. is a
conjunction that explains the continuation of an action in action).
4. Degree word
Degree word is a category which describes the level of an adjective or adverb.
Example : Quite certain.
(In the above phrase, degree word quite explains the level of a certain
adjective).
Accept the news very calmly.
(In that phrase, degree word very describes the level of the adverb calmly).

CHAPTER III
 CONCLUSION

The syntactic category is one that exists in syntax. A series of words in a

phrase, clause, or sentence can be identified one by one through syntactic
categories. Syntax categories are also known as word classes or parts of speech.
―Part of speech is a traditional term to describe the different types of words
which are used to form sentences, such as noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,
adverb, preposition, and interjection.
 SOURCE

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