Name : Septi Memorisa

NIM : PO72201201695

Class : 1B Nursing

Coursework : English Language

Lecturer : Mrs Wahyu Eni Setyohari, M.Pd

SUMMARY:

A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person’s language. A vocabulary, usually

developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring
knowledge.

Vocabulary is the all the language and words either used or understood by a person or group of
people.

 An example of vocabulary is all the words that a toodler understands.

 An example of vocabulary is the language used by doctors.

Title a definition and usage:

Vocabulary is commonly defined as “all the words known and used by a particular person”

A. Productive and receptive knowledge

The first major change distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is
whether the knowledge is productive (also called achieve) or receptive (also called receive).
Productive vocabuary, therefore, generally refers to word that can be produced within an
appropriate context and match the intended meaning of the speaker or signer.

B. Degree of Knowledge

Within the receptive-productive distinction lies a range of abilities that areoften referred to
as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a person’s vocabulary
over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be
described as:

 Never encountered the word.

 Heard the word, but cannot define it.
  Recognizes the word due to context or tone of voice.
 Able to use the word and understand the general and intended meaning, but cannot clearly
explain it.
 Fluent with the word-its use and definition.

C. Depth of Knowledge

Several frameworks of word knowledge have been proposed to better operationalise this
concept. One such framework includes nine facets:

 Orthography-written form
 Phonology-spoken form
 Reference-meaning
 Semantics-concept and reference
 Regidter-appropriacy of use or register
 Collocation-lexical neighbours
 Word associations
 Syntax-grammatical function
 Morphology-word parts

D. Definition of Word

Words can be defined in various ways, and estimates of vocabulary sizediffer depending on the
definition used. The most common definition is that of a lemma (the inflected or dictionary
form;this includes walk, but not walks, walked or walking). Most of the time lemmas do not include
proper nouns (names of people, places, companies, etc). Another definition often used in research of
vocabulary size is that of word family.

E. Types of Vocabulary

 Reading vocabulary a literate person’s vocabulary is all the words they can recognize when
reading.
 Listening vocabulary a person’s listening vocabulary is all the words they can recognize
when listening to speech.
 Speaking vocabulary a person’s speaking vocabulary is all the words they use in speech. Its
likely to be a subset of the listening vocabulary.
  Writing vocabulary words are used in various forms of writing from formal essays to social
media feeds. Any written words don’t commonly appear in speech.

F. This is short list of grammar terms

 Active voice  Modal verb
 Adjective  Noun
 Adverb  Object
 Article  Participle
 Auxiliary verb  Part of speech
 Clause  Passive voice
 Cunjunction  Phrase
 Infinitive  Predicate
 Interjection  Preposition
 Sentence  Pronoun
 Subject  verb
 Tense

1. Active Voice

Active voice is a verb form (verb form) where the subject of the sentence performs an action
which is stated by the verb. Thus, in active voice, the subject acts as the doer of the action.

Active Voice Formulas

Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that the active voice formula in a
sentence is as follows.

subject (the doer of the action) + action verb (action) +/- direct object (the receiver of the
action).

Here are some examples of the active voice in sentences.

That student cleaned the whiteboard.

(Siswa itu membersihkan papan tulis.)

Information:

doer of action = bold

action = italic

receiver of action = underline

2. Adjective

Adjective is a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a

noun to modify or describe it. Kinds of Adjectives in English;

1. Qualitative Adjective

The qualitative adjective is used to describe the quality of the noun that is being explained.

Example:

she is a nice girl (dia adalah gadis yang manis)

2. Quantitative Adjective

Is an adjective form or adjective related to quantity or amount.

Example:

some fruits that I like there is in a refrigerator (beberapa buah yang aku suka ada di kulkas).

3. Numeric Adjective

Used to express the number, but the numeric adjective uses more numbers such as one, two and so
on.

Example:

there are ten students in this class (ada sepuluh siswa di kelas ini).

4. Possessive Adjective

Possessive adjective is a form of adjective in English which states about a possession in English.

Example:

that is my husband (dia adalah suamiku).

5. Interrogative Adjective

Interrogative adjectives are used to modify a word in English.

Example:

whose is he? (Who is he?).

6. Demonstrative Adjective

Demonstrative adjectives are used to show something.

Example:
 That is my house (itu adalah rumahku).

3. Adverb

Adverb is a word that describes a verb (verbs), adjectives (adjectives), or other adverbs.

• Adverb describes the verbs:

Adverb Example Explanation

slowly Rina walks slowly. Slowly explain the verb 'walks'. This means
(perlahan) that Rina walked slowly.

immediately They sleep immediately. Immediately explain the verb 'sleep'. This

(segera) means they go to sleep soon.

carefully We moved the tables Carefully explain the verb  'moved'. That

(dengan hati- carefully. means we move the table with care.
hati)

fast You run fast. Fast explain the verb  'run'. This means you
(dengan cepat) run fast.

 Adverb describes the adjectives:

Adverb Example Explanation

really Matien is really smart. Really describes the adjective 'smart'.

(sangat)
This means that Matien is very smart.

very This soup is very hot. Very describes the adjective 'hot'.
(sangat)
Adverb Example Explanation

This means that this soup is very hot.

Intensely Your bag is intensely Intensely describes the adjective

(sangat) expensive. 'expensive'.

That means your bag is very

expensive.

extremely The task was extremely Extremely describes the adjective

(sangat) difficult. 'difficult'.

This means that the task is very

difficult.

 Adverb explain other adverbs:

Adverb Example Explanation

very Rina walks very slowly. Very describes the adverb 'slowly'.
(sangat)
This means that Rina is walking very slowly.

extremely You run extremely fast. Extremely explains the adverb 'fast'.
(sangat)
This means you run very fast.

ADVERB EXAMPLE

Some examples of adverbs include:

 fluently
 loudly
 slowly
  quickly
 fast
 hard
 seriously
 very
 really
 beautifully
 extremely
 slightly, dsb.

EXAMPLE SENTENCE USING ADVERB

Hana dances beautifully.

Rudi speaks English fluently.

Roy and Utep arrived early at school.

4. Article

A, An and the (articles) are articles used to limit the meaning of a noun. Articles are also
articles used to modify nouns, people, places, or ideas or an idea. Technically, article is an
adjective, which can modify a noun. Usually adjectives change words through their descriptions.
There are several types of articles that we can use in writing and in conversation to indicate or refer
to a word or group of words.

Kinds of Articles;

 Definite Article: The

 Indefinite Articles: A and An
 Zero Article
 [The Used With All (article THE digunakan dengan ALL]
 [Unnecessary Definite Article ( Definite artikel yang tidak perlu)]

The Use of Articles,

 1. Definite Article: The

Defiit article is used to denote a noun (Noun), either in the singular or in the plural form. This
definite article shows objects, people, places or ideas or ideas that are clearly defined objects or
people. example. red hammer. means that the hammer in question is a red hammer, not a hammer of
another color. This article is placed before a noun, or before an adjective that directly modifies the
noun.

Example:

 Please give me the hammer. tolong berikan palu itu kepada ku

 Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small. tolong berikan kepada ku palu
merah itu, palu yang biru terlalu kecil.
2. Indefinite Articles: A and An

Indefinite Articles is used when we want to show something that is not clear or not yet defined.
We use it when we don't know (or don't care) we are talking. We use the articles "A" before nouns
(nouns) or adjectives that are preceded by a consonant, either in the form of a letter or in
pronunciation like "U" is read as "YU" etc.

Example:

A cat : seekor kucing

A dog : seekor anjing

A university : sebuah universitas

A young puppy : seekor Anak anjing muda

A one-eyed pirate : seorang Bajak laut yang bermata satu

We use "AN" before words that start with a vowel sound or an H. sound.

Example:

An egg : Sebutir telur

An hour-glass : sebuah jam kaca

An antique necklace : sebuah kalung yang antik.

These are the rules for using acronyms (abbreviations).

A Society of Writers member was quoted in the article. seorang anggota penulis sosial dikutif dalam
sebuah artikel.

A S.O.W. member was quoted in the article. seorang anggota penulis sosial dikutif dalam sebuah
artikel.

Since S sounds like it starts with a vowel (ess), then, in front of it the article "an" must be used.

3. Zero Article

Actually Zero Article doesn't exist, but it is very useful.

Talking about the benefits or uses of Zero article is when we explain how the article is used in a
sentence. But basically when we talk about article zero it means we don't use all articles in front of
nouns. in other words, we don't use the a / an or the article in the sentences we make.

Example:

 generic mass noun: Happiness is contagious.

 generic plural noun: Cars have accelerators.
 generic plural noun: They want equal rights.
 indefinite mass noun: I drink coffee.
 indefinite plural noun: I saw cars.
4. The Used With All (article THE is used with ALL)

In Arabic, the word The should not come before the word All. should they (The and All) be
used separately or combined to become All the.

Example:

At the all birthday parties, food and drinks are served to the guests.

in the sentence above it should be written: at birthday parties…, at all birthday parties…, or at
all the birthday parties….

5. Unnecessary Definite Article

If the noun used is a common noun, then we use An, or maybe even without the article at all.

Example:

 Use the utensil when eating the dinner. Menggunakan alat-alat ketika makan malam.
 Use the fork when eating your dinner. Menggunakan garpu ketika makan malam Anda.
Remember that previously mentioned nouns must be changed by a direct article; However, if the
noun only appears for the first time, an indirect article should be used. Example:

A child is riding a bicycle along a sidewalk; the child is wearing the helmet.

The examples of Articles in sentences:

There was a girl in front of the book store.

The girl wore Prada.

5. Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs in English can be said to be auxiliary words to complement the main verb in a
sentence. Apart from completing the main verb, the auxiliary verb also serves to clarify the main
verb. Therefore, the auxiliary verb cannot stand alone without a verb. These auxiliary words are
used to show tense, aspect, modal, emphasis, and so on. In a clause or sentence, this auxiliary verb
usually comes before the main verb.

Kinds auxiliary verbs;

 Be

Be can include am, is, are, was, were, been, being, and to be and is usually used to describe a verb,
noun, and present participle. For its use, you also have to adjust the tense used. For example:

-I am

-I was

-He is.

Example:

-She is a kind and lovely mother.

-You are not helping us.

-If you want to be an artist, you must practice hard.

 Do

You often see or hear the auxiliary word do in English sentences. This word serves to emphasize the
feeling or verb in front of it. However, not only do, this auxiliary word also includes does, did, and
done. The use of these auxiliary words can also be adjusted to the conditions and also the tense
used. For example, do and does for the present tense, did for the past tense, and done for the past
perfect tense. Let's look at an example of its use in a sentence:

-I do love you, you must know that.

-He doesn’t care about people’s works.

 Have

Finally, there is have which is used for the perfect tense. Not only have, had and has also can be
used in sentences according to time and conditions. Have is used for the present and future perfect
sentences, while has is used for the present perfect, and had for the past perfect. How to use it in
sentences?

-My grandfather had retired from his job.

-My mother has returned home this morning.

6. Clause

Clause is a group of words that contain subject and predicate. Subject is about what or who
is being discussed while predicate explains something about the subject. Subjects can be people,
animals, things, or abstract concepts, while predicate can be a verb (verb) or auxiliary verb + verb
with / without additional words to complete the meaning of the sentence.

subject predicate

she cooks

Sarah is sleeping

The clause may be a sentence that can stand alone as a sentence, namely an independent clause or
like a sentence that cannot stand alone which is called a dependent clause
Independent Clause

kinds Contoh Kalimat

The ceremony started at 07.00 a.m.

(Upacara mulai jam tujuh pagi.)
simple sentence
She prefers mangoes to oranges.
(Dia lebih suka mangga daripada jeruk.)

I like that bag, but I have no money.

(Saya suka tas itu, tapi saya tidak punya uang.)

You’ve already finished my task; you can go home now.

compound
(Kamu sudah menyelesaikan tugas; kamu bisa pulang sekarang.)
sentence
I’m not really hungry; however, I want some ice cream.
(Saya tidak benar-benar lapar. Meskipun demikian, saya ingin es
krim.)

Dependent Clause

Dependent clause contains subject and predicate but cannot express a complete thought because this
clause is preceded by a word called a subordinator, which causes the meaning of the clause to hang.
This English clause must be linked or combined with the independent clause (as the main clause)
into a type of sentence called a complex sentence to make it "make sense" or its meaning can be
understood as a whole. There are three basic types of dependent clause, namely:

noun clause

adjective clause adverbial clause

The noun clause functions as a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun) in a sentence, the adjective clause
acts like an adjective which explains the noun or pronoun in the main clause, while the adverbial
clause provides information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause.
kinds Example

subordinate conjunction (after, because, since, when, although, because, …) + S +V +/- …

adverbial You were sleeping when she arrived.

clause (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.)
Keterangan:Adverbial clause memberi informasi mengenai verb “were sleeping”.

 relative pronoun (who, which, whose, whom, that, …-ever) +/- S + V +/- …

 relative adverb (why, where, when) + S + V +/- …

adjective I like the book that you just read.

clause (Saya suka buku yang baru kamu baca.)

Keterangan:

Adjective clause menerangkan noun (direct object “book”).

question word (what, who, whose, whom, which, when, where, how, …-ever) / if/weather / that + S + V +/-
…

I listened carefully to what she said.

noun clause
(Saya mendengarkan dengan cermat dengan apa yang dia katakan.)
Keterangan:

Noun clause berperan sebagai noun (object of preposition “to”).

7. Conjunction
 Conjunctions or conjunctions are words used to connect equivalent language units (word by
word, phrase by phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence, and so on). The use of the
conjunction can be exemplified in the sentence below:

You and I are on the same boat.

Kinds of conjunction;

A. Compound conjuction, is a conjunction that connects things that are equivalent, for example
subject to subject, verb to verb, object to object, adverb to adverb, adjective to adjective, etc.

B. Complex conjunction, is a conjunction that connects the main clause (main sentence) and
subordinate clause (clause). The meeting of these two types of clauses will form a sentence. The
complex conjunction includes conjunctions other than compound conjuction, such as: when, while,
which, what, when, where, that, after, before, till, until, because, although, if, etc. Pattern:

Main Cl: S + V + (O) + (A)

Sub Cl: Conj + S + V + (O) + (A)

Sentence: Main Cl + Sub Cl or Sub Cl + Main Cl

Example;

-He was talking on the phone when I arrived.

-We stayed there until we finished our work.

-After she graduates, she will get a job.

function ;

(cumulative); She is both a teacher and a writer.

(alternative);You can take either the white candy or the red one.

(adversative);Mrs Nia is humble, but her sister isn’t.

(conclusion);I am ready, so let’s go now.

(apposition);They loved each other until they passed away together.

(cause and effect);He didn’t attend the lecture because he had to take her mother to the hospital.

(impact);This soup is so hot that I cannot eat it.

(purpose);You have to drink much in order that you keep hydrated.

(condition);You will get it done if you focus on finishing it.

(concession);He worked all day even though he was sick.

(comparison);My house is larger than yours.

(manner);He got the ticket as he came earlier.

(time);You can use my PC while I am outside.

8. Infinitive

The infinitive is the basic form of the verb (verb). The format of the infinitive is to + Verb
base (V1). So if the verb usually changes form, in the infinitive the verb does not change at all from
the basic form. For example:

-She went to the market to buy vegetables.

-am going to call him soon.

-I came here to meet a client.

-I called you to ask about this important matter

Subject

To understand this sentence, you must understand English.

To travel to Eruope, that is my dream.

To love is to be willing to sacrifice

This one function is usually used in the following format:

S + to be + adjective (adjective) + for / of + O + to-infinitive….

Example of sentences:

It's nice of you to say that.

It's important for you to practice your violin every day.

This infinitive function is usually used in conjunction with the adverb too (too) or enough (enough).
Example of sentences:

There isn't enough time to study!

The ice cream is too cold to eat

I don't think there is enough people to do all this.

9. Interjection

Interjection is usually used to show the emotions of the speaker or writer. Therefore,
interjection is not suitable when used in scientific works.

Example;

Ahh!

Bingo!

Eww!

Congrats!

Independent Interjection

Because interjections are not actually an important component in a sentence, they often
stand alone and only function as a complement.

There are no specific rules regarding the interjection position. You can put it before or after the
sentence.

Here's an example:

Ouch! I just stepped on a nail!

Interjection in Sentences

Interjection may be part of a sentence. It's just that interjection acts as an insert that has a
separate meaning from other sentences.

To use interjection in a sentence, you must use parentheses or commas.

Here's an example:

Oh dear, I forget to feed my cat this morning.

10. Sentence
 Simple sentence is the most basic sentence type, consisting of only one independent clause.
This type of sentence does not mean "simple" (simple) to understand because simple sentences
themselves refer to sentence patterns, not the complexity of thought.

Example of Simple Sentence Sentence

1. My sister read the magazine.

.2 The manager came late today.

3. I am very hungry.

was doing physically exercises at this time yesterday.

Information:

subject = I

verb = was doing

(direct) object = physically exercises

prepositional phrase = at this time yesterday

Simple sentences are generally short sentences, but can also be long. Sentences can become
longer when sentence elements such as subject, verb, and object are used compound. Between these
compound elements (such as compound subject and compound verbs) are not separated by commas.
Besides that, prepositional phrases can also play a role in extending a simple sentence.

11. Subject

Subject is a form of actor or cause of something happening. We often encounter subjects in a

sentence, both Indonesian and English.

Consider the following sentences:

-she walks to the market

-he plays a music

-they run

Kinds:

A. simple subject
 Simple subject or what is commonly referred to as simple subject, is a type of subject or
actor in a sentence that consists of only one actor. Simple subject can be noun, infinitive, pronoun
and gerund.

a. Examples of nouns as subject

I send a message for him (I sent a message for him)

my mom cooks a deliciuos food (my mom cooks a delicious meal)

Bandar Lampung is the city full with the memory (Bandar Lampung is a city full of memories)

b. Examples of Pronouns as Subjects

she comes to my house thid day (she comes to my house today)

we always call him everyday (we always call him every day)

she wears a beautiful dress

c. Gerund examples as a subject

Reading a novel is one of my hobby (reading is one of my hobbies)

Listening music is my daily activity (listening to music is my daily activity)

playing game is his hobby (playing games is his hobby)

d. Example of an infinitive as a subject

To build a house, we should have much money (to build a building we must have a lot of money)

To make beautiful wedding is interesting thing to do (make a beautiful wedding is an interesting

thing to do)

To cook needs skill (cooking requires skill)

e. Example of a clause as a subject

when you see me, my heart is beat so fast (when you see me, my heart is beating fast)

what I say to you is honest

B. Combined subject

Combined subject is a subject that has more than one subject in a sentence.

Example:
My father and my mother are life happily

I and you are bestfriend

Mira and maya are twins

Jhoni and Lucky are enemy

Mango and apple are my favorite fruit

12. Tense

Tenses are a category of grammar (grammar) that emphasizes the use of verbs that are
associated with the time of use. In other words, tenses are differences in the form of a verb to
express the difference in time and duration of an action or event.
Event
Perfect
Time Simple Continuous Perfect Continuous
Present Present Perfect
Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Continuous
Present Tense Tense Tense Tense
Past Perfect
Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Tense Tense Tense Tense
Future Future Perfect
Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
Future Tense Tense Tense Tense
Past Future
Past Future Perfect
Past Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Past Future Tense Tense Perfect Tense Tense

1. Simple Present Tense

Used to show facts, habits, and general conditions that occur at this time.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + Verb / Verb-
s/es + Complement
Atau a.       I work hard for this company.
Subject + am/are/is + b.      He works hard for this company.
Complement c.       You are beautiful.
Positif d.      She is beautiful.
 Sunbect + do/does not a.       I do not work hard for this
+ Verb1 + Complement company.
Atau b.      He does not work hard for this
Subject + am/are/is + company.
not + complement c.       You are not beautiful.
Negatif d.      She is not beautiful.
Do/does + Subject +
Verb1 + Complement? a.       Do I work hard for this company?
Atau b.      Does he work hard for this
Am/are/is + Subject + company?
Complement? c.       Are you beautiful?
Interogatif d.      Is she beautiful?

2. Present Continuous Tense

Used to talk about an ongoing action. The most important of these tenses is the time duration for the
verb.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + am/are/is +
Positif Verb-ing + Complement We are studying English.
Subject + am/are/is +
Negatif Not + Complement We are not studying English.
Am/are/is + Subject +
Verb-ing +
Interogatif Complement? Are we studying English?

3. The Present Perfect Tense

Used to show an action or event has been completed and emphasizes the result.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + has/have + a.       I have finished my homework.
Positif Verb3 + Complement b.      She has finished her homework.
Subject + has/have + a.       I have not finished my homework.
not + Verb3 + b.      She has not finished her
Negatif Complement homework.
Has/have + Subject + a.       Have I finished my homework?
Interogatif Verb3 + Complement? b.      Has she finished her homework?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to denote an action that began in the past and continues to the present. Usually actions that use
this tense have a fixed duration of time and have relevance to the current condition.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
a.       You have been working here
Subject + has/have + since 2015.
been + Verb-ing + b.      She has been speaking for the last
Positif Complement 3 hours.
a.       You have not been working here
Subject + has/have + since 2015.
not + been + Verb-ing + b.      She has not been speaking for the
Negatif Complement last 3 hours.
a.       Have you been working here
Has/have + Subject + since 2015?
been + Verb-ing + b.      Has she been speaking for the last
Interogatif Complement? 3 hours?

5. Simple Past Tense

Used to show an event in the past.

Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + Verb2 +
Complement
Atau a.       I worked hard for that company.
Subject + was/were + b.      He worked hard for that company.
Complement c.       You were beautiful.
Positif d.      She was beautiful.
Subject + did not + a.       I did not work hard for that
Verb1 + Complement company.
Atau b.      He did not work hard for that
Subject + was/were + company.
not + Complement c.       You were not beautiful.
Negatif d.      She was not beautiful.

Did + Subject + Verb1 +

Complement? a.       Did I work hard for that company?
Atau b.      Did he work hard for that
Was/were + Subject + company?
Complement? c.       Were you beautiful?
Interogatif d.      Was she beautiful?
6. Past Continuous Tense

Used to show an event that is happening in the past. Usually, there are 2 events that occurred in the
past, and the interrupted event uses this tense.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + was/were +
Positif Verb-ing + Complement I was studying English when he called.
Subject + was/were +
Not + Verb-ing + I was not studying English when he
Negatif Complement called.
Was/were + Subject +
Verb-ing +
Interogatif Complement? Was I studying English when he called?

7. Past Perfect Tense

Used to show events that occurred before a certain time in the past, and emphasizes the outcome
rather than the duration of the event. Usually used to show which event occurred first between 2
events that occurred in the past.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + had + Verb3 I had finished my homework before I
Positif + Complement met up with my friends yesterday.
Negatif Subject + had + not + I had not finished my homework before I
 Verb3 + Complement met up with my friends yesterday.
Had + Subject + Verb3 Had I finished my homework before I
Interogatif + Complement? met up with my friends yesterday?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to show actions that occurred in the past and were completed at a specific time in the past as
well. This tense emphasizes the duration of its occurrence. This tense is also used in Reported
Speech
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + had + been +
Positif Verb-ing + Complement You had been crying for an hour.
Subject + had + not +
been + Verb-ing +
Negatif Complement You had not been crying for an hour.
Had + Subject + been +
Verb-ing +
Interogatif Complement? Had you been crying for an hour?

9. Simple Future Tense

Used to show an action or a state in the future.

Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + will/be going a.       I will work hard for this company.
to + Verb1 + b.      I am going to work hard for this
Positif Complement company.
a.       I will not work hard for this
Subject + will not / be company.
not going to + Verb1 + b.      I am not going to work hard for this
Negatif Complement company.
Will + Subject + Verb1
+ Complement?
Atau
Be + Subject + going to a.       Will I work hard for this
+ Verb1 + company?
Complement? b.      Am I going to work hard for this
Subject company?

10. Future Continuous Tense

Used to show an action or situation that will occur at a certain time in the future.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + will / be going
to+ be + Verb-ing + a.       I will be studying English.
Positif Complement b.      You are going be studying English.
Subject + will not / be a.       I will not be studying English.
not going to + be + b.      You are not going to be
Negatif Verb-ing + Complement studying English.
Am/are/is + Subject + a.       Will I be studying English?
Verb-ing + b.      Are you going to be
Interogatif Complement? studying English?

11. Future Perfect Tense

Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + will have +
Positif Verb3 + Complement I will have finished my homework.
Subject + will not have
Negatif + Verb3 + Complement I will not have finished my homework.
Will + Subject + have
Interogatif Verb3 + Complement? Will I have finished my homework?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to show actions that will continue to occur in the future. This tense emphasizes results.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + will + have +
been + Verb-ing + In 2020, she will have been
Positif Complement working here for 2 years.
Subject + will + not +
have + been + Verb-ing In 2020, she will not have been
Negatif + Complement working here for 2 years.
Will + Subject + have +
been + Verb-ing + In 2020, will she have been
Interogatif Complement? working here for 2 years?
13. Past Future Tense

Used to denote an action to be performed in the past but failed (failed plan).
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + would/should I would come to your party if you invited
Positif + Verb1 + Complement me.
Subject + would/should
not + Verb1 + I would not come to your party if you did
Negatif Complement not invite me.
Would/should + Subject
+ Verb1 + Would I come to your party if you invited
Subject Complement? me?

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

Used to show an action that will be performed in the past and will last until a certain time in the
past. This tense emphasizes the duration of the action.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + would/should
+ be + Verb-ing + I would be studying if you did not disturb
Positif Complement me yesterday.
Subject + would/should
not + be + Verb-ing + I would not be studying if you did not
Negatif Complement disturb me yesterday.
Would/should + Subject
+ be + Verb-ing + Would I be studying if you did not
Subject Complement? disturb me yesterday?

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

Used to denote an action that will have been done in the past but was not carried out (failed plan).
This tense emphasizes results.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + would/should
+  have + Verb3 + I would have bought a new car if I had
Positif Complement enough money.
Subject + would/should
not +  have + Verb3 + I would not have bought a new car if I
Negatif Complement had enough money.
Subject Would/should + Subject Would I have bought a new car if I had
+ be + Verb3 + enough money?
 Complement?

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to show actions that have been and are still being performed in the past, but are not actually
happening. This tense emphasizes both duration and outcome.
Fungsi Rumus Contoh
Subject + would/should She would have been waiting for me for
+  have + been + Verb- 3 hours yesterday but she had gone at
Positif ing + Complement 9.00 PM.
Subject + would/should She would not have been waiting for me
not +  have + been + for 3 hours yesterday but she had gone
Negatif Verb-ing + Complement at 9.00 PM.
Would/should + Subject
+ have + been + Verb- Would she have been waiting for me for
Subject ing + Complement? 3 hours yesterday?
13. Modal Verb

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) like can, will, could, shall, must,
would, might, and should. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb is generally used. The word
to should not appear after a modal verb. An exception is the phrase ought to, which is considered a
modal verb.

Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb in a sentence by expressing possibility, ability,
permission, or obligation. Example;

You must turn in your assignment on time.

He might be the love of my life.

The doctor can see you now.

When a modal verb precedes the main verb in a sentence or clause, use the root of the verb
rather than the infinitive, which contains the word to.

Incorrect; The doctor can to see you now.

The one case in which we deviate from this rule and use the full infinitive form of a verb is
with the modal phrase “ought to”

Example; The doctor ought to see you now. (You’ve waited long enough.)

To Do as a Modal Verb
 The verb to do can be used as a modal verb or a main verb. In this sentence, to do is being
used as a main verb and can is being used as a modal verb.

Example;You can do it.

Whereas in this example, do is used as a modal verb.

Example;You do know how to sing!

Remember, however, that do can be used as a modal verb only if there is no other modal verb
present in the sentence.

Incorrect;Thank you, I can do sing.

Correct;Thank you, I do sing.

Correct;Thank you, I can sing.

14. Noun

A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a
sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,
object complement, appositive, or adjective.

Types of nouns

Nouns form a large proportion of English vocabulary and they come in a wide variety of types.
Nouns can name a person:

Albert Einstein

the president

my mother

a girl

Nouns can also name a place:

Mount Vesuvius

Disneyland

my bedroom
Nouns can also name things, although sometimes they might be intangible things, such as concepts,
activities, or processes. Some might even be hypothetical or imaginary things.example;

shoe

faucet

freedom

The Elder Wand

Basketball

Proper nouns vs. common nouns

One important distinction to be made is whether a noun is a proper noun or a common noun. A
proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and is always capitalized.

Example;

Does Tina have much homework to do this evening?

Types of common nouns

Common or generic nouns can be broken down into three subtypes: concrete nouns, abstract nouns,
and collective nouns. A concrete noun is something that is perceived by the senses; something that
is physical or real.

Example;

I heard the doorbell.

Nouns as subjects

Every sentence must have a subject, and that subject will always be a noun. The subject of a
sentence is the person, place, or thing that is doing or being the verb in that sentence.

Example;

Maria is happy.

Nouns as objects

Nouns as subject and object complements

Appositive nouns and nouns as modifiers

Plural nouns
Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns

Possessive nouns.

15. Object

An object is one of the five major elements of clause structure. The other four are subject,
verb, adjunct and complement.

Objects are typically noun phrases (a noun or pronoun and any dependent words before or after it).
Objects normally follow the verb in a clause:

Everyone likes her. She knows everyone.

They didn’t take their mountain bikes with them.

A:Have you seen the car keys?

B:Yes I had them earlier.

-Direct objects

A direct object shows who or what the action of the verb affects:

That computer hasn’t got a mouse.

Nobody writes letters these days.

Does she play tennis?

-Indirect objects

An indirect object is usually a person or an animal. The indirect object (underlined) receives or is
affected by the direct object (in bold). An indirect object always needs a direct object with it and
always comes before the direct object:

She gave the dog its dinner.

Do I owe you some money?

We can often rephrase such sentences with a prepositional phrase using to or for + the recipient. In
this case, the direct object usually comes first.

16. participle
 A participle is a form of a verb that can be used as an adjective or combined with the verb to
be to construct different verb tenses.

a.Present Participles

In English, all present participles end in -ing. In most cases, if the base form of a verb ends in a
consonant, you simply add -ing. Walk becomes walking, eat becomes eating, think becomes
thinking, and so on. If the verb ends with a silent -e, the -e is usually dropped before -ing is added.
Move becomes moving, consume becomes consuming, meditate becomes meditating. For verbs that
end in -ie, the -ie usually changes to -y before the -ing is added.

Present participles are also sometimes called gerund participles.

b.Past Participles

Most past participles are formed by adding -ed to the base form of a verb (or just -d if the verb
already ends in -e. Walk becomes walked, move becomes moved, and so on. However, there are a
handful of verbs with irregular past participles. Some common ones include think/thought,
eat/eaten, go/gone, do/done, and feel/felt.

Combining Participles with to Be

-Present participles combine with the verb to be to form certain verb tenses. The past continuous,
present continuous, and future continuous tenses combine the verb to be with present participles:

I was walking. (past continuous) I am walking. (present continuous) I will be walking. (future
continuous)

-Past participles combine with the verb to be to create the passive voice. In a passive voice
construction, the grammatical subject of the clause receives the action of the verb. Someone or
something else performs the action.

The pie was eaten by Rodney. The test was passed by the whole class. The movie was watched by
people around the country.

17. part of speech

We can categorize English words into 9 basic types called "parts of speech" or "word
classes". It's quite important to recognize parts of speech. This helps you to analyze sentences and
understand them. It also helps you to construct good sentences.
1. Parts of Speech Table

This is a summary of the 9 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each
part of speech.

2. Parts of Speech Examples

Here are some examples of sentences made with different English parts of speech:

verb

Stop!

3. Words with More Than One Job

Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. For
example, "work" can be a verb and a noun; "but" can be a conjunction and a preposition; "well" can
be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many nouns can act as adjectives.

In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some of
the words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word "but" has
six jobs to do:

verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction!

word part of speech example

work noun My work is easy.

verb I work in London.

but conjunction John came but Mary didn't come.

preposition Everyone came but Mary.

 word part of speech example

well adjective Are you well?

adverb She speaks well.

interjection Well! That's expensive!

afternoo noun We ate in the afternoon.

n

noun acting as adjective We had afternoon tea.

18. Passive voice

The passive voice is often maligned by teachers and professors as a bad writing habit. Or, to
put it in the active voice, teachers and professors across the English-speaking world malign the
passive voice as a bad writing habit.

In general, the active voice makes your writing stronger, more direct, and, you guessed it,
more active. The subject is something, or it does the action of the verb in the sentence. With the
passive voice, the subject is acted upon by some other performer of the verb. (In case you weren’t
paying attention, the previous two sentences use the type of voice they describe.)

But the passive voice is not incorrect. In fact, there are times when it can come in handy.
Read on to learn how to form the active and passive voices, when using the passive voice is a good
idea, and how to avoid confusing it with similar forms.

The difference between active and passive voice

 While tense is all about time references, voice describes whether the grammatical subject of
a clause performs or receives the action of the verb. Here’s the formula for the active voice:
[subject]+[verb (performed by the subject)]+[optional object]

Chester kicked the ball.

In a passive voice construction, the grammatical subject of the clause receives the action of
the verb. So, the ball from the above sentence, which is receiving the action, becomes the subject.
The formula: [subject]+[some form of the verb to be]+[past participle of a transitive verb]+[optional
prepositional phrase]

The ball was kicked by Chester.

That last little bit—“by Chester”—is a prepositional phrase that tells you who the performer
of the action is. But even though Chester is the one doing the kicking, he’s no longer the
grammatical subject. A passive voice construction can even drop him from the sentence entirely:

The ball was kicked.

The gist is summed up here:

The passive voice isn’t a grammatical error; it’s a matter of style

Use the active voice if it makes your sentence sound clearer and more natural

Forming passive voice requires the verb “to be” and a past participle

The passive voice is your friend when the thing receiving an action is the important part of the
sentence—especially in scientific and legal contexts, times when the performer of an action is
unknown, or cases where the subject is distracting or irrelevant

When it comes to good writing, don’t be passive—even if your sentences sometimes need to be

Use Grammarly to help you find instances of passive voice.

19. Phrase

Phrase and clause are the most important elements of English grammar. Phrase and clause
cover everything a sentence has. Clauses are the center of sentences and phrases strengthen the
sentences to become meaningful. If the clauses are the pillars of a building, the phrases are the
bricks. A phrase usually is always present within a clause, but a phrase cannot have a clause in it.
A phrase, therefore, is a group of words which has no finite verb in it and acts to complete the
sentence for making it meaningful.

“A phrase is a small group of words that form a meaningful unit within a clause.”

-Oxford Dictionary

“In linguistic analysis, a phrase is a group of words (or possibly a single word) that functions as a
constituent in the syntax of a sentence, a single unit within agrammatical hierarchy.”

Types of Phrases

-The phrases are generally of six types.

Noun Phrase

Adjective Phrase

Adverbial Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Conjunctional Phrase

Interjectional Phrase

-Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is usually assembled centering a single noun and works as a subject, an object or a
complement in the sentence.

Example:

I like to swing the bat hard when I am at the crease. (An object)

Reading novels is a good habit. (A subject)

The probability of happening that match is not much. (A subject)

We are sorry for her departure.

-Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is comprised of an adjective and works as a single adjective in the sentence.

Example:

Alex is a well-behaved man.

He is a man of friendly nature.

Julie is a woman of gorgeous style.

She leads a very interesting life.

A lot of people do not sleep at night.

-Adverbial Phrase

An adverbial phrase modifies the verb or the adjective and works as an adverb in the sentence.

Example:

The horse runs at a good speed.

I was in a hurry then.

I ran as fast as possible.

He works very slowly.

-Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase always begins with a preposition and connects nouns.

Example:

He sacrificed his life for the sake of his country.

In the end, we all have to die.

He is on the way.

By working aimlessly, you will not get success.

In spite of working hard, he was insulted by his boss.

Note: Prepositional phrases include all other types of phrases.

-Conjunctional Phrase

A conjunctional phrase works as a conjunction in the sentence.

Example:

As soon as you got in, he went out.

We have to work hard so that we can win the next match.

I will attend the ceremony provided that you come.

John started working early in order that he could finish early.

-Interjectional Phrase

Interjections that have more than one words are called the interjectional phrases.

Example:

What a pity! He is dead.

What a pleasure! I won the first prize.

Oh please! Don’t say that again.

20. Predicate

The predicate is the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject does or is. To
put it another way, the predicate is everything that is not the subject.

-Easy Examples of Predicates

In each example below, the predicate is shaded. (The subjects of the sentences aren't.)

Elvis lives.

Adam lives in Bangor.

The telegram contained exciting news.

-Real-Life Examples of Predicates

At the heart of every predicate is a verb. In each example below, the verb in the predicate is shown
in bold.

True friends appear less moved than counterfeit. (Greek philosopher Homer)

Words empty as the wind are best left unsaid. (Homer)

-More about Predicates

A clause contains a subject and predicate too. The examples below are all clauses not sentences.

who lives with our mother

(The subject is "who.")

which was somewhat unexpected

(The subject is "which.")

that points to the North Pole

(The subject is that.)

21. Preposition

Prepositions tell us where or when something is in relation to something else. When

monsters are approaching, it’s good to have these special words to tell us where those monsters are.
Are they behind us or in front of us? Will they be arriving in three seconds or at midnight?

Prepositions often tell us where one noun is in relation to another (e.g., The coffee is on the table
beside you). But they can also indicate more abstract ideas, such as purpose or contrast (e.g., We
went for a walk despite the rain).

Preposition Examples

Unfortunately, there’s no reliable formula for determining which preposition to use with a particular
combination of words. The best way to learn which prepositions go with which words is to read as
much high-quality writing as you can and pay attention to which combinations sound right. Here are
a few examples of the most common prepositions used in sentences.

I should rewrite the introduction of my essay.

Example;

Sam left his jacket in the car.

Example;

Did you send that letter to your mother?

Example;

We’re cooking for ten guests tonight.

Example;

Dan ate lunch with his boss.

 You can also use tools like Google Ngrams to see which prepositions most commonly occur
with particular words—but remember, this tool can’t explain the difference in meaning between
different prepositional phrases like “pay for” (to purchase) and “pay off” (to bribe). For that, you
may want to refer to a list of prepositions that includes the meanings of common combinations.

22. Pronoun

A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a
person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender, number,
and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, it, we they, me, him, her, us, and them are all
personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people (and
perhaps animals) who star in our sentences. They allow us to speak and write with economy
because they enable us to avoid repeating cumbersome proper nouns all the live-long day.

Example;

Archbishop Desmond Tutu was born in 1931 in South Africa and Bishop Desmond Tutu rose to
international fame in the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to
Bishop Desmond Tutu in 1984. Bishop Desmond Tutu has written seven books and has cowritten or
contributed to many others.

-Subject and Object Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be either subjects or objects in a sentence. Subject pronouns are said
to be in the nominative case, whereas object pronouns are said to be in the objective case.

Person Nominative Objective

First singular I me

Second singular you you

Third singular he, she, it him, her, it

First plural we us

Second plural you you

Third plural they them

The interrogative pronouns for all three persons are the same: who (nominative) and whom
(objective). Many people get confused about when to use the interrogative objective pronoun
whom, but it is quite easy to learn.

Example;

Mrs. Khan asked that the package be delivered to her at the office. (her = third person singular
objective)

To whom should I address my letter? (whom = interrogative objective; I = first person singular
nominative)

We would like to invite Stacy to join us for dinner. (we = first person plural nominative; us = first
person plural objective).

23. Verb

Verbs tell you what the subject of a sentence or clause is doing (or being). Verbs are
conjugated according to person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, or voice.

Verbs are at the heart of sentences and clauses; they are indispensable to the formation of a
complete thought. A verb can express a thought by itself (with the subject implied) and be
understood.

Example;

Run!

Believe!

Action vs. Nonaction Verbs

Action verbs simply indicate an action or occurrence.

Gloria walked across the room.

Example;The shark swam menacingly close to the shore.

Even when used figuratively rather than literally, some verbs can still be considered action verbs.

Example;The singer broke with tradition by shaking hands with his fans.

In this example, the singer didn’t really break anything, but the verb is still an action verb.
-Verb Tenses

Verbs change in form, or tense, to indicate whether the actions or states are occurring in the present
(or are happening continuously), occurred in the past, or will occur in the future. Example;

I take the bus.

I am taking the bus.

I took the bus.

I will take the bus.

-Verb Moods

Among a verb’s many properties is mood. A verb’s mood, sometimes referred to as a mode, can be
either indicative, imperative, or subjunctive. The most common of these is the indicative mood.
Indicative mood is used for statements of fact or opinion and to pose questions.example;

Every rose has its thorn.

A cat has nine lives.

Is the moon made of cheese?