Unit one: Study Skills

• Unit introduction
• The purpose of this unit is to familiarize you the skills and
academic practices that you need to develop as university
students. The unit focuses on two important aspects/sides
of academic study. what are They? They are:-
 Taking notes while listening to lectures and

 Reading for academic study.

 Cont……..
• So that as we all understand, in this unit helps the students
to jot down/write down effective notes during lectures and
to practice reading for different purposes.
• Objectives of the Unit

 At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

 Find out what is involved in a lecture;

 Take lecture notes by listening to a speech;

 Give advice/comment using appropriate language;

 Identify the various purposes for reading

 Kebri-dehar University
college of social science and humanities
Department Of English Language
Languag

Course: Communicative
English Language Skills I
(FLEn 1011)
Prepared by Mohamed osman
Abdi (MA)
 Cont….

 Read and make notes;

 Use the present perfect tense appropriately and

correctly.
 Write a paragraph using on your reading experience;

 Expand your vocabulary knowledge; and

 Reflect/reconsider on your learning and self-assess

your progress
 1.1 Listening: What is a note-
taking?
• When you are studying at the university you will be
expected to gain a lot of information relating to your field
of study.
• Any information the way you will achieve is mainly
through reading and listening to lectures.
 Cont….
• However, it will not be possible for you to remember
all the information that you have read or heard days
after when you want to use it for different purposes,
for example, answering questions during Final
examinations. So what you need?
• You need to take/write notes when reading and
listening to lectures.
 Cont….

• Thus, taking notes is an important skill that you need

to develop in order to be successful in your university
learning field/department.
• In this unit, you will listen to lecture and you will see
how to take lecture notes in the classroom.
• What is note taking?

• ??????????????????????????????????????
 Cont….
 Note-taking is practice of writing down of key points
of information where you can recall it later.
 Notes are a valuable tool that helps you to remember
important information.
 Notes help to condense and organize the listened
information in a meaningful way.
 Cont….

 Note taking is important because without

review/relook your note, it always happens that you
forget 50% of what you hear in a lecture within 24
hours, and 80% after two weeks.
 Before note-taking what is required from you?

??????????????????????????????????????????????
 A Good note-taker is an active
listener who?
 Sits up/down in a normal position.

 Looks at the lecturer.

 Pays close attention to what the lecturer is saying.

 Shows that you are interested in the course/subject that

the lecturer is teaching you.

 Creates a link between new information and prior

knowledge.
 How do you prepare for better
classroom note-taking?
 Arrive on time to class and ready to learn.

 Make sure you have a notebook and a pen on hand.

 Avoid distractions; sit near the front of the classroom.

 Before class, read the given texts.

 Check your lecture notes from previous classes.

 Make a list of questions to ask the instructor based on
past lectures and readings.
 Cont…

• Take accurate and detailed notes. Use a question

mark (?) in front of any information that isn't clear.
Ask your instructor or a student to explain anything
you don't understand.
 1.2 Grammar focus: Modals and
infinitives for giving suggestion and
advice
• Should, ought to, had better
• As mentioned above are three modal verbs.

• The Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express

ideas like ability, advice, and obligation.
• Many modal verbs have more than one meaning. They are
always followed by the simple form of a basic verb. For
example: Amina should go to the doctor. This shows that
we think it is a good idea for Amina to visit the doctor.
 Let's learn how to give advice for somebody
either your fried, neighbor or relative
• English speakers use the modal verbs “should,” “ought
to” and “had better” to express/show that they think
something is a good (or a bad) idea.
• Don’t forget “Should” is the most common way to give
advice.
• Look at the following examples:
 Cont..
• Affirmative Negative Question

• Affirmative: A: I failed my test.

• B: Really? You should study harder.

• Negative: Young children shouldn't watch violent TV

program just like horror.
• Question: I have a problem. Should I call my parents or
my friend?
• B. you should call right now.
 Cont..
• Affirmative: A: It's really cold outside.

• B: You ought to wear a warm jacket.

• (“Ought to” is rarely used in the negative form) You

ought not to watch TV before finishing your
homework. (“Ought to” is not commonly used in
question form)
• Affirmative: A: You had better slow down. You are
driving too fast!
 Cont..

• Negative: You had better not forget to pay your

tuition. If you do, the university will kick you out!
(“Had better” is not usually used in question form)
• Note: You had better slow down. You are driving too
fast! And you had better not forget to pay your
tuition fee. If you do, the university will kick outside.
 Cont..

• Are all good examples of advice message, but “had

better” is a bit stronger to use advice. It includes the
idea of a warning: something bad will happen if you
do not follow my advice. For example: You had
better not forget to pay your tuition fee.
 Cont..

• Examples: You had better do your homework. If you

do not do your homework, the teacher will give you a
low mark. Note: “You had better. “You'd better. But
some native speakers say, “You better ...,” but this is
incorrect. The “had” is necessary in good grammar.
 Cont..
Cont
Modal verbs = Subject + modal + basic verb + ... You
should study harder.(Correct)
Correc
•You should to study harder. Wrong!
Wrong
• You had better slowing down. Wrong!

•She ought to to drink more water. Wrong!

•Remember that “ought to” is a modal verb and is

followed by a simple verb. The “to” is not an infinitive
“to”
 Cont..
• Modal + subject + basic verb +? Should I call my
parents or my friend? WH- (information) questions
can also be formed by putting the WH- question
word immediately before the modal. For example:
• What should I do about my problem?

• Where should we have dinner tonight?

• Why should you believe them?

• When should they call their boss?

 Important Summary
• Should– personal opinion

• You should finish your homework before you go out.

• The Engineer should have finished building by the

end of the week.
• Should– in Wh-questions

• Who should I pass the message to? (In Wh- questions)

• What should I do if I have any problems?

 Important….
• Should– giving advice to myself
• I should check tomorrow schedule but I know that I´ll
attend/learn one course.
• I should wash my clothes tonight, I haven´t washed it for
more than two weeks!
• Ought to– obligation
• You ought to finish your homework before you go out. (It
is your obligation)
• The Engineer ought to have finished by the end of this
the week. (It is their obligation,)
 Important…

• Had better– urgency, demand, threat, worry

• Here two men are fighting carelessly and enmity. We

had better call the police, quickly.
• He had better not be late again. Teacher will dismiss
you.
 Unit 2: Health and Fitness
• 2.8 Grammar focus: Conditionals
• CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

• What is conditional sentences?

• CS is a sentence that shows something is true or
happens only if something else is true or happens
• There are Four types of conditional clauses:
 Conditional……
• 1. ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENTENCE:
• This sentences is a type of conditional in which both the
parts of the sentence If-clause and main clause are simple
present tense is called zero conditional sentence.
• Structure: If + simple present tense, + Main clause
simple present Tense. Example: If you heat ice, it melts.
 ZERO CONDITIONAL S.
• Examples:-
• Snakes bite if they are scared.
• ● If babies are hungry, they cry
• ● When it rains, the grass gets wet.
• ● Ice melts when you heat it
• ● If people eat too much, they get fat.
• ● If you touch a fire, you get burned.
• ● If people eat too much, they get fat.
 Conditional sentence
• 2. First Conditional/Conditional type-I

• Its type of conditional sentence which is also called

probable, likely or possible condition.
• Structure: If-clause Simple Present Tense and main-
clause Simple future tense(will or sometimes would)
• Example: 1. If it rains, I won't go to the park.

• 2. If I study today, I'll go to the Exam Tomorrow.

 Conditional type 1
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.

• ● She'll be late if the train is delayed.

• ● She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

• ● If I see her, I'll tell her.

• ● I will stay home if it rains tomorrow.

• ● I will be sad if my football team loses the match.

 Conditional type 1
● If I saves money, I will buy a new bike by November.
● If I train hard, I will be in better shape for the
marathon
● If you play video games all night long, you will be
exhausted tomorrow.
● If you put/add pineapple, the pizza will taste so much
better.
● If he wins the lottery, his mom will be able pay her
debts.
 Conditional…
• Second conditional/Conditional type-II

Its types of conditional sentence which is also know as

improbable, unlikely or unreal condition.

Structure: If-clause ( Simple Past Tense) Main-clause

(Would + Infinitive verb/VI)
 Conditional type II
Examples:
•If it rained, you would get wet.

● If she fell, she would hurt herself.

● She would hurt herself if she fell.

● You would get wet if it rained.

● If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired tomorr.

● You wouldn't be so tired tomorr if you went to bed earlier.

● If it rained, I would go to the park.

 Cont…
• Example: If I knew her address, I would call her.

• We use it to express imaginary situation in the

present. The above sentence, therefore, means I don’t
know her address, and then I can’t call her. The
speaker thinks that it is unlikely to calls her.
• Example: If I were bird, I would always fly around
sky- means I am not bird, and I don’t fly around
sky, or only anything that has wings can fly.
 Third condition/Conditional type-III
• Third condition is a types of conditional sentences

• Which is also known as (impossible, rejected or

unfulfilled condition.) Structure: if-clause ( past perfect
tense) and ( if-clause would + have + past participle/V3)
• Examples:- If she had studied, she would have passed the
exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she
didn't pass) ● If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have
felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
 Conditional type-3
● If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the
plane. Means we did not take tax and we missed flight
● He would have been on time for the interview if he had
left the house at nine.
●She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed
earlier which means she does sleep all night she tries now
● She would have become a teacher if she had gone to
university
● If you hadn’t lied to me before, I would have believed
you. Which means no one believe you as you liar man
● I would have passed the exams if I had studied