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PHRASE
AND
CLAUSE
 CONTENTS
Phrase

Definition Identification Examples

 Phrase

What is phrase?
 A phrase is a small group of words that stand
together as a single unit, typically as part of a Example
clause or a sentence. In the air
 A phrase can be short or long. But it does not To live and breath
contain a subject and verb and, consequently, Looking stunning.
cannot convey a complete thought.
 Difference between Phrase & sentence
Phrase
A phrase is a group of that
doesn’t express a complete
thought
A phrase doesn’t have a
subject or predicted
A phrase doesn’t give
complete information about
the subject or predicate
Sentence
A sentence is a group of that
express a complete thought
A sentence has both subject
and predicted
A sentence gives complete
information about the subject
and the predicted
 Identification of phrase
If there exists a subject and a
verb then it will not be a
phrase

Phrases are missing either the

subject or the predicate or
both
 Example

 He was waiting for the rain to stop.

 It was a story as old as time.

 Signing autograph takes place.

 Classifications

NOUN ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION VERB ADVERB

PHRASE PHRASE PHRASE PHRASE PHRASE
 Classification

Other type of phrase

Infinitive Gerund Participle Absolute Appositive

phrase phrase phrase phrase phrase

 Noun phrase

Definition:
A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun (or indefinite
pronoun) as its head or shows the same grammatical functions
as such a phrase.
Key points:
 A small group of words.
 Expands a noun.
 A noun used as a head word.
 The entire serve as a noun in a sentence.
 Structure of Noun Phrase
 Noun phrase must contain a noun which is the main element and
which is called the head.
 It may contain other elements, either before or after the head.

General Figure:
Noun phrase = Noun + Modifiers
 Example of noun phrase

 Reading newspaper is a good habit

NOUN PHRASE

I am good at playing football

NOUN PHRASE
 VERB PHRASE
Definition: Verb phrase is a group of word that acts of verb.
Example:
1.The patient will come round very soon.
2.They can help the poor.

Key Point:
 Small groups of word
 Consists of main verb & auxiliary verb
 Structure of Verb Phrase

o There are two types of verb.

o One type of verb is principal and another is auxiliary.

Object
o Structure:
1. You should have done this work.

Principal verb
Auxiliary verb
More example of verb phrase

1.Simanto is writing
a report.
2.My mother is fixing
us some dinner.
3.The dog might eat
the cake.
 Adjective phrase

Definition:
An adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase)is a phrase
the head word of which is an adjective.
Example: Srijon is little angry with her.
Key points:
1.Head word must be an adjective.
2.Work just like an adjective.
3.Can modify noun, noun phrase or pronoun.
4.Can modify subject and object of a sentence too.
 Structure of adjective phrase
 Head word is an adjective.
 Modify noun ,noun phrases and pronoun. What is intensifier?
 It doesn’t have a finite verb. An intensifier is a word that
emphasizes another word or
 General figure phrase.
adjective phrase can be formed into two way
Example:
First structure: He is a very clever boy.

Adjective phrase=Adjective + Intensifier

Second structure

Adjective phrase = Adjective 1+Adjective 2

 Some example of Adjective phrase

Soikat is very fat.

Intensifier Adjective

Aurko is kind and polite.

Adjective 1 Adjective 2
 What is Adverbial phrase ?

Towhid behaved rudely

Adverb
Saikat swims with great speed
Adverbial phrase
Tanvir behaved in a rude manner
Adverbial phrase
Definition:
An adverbial phrase is a group of words that acts of Adverb.
 Characteristics of Adverbial Phrase

 It contains an adverb and other word (modifier,

preposition etc.)
 It acts like an adjective in sentence.
 It can describe a verb, adverb and adjective.
 Structure of Adverbial Phrase

First Structure Pre-modifier + Adverb

Second structure Pre-modifier + Adverb +

Post-modifier
 What is Prepositional Phrase?

 In spite of his illness, he is working.

 Beside making a promise, he kept it.

Definition:
 A preposition phrase is a group word.
 That begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun, pronoun which is called the object of
preposition.
 It also may contains other modifier.
 Structure of Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Preposition Noun/ Pronoun

Example:
The cat sat on the mat. Noun

Preposition Identifier
 Example of some Prepositional Phrase

• I couldn’t go to university on account

of my illness.

• He sacrificed his life for the sake of his

country
INFINITIVE PHRASE
 INFINITIVE PHRASE
 What is Infinitive Phrase?
 An infinitive phrase is a group of
words that uses an infinitive
(“to”+verb) and includes all of its
modifiers.
 Example:
1.Omi ran to avoid being late.
2.We have time to walk to the game.
 Structure of Infinitive Phrase

An Infinitive phrase is working like a noun,

adjective,or adverb,in a sentence.

General Figure:
Infinitive Phrase=Infinitive +Modifiers
Example Of Infinitive Phrase

 Example:
 1.I do not want to study for my
Infinitive Modifiers
Base Word
2.I was relieved to finish my project.
Infinitive Modifiers
Base Form
 Gerund Phrase
 What is Gerund Phrase ?
A gerund phrase is a phrase that
begins with a gerund (Verb + ing) and
functions as a noun.
Example:
1. Driving a car takes concentration.
2.Sinthi likes dancing on stage.
 Structure of Gerund Phrase

A gerund may be used like an ordinary

single word.
 Itworks like an noun and can act as a
subject,object or complement in a
sentence.
 General Figure:
Gerund Phrase=Gerund+Modifiers
 Example Of Gerund Phrase

He enjoys running daily.

Modifiers
Gerund
(Base form of
verb+ing)
Exercising is good for everybody.

Gerund Phrase
 Participle phrase

 What is participle phrase ?

 A participle is a group of present participle or

past participle verb ,modifires and other linked
words which acts as an adjective in a sentence.

 Example:
Hearing the noise the boy wake up.
 Structure of Participle Clause

 A participle phrase is punctuated with a comma or

commas
 It always act an adjective in a sentence
 General Figure :

Participle phrase =participle

(present/past) + Modifier
 Example of participle phrase

 The broken window

needed to get repaired
quickly.

 The car, made in Japan,

looks very attractive .
 Absolute Phrase

 What is absolute phrase ?

 A Phrase having a subject but no finite verb and
modifying full sentence is referred to as an
absolute phrase.

Absolute phrase = noun/pronoun +

participle + modifier
 Examples of Absolute Phrase

 The singer’s performance in

the concert, the organiser
were so happy.

 Having the work done early,

I decided to go to the home
APPOSITIVE PHRASE
 APPOSITIVE PHRASE

 What’s is appositive?
 An appositive is a noun or phrase that rename or describe
the noun to which it is next
 An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its
modifiers
 Appositive provides some extra information
 EXAMPLES OF APPOSITIVE PHRASE

 The newspaper the New York Times first appeared in the 1850

 The boy who painted the picture is named Kevin

 TOPICS GOING TO BE CLEARED

 Clause; Definition, structure

 Difference between phrase and clause
 Classification of clause
 Independent (Principal/Matrix) Clause
 Dependent (Subordinate/Embedded) Clause
 Subordinate conjunction
 CLAUSE: WHAT IS IT ?

 Clause is a group of words that contains a subject

and a finite verb SUB
+
 Clause GROUP OF WORDS
FINITE
VERB

used a part of a sentence

 EXAMPLES OF CLAUSE

 Whether we will succeed is uncertain.

 The boy who came here is my friend.

 He loves you better than I.

 He loves you better than me.

Difference between Phrase and Clause

A phrase doesn’t contain a finite verb

But a clause must contain a finite verb

PHRASE CLAUSE
He gave me a gold coin He gave me a coin which was made
of gold

The chair,made of plastic,looks very The chair that is made of plastic

beautiful looks very beautiful

The industrious people can prosper in People who are industrious can
life prosper in life
Classification of Clause

Principal Subordinate
Clause Clause

Noun Adjective Adverbial

Clause Clause Clause
 Principal Clause

What is principal clause ??

 A clause that doesn’t depend on other clause to
express its meaning is called principal clause.
 It creates a complete thought
Subject + verb=Complete thought

Example:
Our planets revolve around the sun.

Subject Verb
 Subordinate Clause
What is subordinate clause??
 A clause that can’t express the meaning without help of main
clause is called Subordinate clause.
>> Always contains subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun/adverb.
>> Subordinate conjunction must precede the Depend clause.
Subordinate Clause + Subordinate Conjunction + Principle Clause

Example:
 A helium nucleus has two protons where a hydrogen has only one.
P.C S.C
 Position of a Subordinate Clause in
Complex sentence
 Before the main clause

Subordinate Clause + comma(,) + Main Clause

 Example:
 If you don’t work hard, you can’t success in life.
S.C P.C
 If you come, I will go.
S.C P.C
 After the main clause:

Main Clause + Subordinate Clause

 Example:
You may take whichever you like.
M.C SOC
 Subordinate Conjunction

What is Subordinate Conjunction??

**A Subordinate Conjunction is a word or a
group of words that joins two clauses and shows
the relationship between themselves preceding
the depending clause. It may represent time,
cause, and effect and contrast.
 Some Subordinate Conjunction
when Wherever Than If How
while Though Rather Unless Why
after As As….as Provided Whether
before Because So…as Who However
Till/until In order to As if Which Whoever
Since Lest In case What Whatever
Whence That As far as Whom Whichever
Where So that So….that Whose Even if
 For better understanding

Subordinate Conjunction Example

1.That He said that he would go.

2.Who I know who are you.

3.Which Which you prefer is not known to me.

4.What No one knows what caused the accident.

5.Where I don’t know where he come from.

6.When Please tell me when you will come.

7.How I can tell you how it works.

 Noun clause

Dependent clause Adjectival clause

Adverbial clause
 Noun
Subject verb
Clause
Acts as a noun in the sentence
Consists of a subject and a verb
Can replace any noun in a sentence
Can function as a subject, object or a complement
NOTE : It cannot stand as a complete thought
 Example of noun clause

Example:
 I understand what you meant. (as an object)

 I knew what he liked. (as an object)

 Whatever you like is totally up to you. (As a subject)

 Explanation

I remember what you said yesterday.

sub verb Clause

Independent clause

Dependent Noun clause

 Adjective Clause

A type of dependent clause.

 Contains a subject and a verb.
 How does an adjective work?
 A adjective describes a noun or
pronoun.
 Adjective Clause

 Adjective clause begins with:

Relative pronoun Relative Adverb
• That • When
• Where • Where
• Who • why
• Whom
• which
 Example of a Adjective Clause

 Here, all the bold and coloured parts are examples of

adjective clause

 The girl who you met in the club is my cousin.

 The house that you’re looking for a few blocks away.

 Explanation
The girl who you meet in the club is my cousin.

• Acts as an adjective that describes the girl independent Clause

• Consists of a Sub + Verb
• Not enough complete thought
• Describes the noun as an adjective.
 Types Of Adjective Clause

Restrictive Defining Essential

Clause
Different name,same
meaning Integrated

None Restrictive Clause None Defining

Supplementary None Essential

 Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause is an adjective clause
that is essential to the meaning of a
sentence because it limits the thing it refers
to.
Restrictive adjective clauses identify the
noun or pronoun modified.
They give information needed in order to
know who or what the pronoun refers to.
There should be no commas before and
after the clause
Examples:
 1.Susmita who lives in America is an engineer.
 2.The car that has broken headlights belongs to
Sinthi
 NON RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

 What is non restrictive clause?

 A non-restrictive clause is an adjective a clause that
adds extra or non essential information to a sentence.
 It is necessary to the sentence.
 It is separated from the sentence with commas
,parentheses,or dashes.
 May begin with wh words.
 Gives extra information.
 Examples:
 School of Fear, which is my favourite books, was
written by a female author.
 Kinds Of Non-Restrictive Clause

 Using relative pronoun as a subject.

 Using relative pronoun as a object.
 Using Relative Pronoun As A Subject:
 Mike’s car, which is only six months old,
brokedown last night.
 Mehedi, who lives next door, is having a party
tonight.
Using Relative Pronoun As A Object:
 The university, which oishe likes ,is famous.
 Thecycle, by which Towhid reached
RUET,was stolen.
Difference Between Restrictive Clauses And
None Restrictive Clauses:
Restrictive Clauses Non-Restrictive Clauses
1.Are necessary for identificat 1.Are interesting with extra
-ion –tell exactly which thing information –but don’t identi
or person . -fy or tell “which one”.
2.Do not have commas around 2.Always have commas around
Clause. Clause.
3.Also known as identifying or 3.Also known as non-identifying
defining clauses. or non-defining clauses.
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

ADVERB
An adverb is a word that
CLAUSE
modifies a verb,an adjective
Clause is a combination of
,determiner,clause
words within a sentence
,preposition,or
containing a subject and
sentence.Adverbs typically
predicate and it also
express
contains a finite verb.
manner,place,time,frequency,
degree,level of certainly etc.
WHAT IS ADVERBIAL CLAUSE?
 An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that funtions as
an adverb,that is the entire clause modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb,
 An adverbial clause will always contain a subject and a
verb.
 Adverbial clause are called Adverbial Clauses because they
function to describe or define the why,when,or conditions
under which something happens.
 Adverbial clauses are easy to identify because they begin
with the subordinating
conjunctions:After,If,Since,When,Because,Although,Unit.
 However,it can not stand alone as a complete thought.
Example Of Adverbial Clause:
Elma likes the black car more than Ezma
does.
Explaination:
 The adverbial clause is acting as an adverb
in this sectence.
 The adverbial clause modifies how much
Elma likes the black car. Here “than”is
subordinating conjunction. The clause
contains a subject and a verb.
 However, it can not stand alone as a
complete through “than Ezma does”is not a
complete statemrnt.
Additional Adverbial Clause Examples
I will eat my broccoli after I eat this
cookie.
Adverb clause modifying
will eat

 Where there is smoke,there is fire.

Adverbial
Subordinating Clause
conjunction
 TYPES OF
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 DEGREE OR
LOCATION OR MANNER REASON POSSIBILITY
TIME
2 COMPHENSION
PLACE
2
 Adverbial clause of
place or Location

 The adverbial clauses that indicate place or

location of action or verb in the main
clause
 Usually start with one of these subordinate
conjunction:-

WHERE ANYWHERE WHENEVER


 Adverbial clause of
Time
 The adverbial clauses that indicate time of
action or verb in the main clause.
 Usuallay start with one of these subordinate
conjunction.

SINCE WHILE UNTIL AFTER BEFORE

WHENEVER WHEN
 Examples of adverbial clause of
Time
 It was 1971 when our country become independent.
 I went my home while my sister was sleeping
 When you have finished your work,you may go home.
 Adverbial clause of
Reason
 Theadverbial clauses that indicate reason
of action or verb in the main clause.
 Usuallay
start with one of these
subordinate conjunction:-

BECAUSE SINCE SO THAT IN ORDER TO AS

 Example of adverbial clauses of
Reason
 My friend study regularly so that she can
cut a good figure in the examination.
 Mr. K absent the meeting because he was
ill.
 I am glad that you have come. m
 Adverbial clause of
possibility or conditionality
 Theadverbial clauses that indicate
possibility or conditionality in the main
clause.
 Usually
start with one of these subordinate
conjunctions:-
THOUGH
IF EVEN UNLESS

ALTHOUGH
 Example of adverbial clauses of
Conditionality

 Ifyou come,I shall go

 Though he study regularly, he can not
cut a good figure in the annual exam.
 You can not shine in life unless you
work hard.
 Adverbial clause of
Degree or comparison
 The adverbial clause that indicate degree or comparison of
verb in the main clause.
 Usually start with one of these subordinate conjunction:-

AS THAN MORE

LESS
 Though most adverbial clauses modify verbs ,however this
adverbial clauses of comparison may often modify adjectives
and adverbs in the main clause.
 Examples of adverbial clauses of
Degree or comparison
 RUET is better than most other university of Rajshahi
district
 Adverbial clause of
Manner

 The adverbial clause that indicate manner of action or verb in the main
clause.
 Usually start with one of these subordinate conjunction:-
 Example of adverbial clause of
Manner
 RONY talks as if he knew everything.
 The rabbits are eating those carrots like
they’re never been fed.
THANK YOU
EVERYBODY
INTRODUCTION
MAHIN SHAHRIAR MUNAWAR HOSSAIN TANZIM
ROLL:1800071
TOWHID AHMED
ROLL:1800072
S.M. SAIKAT
ROLL:1800073
SUSMITA KARMAKAR
ROLL:1800074
TANZIRUL PRODHAN SRIZON
ROLL:1800075