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استخدام نماذج الاستجابة للمفردة الاختبارية في تدريج مفردات بعض الاختبارات PDF
استخدام نماذج الاستجابة للمفردة الاختبارية في تدريج مفردات بعض الاختبارات PDF
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اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮدة اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ ﻣﻔﺮدات ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ
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Mohammed M. Abdelwahab
Umm Al-Qura University
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All content following this page was uploaded by Mohammed M. Abdelwahab on 22 May 2015.
ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ
ﺃ.ﺩ /ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺃ.ﺩ /ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺭﻍ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻭﻋﻤﻴﺩ
ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ
٢٠١٠ﻡ ـ ١٤٣١ﻫـ
ب
ج
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴل ،ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺇﻟـﻪ ﺇﻻ
ﺍﷲ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻻ ﺸﺭﻴﻙ ﻟﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﻴل ،ﻭﺃﺸـﻬﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﺒـﺩﻩ
ﻭﺭﺴﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻘﻪ ﻭﺤﺒﻴﺒﻪ ،ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺴﻠﻡ.
د
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺨﺎﻟﺹ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻭﻨﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻘﺴﻡ
ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺨﺎﻟﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻀل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺠﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺏ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻗﺩﻡ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻭﺴﻌﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻡ ﺤﻨﻭﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺸـﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻴـﺴﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻗـﺩﺭ
ﺴﻌﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻭﻗﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﻭﻨﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻴﻕ ،ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻴﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺃﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﻨﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺃﻨﺴﻰ ﻓﻀﻠﻬﻡ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﻩ
ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ـ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ
ﺃ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ.
ﺏ ﺁﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺭﺁﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺹ.
ﺠـ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ.
ﺩ ـ ﻫـ ﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ .
ﻭـ ﻯ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﻭ ﺃﻭﻻ ًـ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ.
ﺡ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ًـ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل.
ﻁ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ـ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل.
ﻱ ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ ـ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻕ.
١٢-١ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ـ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
٢ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
٣ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١٠ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١٠ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١٠ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١١ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١١ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
١٣ـ ٤٣ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ
١٣ ﻻ ـ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ.
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
١٤ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
٢٣ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ـ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
٢٧ ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ ـ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
٢٧ (١ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ . Unidimensional Models
٣٠ ﺃ( ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ )(Dichotomous UIRT
و
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ
ز
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ
ح
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل
ط
ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل
٥٦ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ٦
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ.
ﺭﻗﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ
ي
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
1
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺇﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ -ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ -ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻀﺒﻁ
ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ؛ ﺩﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﺜﻕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺌﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ.
ﻭﻟﻌل ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ Modern Test Theoryﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﺎﻉ
ﻗﺭﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ) (Thurstone,1925ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺘﺼـﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ " A Method
"of Scaling Psychological and Educational testsﺤﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺴﻴﻤﻭﻥ –
ﺒﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﻌﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ
Normal Ogive Modelﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )(Richardson,1936;Ferguson,1943 In: Reeve,2004,4-6
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ .(Han&Hambleton,2007,12 ) Logistic Function
ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )(Lord&Novic,1968
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﻤﺎ " "Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scoresﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ )ﻓﻲ :ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٤٧ ،٢٠٠٥،
ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ :ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ Latent Traitﻷﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل :ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ،
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ،
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ،Latent Trait Theory
2
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ؛ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺤﺩﺓ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٢٠٥ ،٢٠٠١،
ﻫﺫﺍ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ
ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ Unidimensionalﺃﻭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ Multidimensionalﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ
ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ،
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺘﻴﻥ :ﺼﻔﺭ،
Dichotomous (١ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ،Polychotomous ( ... ،٤ ،٣، ٢، ١ :
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ـ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺌﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ـ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ One-
Parameterﺃﻭ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ Two-Parameterﺃﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ Three-Parameterﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ).(Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,721;Harvey,2003,2-3
ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ
ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ) (Hardouin,2007,22ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺍﻹﻜﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ...ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ) (Reeve,2004,34ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ؛ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ...ﺍﻟﺦ.
ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﻜﺴﺎﺒﻬﻡ
ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﻡ
ﻭﺘﻜﻠﻴﻔﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ
ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ،
ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﻴﻥ ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻴﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ
...ﺍﻟﺦ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ.
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﻥ
ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) ،(Domino&Domino,2006,34ﺒل
3
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻴﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ).(Sijitsma&Junker,2006,76
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻓﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺃﺠﺎﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ).(Baker,2001,7
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻼ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ )(Stage,2003,2;Gleason,2008,9؛ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ).(Reeve,2004,3
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ؛ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ
ﻗﺒل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﻴﻥ( ﻤﻊ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ.(٣٠٤-٣٠٢ ،١٩٩٦،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﺒﻨﻤﺎﺫﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ )ﻤﺜل :ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ( ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ،
ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﺍﻟﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻊ
ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ...ﺍﻟﺦ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٥٧-٥٤ ،٢٠٠٥،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﺠﻪ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ
ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
4
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ.(٣٠٢ ،١٩٩٦،
ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺎ
ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ) (Waugh&Addison,1998,95-112ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻫﺩﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ ﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ
ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ٣٤٦ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ Perthﺒﺎﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ ) ١٧٠ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ١٧٦ ،ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ـ ٢١٢ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻥ ٢٣
ﺴﻨﺔ ١٣٤ ،ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻥ ٢٣ﺴﻨﺔ( ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﻔﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ( ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﻴﻥ )ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﹰﺎ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ .
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻪ ) (Wiberg,2004,2ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ )ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ( ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ) (Ainol&Noor,2006,1ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺭﺍﺵ ) Rasch Modelﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ) (٣٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻠﻴﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ) (Thompson&Weiss,2006,3ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
) The Multistate Bar Examination (MBEﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ٢٠٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺌﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺀﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻴﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ،Maximum Likelihoodﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ Maximum
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،Expected A Posterioriﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻁﻔﻴﻔﺔ ، A Posterioriﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻱ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻴﻴﺭ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ) (Fan,1998,357ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
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ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ )ﻋﻤﺎد ﻏﺼﺎب ﻋﺒﺎﺑﻨﺔ.(٦ ،٢٠٠٨ ،
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺒﺕ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ )ﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ( Invarianceﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻪ ) (Stage,2003,1ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ،ﻴﻬﺩﻑ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ
ﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻜل ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺇﺫ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺸﻜﻭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻜل ،ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﻌﺕ )ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ (١١٩ ،١٩٨٨،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ،ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ١٠٠ﺒﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ
ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ Bicalﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺘﻡ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ٩٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺤﺭﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ )ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ (٤٧٢ ،١٩٩١،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ )ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ -ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺭﺒﻪ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ،(١٩٨٨ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻌﻰ )ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﺭﻱ (٤٥٧ ،١٩٩٦،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻴﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ
) (١٤٧ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ )ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻤﻥ ) (٥٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻔﺸل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) (١٣ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
6
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭ) (٢٨ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻟﻌﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ
ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺯﺯ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ )ﻨﻀﺎل ﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻔﻴﻥ (٨٠ ،٢٠٠٦،ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ،ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ٥٠ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ
) (٢٢٢ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ )(٣٧
ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﺘﻡ ﺤﺫﻑ ) (١٣ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ
) (٠٫٩ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) (٠٫٩٥ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺠﺭﺍﺩ (٥٨٣-٥٥٥ ،٢٠٠٨،ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ )ﺃ( ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ) (٢٤٠ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻓﻘﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ،ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺘﻬﺎ
ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ) (٤٨ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ،
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺇﻴﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﺩﻨﺔ (٢١٦ ،٢٠٠٩ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺠﺴﺘﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ) (٤١١ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ) (٢٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (٢٨ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ.
ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﻌﻰ )ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ (١٣٧-١٣٣ ،٢٠٠٥ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ )ﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺨﻁﺄ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ( ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ) (٥٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )ﻜﺎ (٢ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺩﺍ ﹰ
ﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) (٠٫٠٥ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﻌﺕ )ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ (٩ ،٢٠٠٨ ،ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻡ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﺍ ﹰ
ﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻗﹰﺎ ﺩﺍ ﹰ
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ؛ ﺴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ،
ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ )ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﺭﻱ (٤٥٧ ،١٩٩٦،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ
ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ
ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﺎﺫﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ.
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺜﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﻡ ﻟﻁﻼﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﻭﻗﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻹﻤﺩﺍﺩﻫﻡ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ Critical Thinking Testﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺃﻋﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﺒﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺍﻡ،
،(١٩٧٦ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺠﻬﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻓﻤﻨﺫ
ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٤٢ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ
ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺠل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ )ﻓﺎﻁﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ،(١٠٧ ،١٩٨٥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ )ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺩﻴﺭ (٦٠ ،٢٠٠٤ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.
ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ؛
ﺒل ﺇﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﺁﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺎﺏ %٨٠ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ %٥٠ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
) (٧٩ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ) (٩٩ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
8
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
) (٢٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺨﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ـ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ـ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ
ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴل ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ـ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ )ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ ،(١٨٣ ،٢٠٠٣ ،ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ـ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ـ
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺯﺍل ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺤﻅﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻴﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ )ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ (٢٤٠ ،١٩٩٠ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ
ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻋﺎ ) (Wagner&Harvey,2003,1ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ،
ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ؛ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺜﺭﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ،(١٩٨٧ ،ﻭﻟﻌل
ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺒﺠﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺇﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒل ﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻼ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ؛ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺌﺔ
ﺘﻌﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ (٣٦٦ ،١٩٨٨ ،ـ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل ـ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ Flexibility of
Closureﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل؛ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ) (%١٣,٧ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ
9
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﺍﻉ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﺘﺸﺒﻌﻪ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل ) (٠,٨٩٤ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ،ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ) (٠,٩٠١ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ،ﻭﻓﻲ
ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ؛ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺭﺯﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ (٩٥ ،١٩٨٧ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺠﻴﻠﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ
) (٠,٩٢٣ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺭﻨﺵ
ﻭﺃﻜﺴﺘﺭﺩﻡ ﻭﺩﻴﺭﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٧٦ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺃﻨﻭﺭ
ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ .(٩ ،١٩٨٥ ،
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
.١ﻫل ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ(؟
.٢ﻫل ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ؟
ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ:
.١ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ.
.٢ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ.
.٣ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ.
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.١ﻗﺩ ﻴﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜل :ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴـﺔ( ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺞ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ.
10
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٢ﻗﺩ ﻴﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻀـﻭﺌﻬﺎ
ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
.٣ﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺜﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ.
ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ : Unidimensionalityﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ).(Fan,1998,363
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ،Local Independentﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺃﻱ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ).(Ueno,2002,59
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) :Item Characteristic Curve (ICCﻴﻌﺭﻓﻪ ) (Gleason,2008,9ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜـل
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ : Test Characteristic Curveﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ).(Baker,2001,70
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) :(Item Information Curveﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ).(Fraley,Waller&Brennan,2000,353
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ) :(Test Information Curveﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻜﻜل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ).(Fraley,Waller&Brennan,2000,353
ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) :(Item Discriminationﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﻴل Slopeﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٧٢ ،٢٠٠٥ ،
ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
• ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
.١ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ )ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺍﻡ.(١٩٧٦ ،
.٢ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ )ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ.(١٩٨٧ ،
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ
.٣ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺭﻨﺵ ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴـﺎﺽ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺭﺤﻴﻡ،
.(١٩٨٥
• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ١٠٢٤ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ :ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ٢٥٩ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ :ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ١٠٢٣ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ
ﻼ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ .ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ـ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ.
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ـ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ ـ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
(١ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ . Unidimensional Models
ﺃ( ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ )(Dichotomous UIRT
)ﺃ ـ (١ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ 1PLM
)ﺃ ـ (٢ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ 2PLM
)ﺃ ـ (٣ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ 3PLM
ﺏ( ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ )(Polytomous UIRT
)ﺏ ـ (١ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ ).Graded-Response Model (GRM
)ﺏ ـ (٢ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ).Partial Credit Model (PCM
)ﺏ ـ (٣ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ).Rating Scale Model(RSM
)ﺏ ـ (٤ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻲ Nominal Model
(٢ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ . Multidimensional Models
ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ ـ ﻤﺤﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ.
ﺴﺎﺩﺴﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ.
١٣
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ـ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ:
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻤﻘﻨﻨـﺔ ﻤﺘﻔـﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﹰﺎ
ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺴﺘﺭﺸﺩ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ.
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ )ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ
ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻤـﺴﻁﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ
)ﻁﻭل ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ( ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻁﻠﻘـﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ
ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ )ﺏ( ،(٢٢-٢١ ،١٩٨٨ ،ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.١ﺃﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
.٢ﺃﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ.
.٣ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ
ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ.(٦١٥ ،٢٠٠٧،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺘﻀﺎﻓﺭﺕ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺘﻐﻠﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻌل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ؛ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻘﺘـﺭﺏ ﺒـﺫﻟﻙ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ )ﺃ(٢٥ ،١٩٨٨ ،؛ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ١٥٥، ١٩٩٢،؛ ﺼـﻼﺡ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤـﻭﺩ
ﻋﻼﻡ.(٢٣ ،٢٠٠٥،
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
١٥
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠـﻕ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻜل ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ـ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ:
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ) (Georgy,2007,153ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ Item difficultyﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻁـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟـﺫﻴﻥ
ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺩل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤـﺎ
ﻗﻠﺕ ﺩل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺒﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ) (٠٫٥ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺒـﻴﻥ )(٠٫٧ -٠٫٣؛ ﻷﻨـﻪ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻔـﻲ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) (٠٫٧٥ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﻔﻀل
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ،(٠٫٦٣ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻜﺩ ) (Aiken,2000,67ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗـﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻏﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
• ﺃﻥ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
• ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻘﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ
ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﺍﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭ
ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
• ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﻀﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻤﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل
ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴـﺸﺠﻌﻭﺍ ﻤـﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒـﻭل
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺠﻴﺒﻭﻥ ﻋـﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).(Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,718
ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ )ﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻤﻨﻬﻡ )ﻉ( ﺃﻋﻠﻰ %٢٧ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺱ( ﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﺩﻨﻰ %٢٧ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ )ﻉ،
ﺱ( ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﺹﻉ ،ﺹﺱ( ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
ﺹﻉ -ﺹﺱ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )(٢ )ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ(٤٦١ ،٢٠٠٦، ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ =
٠٫٢٧ﻥ
ﻭﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ) ،(١ ،١-ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ) (Georgy,2007,157ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺭﺩﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺔ
ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺼـﻔﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻬـﺎ
ﻭﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ
ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺒﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻴـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ .ﻭﻴـﺸﻴﺭ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ) Johnstone,2003;McAlpine,2002b in:
(Crisp&Palmer,2007,96ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ).(٠٫٣
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )(Friedenberg,1995,293;Verstralen,Bechger&Maris,2001,6;Stage,2003,2
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ )ﺴﻌﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ (٢١٢ ،١٩٩٨ ،ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻓﻼﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩل ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺤـﺴﺎﺏ
ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ .ﻭﺒﺈﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ:
• ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ.
• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ) (Crocker&Algina,1986,339ﺤﻴﻥ ﻀـﺭﺒﺎ
ﻼ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﻤﺜ ًﹰ
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ %٥٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒـﺔ ﺨﻁـﺄ %٥٠ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ %٢٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) ،(٤٥ﻭ %٤٠ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) ،(٥٠ﻭ %٦٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﻗـﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) ،(٥٥ﻭ
) (%٨٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) ،(٦٠ﻭﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) (٦٥ﻓﺄﻜﺜﺭ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺝ( ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺘﺎﺕ( ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﺩﻴل
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺏ( ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﺩ( ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ
ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻪ ﺒﻤﺸﺘﺕ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﺃ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ )ﺩ( ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﺃ( ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻀل.
ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ
ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٩٨ ،١٩٩١،
ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ ـ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ : Reliability
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ )Colton et al,1997,3؛ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ،ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ،(٣٦ ،٢٠٠٢ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺭﺠـﺎﺀ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﻼﻡ٣٧٥ ،٢٠٠٥ ،؛ (Kline,1993,5ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺇﻤﺎ
ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻔﻴﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻴﻭﺩﺭ ﺭﻴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺩﺴﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ
ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺜﺒﺎﺘـﻪ
ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒـﺎﺕ
ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ.
2
ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) (Rﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ) (S truﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ
2
ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ) ،(Verstralen,Bechger&Maris,2001,4) (S errﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
S2tru
=R ).(Aiken,2000,85) → eq (3
S2err
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ
ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ،(Stage,2003,2ﻜﻤـﺎ
ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﻡ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻘل ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋـﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ
١٩
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ٢٣٥ ،١٩٦٠ ،؛ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋـﻭﺽ،
٥٦ ،١٩٩٨؛ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻴﺴﻭﻱ.(٦٠ ،١٩٩٩ ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ )ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﺒﻨﺕ ﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻤﺸﺨﺹ٦٦ ،٢٠٠٩ ،ـ (٦٩ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎ
ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺘﺠـﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻓـﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻟﻌل ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻨـﺏ
ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) ،(Stage,2003,2ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.١ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻤﺘﻼﻜﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ
ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻴﺠﻌل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ )ﺃ( .(٢٥ ،١٩٨٨ ،ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻓﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺤﺼﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻜـل ﻤﻨﻬﻤـﺎ
) .(Geogiev,2008,2ﺒل ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ).(Domino&Domino,2006,34
.٢ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ.(٤١ ،١٩٩٩،
.٣ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﹰﺎ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ؛ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ).(Stage,2003,2
.٤ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻤـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺎﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤـﻊ
ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ).(Baker,2001,36;Sick,2008,4
.٥ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺴﺒﻴﺭﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﺒـﺭﺍﻭﻥ؛
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) (Georgy,2007,157ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒـﻕ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﹰﺎ ﻗل ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ).(Reeve,2004,4
.٦ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺩﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ )ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺁل ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺎﺡ(٣ ،٢٠٠٣،
ﻻ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ٠٫٠١ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ .
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻗﹰﺎ ﺩﺍ ﹰ
٢٠
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
.٧ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
)(Hernard,1998,4؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻗل ﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ).(Stage,2003,2
.٨ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺘﻴﻥ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﺎﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌـﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺼـﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ )ﺼـﻼﺡ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤـﻭﺩ
ﻋﻼﻡ.(٥٧ ،٢٠٠٥،
ﻼ ﻗﺎﻁﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﺩﺍﺌل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
.٩ﻟﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺤ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺅﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤـﻨﻬﻡ ﺤﺠﺘـﻪ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘـﻪ )ﻋﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻴﺢ
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ،(٥١ ،٢٠٠٤،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴل ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ )ﻴﺤﻴـﻰ
ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ.(١٨٣ ،٢٠٠٣،
.١٠ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ Item Biasﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﺫﻭﻱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ )ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ٤٢ ،١٩٩٩،؛ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ٥ ،٢٠٠٨،؛ .(Hungi,2005,143-144
.١١ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ؛
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ) (٦١٤ ،٢٠٠٧ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘـﺼل
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩل ﺫﻟـﻙ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﻼﻡ ٢٠٠٤،ﻓﻲ :ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ(٣ ،٢٠٠٨،
ﻭﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻁﺒـﻕ ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴـﺔ
) .(O.Connor,Radcliff&Gedeon,2002,530ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل :ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻤﺔ
ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ،ﻤﺜـل
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤـﻭﺩ ﻋـﻼﻡ،٢٠٠٥ ،
.(٥١ﻭﻟﻌل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻴﺴﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
٢١
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺌﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ).(Fan,1998,357
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ـ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ .Item Response Theory
ﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (IRTﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ) (Generalizationﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) (Salzberger,1999,1ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﺒﻬﺎ .ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻜﻭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل Lawleyﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ Item
،Characteristic Curveﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ Lordﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ Wrightﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ Georg
Raschﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﺒﻪ ).(Baker,2001,іі
<
ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ Latent Trait Theory؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺌﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻤﺜل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﻭل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ .ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ).(Cagnone&Ricci,2005,211
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ” ،(Crocker&Algina,1986,339;Janda,1998,134) Modern Test Theory “MTTﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ”.(Hambleton,1982,2) Item Characteristic Curve Theory “ICCT
ﻭﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺩ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ،ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ) .(Georgy,2007,109ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ:
• ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ Traitﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ Abilityﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).Item Characteristic Curve (ICC
• ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (Item Characteristicﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٢٠٥ ،٢٠٠١،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ.
٢٢
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﺠﻭﺍﻨـﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻭﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
.١ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ
ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼـﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ
ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ )ﺼـﻼﺡ
ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ٥٨ ،٢٠٠٥،؛.( Baker,2001,6;Gomez,2008,866
.٢ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ) (Invarianceﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﻘﻼل
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ Item-freeﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ Sample-freeﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
• ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ Item-free
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻗـﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺯ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺒﻌﻴـﺩﹰﺍ ﻋـﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﺨـﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴـﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﺸـﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘـﺩﺍﻟﻲ
) ،(In:Aiken,2000,70) (Weiss&Yoes,1991ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) (٠٫٥ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ،
ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ (1 + c)/2ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ) (cﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒـﺔ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ).(Baker,2001,36
• ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ،Sample-free
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻌﻴﻨـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﺒـﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ )ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ(٦١٦ ،٢٠٠٧،؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺼـﻼﺡ ﺍﻟـﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ (٢٢٤ ،٢٠٠٥،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻀـﻭﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
.٣ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ( ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻡ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜل ﻓﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴـﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ) Wrigh,1980,2ﻓﻲ :ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ.(٤٤٦ ،١٩٩١،
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
.٤ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻴﻴﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺜﺒﺎﺘﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).(Yu,2005,6
.٥ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ Rasch Modelﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘـﻕ ﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﺍﻟﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ) Invarianceﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٥٦ ،٢٠٠٥،
.٦ﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺒﻨـﻭﻙ
ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ؛ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻏﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺒﻨﺔ.(١ ،٢٠٠٨،
.٧ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻤﻁﻭﺭﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ).(Crocker&Algina,1986,339
.٨ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ
).(Verstralen,Bechger&Maris,2001,29
.٩ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺅﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺴـﺒﺔ ) Computerized Adaptive
(Testingﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻱ ﻭﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ )(Hambleton,1982,24;McGlohen,2004,36؛ ﻟـﺫﺍ ﻓﻬـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ.(١٣ ،٢٠٠٢،
.١٠ﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (Item Biasﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻤـﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ).(Hambleton,1982,21;Crane,Belle&Larson, 2004,2004,241
.١١ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﻀـﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ).(Sanz-Santamaría,Zorita&Serrano,2006,927
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) ،(Janda,1998,139ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ )(Baker,2001,1
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ) Hambleton&Cock,1977ﻓﻲ:ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ (١٨ ،٢٠٠٨،ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺃ .ﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺒﺤﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ.
ﺏ .ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺠﻬﻭﺍ ﺒﺤﻭﺜﻬﻡ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ ﻟﻠـﺫﻴﻥ ﺴـﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ
ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ.
ﺝ .ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ.
ﺩ .ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ.
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﻭﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴـﺔ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻔﺘـﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺜﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻨﺩﺍ ،ﻭﺇﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ ،(٤٣ ،١٩٩٩،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺩ ) (Hambleton,1982,2ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﻤﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺤﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ
ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) ;Hambleton,Swaminathan&Rogers,1991,53
.(Fan,1998,363;Önder,2007,210
٢٥
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻭﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ:
♦ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ :ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ) ،(Fan,1998,363ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ) (Eigen valueﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﻘﻘﹰﺎ ) ،(Hambleton,Swaminathan&Rogers,1991,9ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ %٢٠ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ) Reckase,1979 In:
.(Önder,2007,213;Georgiev,2008,10
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ) ،(Hambleton,Swaminathan&Rogers,1991,9ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )Lord
ﻓﻲ :ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ (٦٣ ،٢٠٠٥،ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ
ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﹰﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻜﻠﻴﺔﹰ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ.
♦ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ،Local Independentﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺴﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ
) .(Ueno,2002,59ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ) (Hambleton,Swaminathan&Rogers,1991,9-10ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻭل ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ
ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ٦٣ ،٢٠٠٥ ،ـ.(٦٤
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ) (Ueno,2002,59ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﺇﻻ
ﺃﻥ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ (٦٤ ،٢٠٠٥ ،ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ﻭﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﺎﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ.
ﻭﺘﺭﻯ )ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ (٢١ ،٢٠٠٨،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻌﻠل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻟﻜﻥ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ (٦٤ ،٢٠٠٥ ،ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺸﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل
ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻷﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ.
ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ) (Önder,2007,215ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻜﻠﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ) (Crocker&Algina,1986,339ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
)P (+,+) = P1(+) P2(+) , P (-,-) = P1(-) P2(-) , P (-,+) = P1(-) P2(+) & P (+,-) = P1(+) P2(-
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ) P1(-) ، P1(+ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ،
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ) P (-,-) ، P (+,+ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ) P (-,+ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺨﻁﺄ ﻭﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ).P (+,-
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ، P2(-) = 0.4 ، P2(+) = 0.6 ، P1(-) = 0.2 ، P1(+) = 0.8ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ.P(+,+) = 0.48, P (-,-) = 0.08, P(-,+) = 0.12& P (+,-) = 0.32 :
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ) (Hambleton,Swaminathan&Rogers,1991,9-10ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺘﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ
ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ).(Hambleton,Swaminathan,1985,30
ﻫﺫﺍ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺤﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ Logistic Curveﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) ،(ICCﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ) (θﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) .(Yen,1992,658ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻜﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻜل )(١
) .(Spencer,2004,9ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) ، Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,721ﻨﻀﺎل ﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻔﻴﻥ.(٨٥ ،٢٠٠٦،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ
ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ
ﺸﻜل ) (١ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).(ICC
ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻵﺨﺭ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،(Gleason,2008,9ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).(Spencer,2004,21-22
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
(TCC) Test Characteristic Curveﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) (٢ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺸﻜل ) (٢ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
).(Baker,2001,70
٢٨
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ Information
،Functionﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺤﻜﺎﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) Item Information
ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ):Unidimensional IRT Models (UIRT
ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ
) (Dichotomousﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ) ،(Polychotomousﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ) (١ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﺄ )ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻭﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺒﻴﺭﻨﺒﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ) (.... ،٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ...ﺇﻟﺦ.
ﺃ( ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ) :(Dichotomous UIRT Modelsﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ )ﻨﻌﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻻ( ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺇﻤﺎ ) (١ﺃﻭ )ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ( .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ
ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ٦٧ ،٢٠٠٥،ـ ،(٨٢ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻜل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ.
٢٩
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
)ﺃ ـ (١ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ:
ﻴﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) P(θﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ) ،(θﻭﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ) ،(bﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
)(Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,721) → eq (4
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ) P(θﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ١ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺭ( ،ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ) (Dﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ) (١,٧ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﻟﻲ،
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ expﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) .(٢,٧١٨٣ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻓﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) Q(θﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ]) ،[Q(θ) = 1- P (θﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ).(Bryant,2005,213
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ (٦٦ ،١٩٩٩،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ) (θﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (bﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) P(θﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ
) ،(٠,٥ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ
ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) P(θﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ،(٠,٥ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل
ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) P(θﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ) ،(٠,٥ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
(θ - b) > 0 → P (θ) > 0.5 , (θ - b) = 0 → P (θ) = 0.5 , (θ - b) < 0 → P (θ) < 0.5
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) (٠,٥ﻭﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺠﻴﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻨﻘﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ).(Georgiev,2008,4
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﻗل ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺸﻜل ) (٤ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
ﺸﻜل ) (٤ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ.
ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل )(Slope
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ) (Choppin,1983,15ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ
)ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ
٣٠
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ،
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﺄﻋﻼﻫﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ
ﻫﻭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
• ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (bﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ.
• ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ.
• ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ
ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺸﻬﺭﺓ )ﻋﻤﺎﺩ
ﻏﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺒﻨﺔ٢ ،٢٠٠٨،؛ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ (١٥٥ ،١٩٩٢ ،؛ ﻭﻟﻌل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ.
٣١
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (bﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ) ،(aﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٥ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
)(Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,721) → eq (5
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٥ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ )،(a
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٧٢ ،٢٠٠٥،
)(Salvia&Ysseldyke,1995,721)→ eq (6
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ) (cﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻓﺔ Pseudo-Chanceﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ،(Yen,1992,660) Lower Asymptoteﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )،(c
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ].(Baker,2001,36; Cuervo&Andrade,2004,29) [(1+c)/2
٣٢
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٦ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) (c = 0ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٥ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ) (c = 0, a = 1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٦ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (٤ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ
).(Stocking,1990,469;Cuervo&Andrade,2004,29
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ (٦٣ ،١٩٩٩،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺜﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ
).(Shigemasu&Ueno,1993,161
ﺏ( ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ): (Polytomous UIRT Models
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ
ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ
) ،(Choppin,1983,15,Cavanagh&Romanoski,2006,276ﻭﻟﻌل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻗﻴﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ؛ ﻓﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻘﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ .(٧٥-٧٤ ،٢٠٠٥،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
٣٣
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﻜﺭﺕ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ )ﺼﻔﺭ (٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )(٤
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ) ،(B1,B2,B3,B4ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )) (٧ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ٧٥ ،٢٠٠٥،ـ .(٧٧
ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ) (βﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ،(Hays,et al.,2007,533) (٠,٥ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ
)ﺼﻔﺭ (٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
♦ )ﺼﻔﺭ ١ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل .(٤ ،٣ ،٢ ♦ )ﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل .(٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١
♦ )ﺼﻔﺭ ٣ ،٢ ،١ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل .(٤ ♦ )ﺼﻔﺭ ٢ ،١ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل .(٤ ،٣
ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻴل
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ).(Fraley,Waller&Brennan,2000,356
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ:
♦ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
)(Cagnone&Ricci,2005,212) → eq (7
♦ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻜل
ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
)(Cagnone&Ricci,2005,212) → eq (8
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺨﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺸﻜل ) ،(٨ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) .(٩ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
٣٤
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﺸﻜل ) ( ٩ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺸﻜل ) ( ٨ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺠﺔ. ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ). B =1 ، B =0 ، B =-1.2 ،B =-2.5 ، (a=0.5
4 3 2 1
ﻤﻊ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ـ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) (٩ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ).(θ
)(Akkermans&Muraki,1997,569) → eq (9
٣٥
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ) (nﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺩ
) (n-1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ
ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ )،(δ1ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ
) (δ2ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ) (δﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ) Masters,1982ﻓﻲ:ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ (٢٤ ،٢٠٠٢ ،ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻟﻜل ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ) (δﺒﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ
ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ .Category Intersection Parameters
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ
ﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ) :ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻕ ،ﺃﻋﺎﺭﺽ ،ﺃﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻗل ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(٨١ ،٢٠٠٥ ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻻ ﻷﻱ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﻭﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ )) (Koch&Dodd,1989ﻓﻲ:ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ (٢٤ ،٢٠٠٢ ،ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ
).(Akkermans&Muraki,1997,569
٣٦
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ )ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ.(٢٣ ،٢٠٠٢،
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ) (Reeve,2004,24ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (١٠ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻭ ) (λﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺼل
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ:
)(Reeve,2004,25) → eq (10
ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (λﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ).(Bjorner,et al.,2004,1686
)(Han&Hambleton,2007,19) → eq (11
ﻫﺫﺍ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ
ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ.
٣٧
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
٢ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ :Multidimensional Models
ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ) Kacmar,et
،(al.,2006,26ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ؛
ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ) ;Spencer,2004,9
.(Thissen&Edwards,2005,4ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ
ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ).(Antal,2007,290
ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ١٥٩ ،٢٠٠٥،ـ (١٦٠ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ
ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻗﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻤﺘﺴﻊ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺄﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻋﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﻤل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ.
ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) (Sijtsma&Junker,2006,93ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ
،Compensatory Modelsﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ Non compensatory Modelsﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ .ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ) (Wu&Adams,2006,104ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ـ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺴﺒﻕ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ـ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻜﺸﻔﻴﺔ Exploratory Modelsﻭﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩﻴﺔ ،Confirmatory Modelsﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻊ )ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ (١٦٤ ،٢٠٠٥،ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﺭﻯ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻜﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ
ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ
ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ) (Knol&Berger,1991 In:Spencer,2004,21ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ) (Spencer,2004,21-22ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل
ﻤﻊ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ،
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ) (Mkinley&Reckase,1983ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺼﻴﻎ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ
ﻫﻭ :ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ :ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ
ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻡ :ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ )ﻓﻲ:ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ.(١٦٧-١٦٦ ،٢٠٠٥،
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ )ﻤﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ
ﻁﻭﻤﺎﻥ (٣٠٢ ،٢٠٠٦،ﺴﻌﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ )(٠٫٥٤
ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ) ،(٠٫٧٥ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ) (%٢٠ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ٧٠٠ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﺃ( ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ :ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻼ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ،
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻜﺄﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺼﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ.
ﺏ( ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺘﻪ :ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺘﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ
ﻻ
ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ )(١٠٠٠
ﻓﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﺝ( ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ :ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ
ﻻ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ
ﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺩ( ﻤﺤﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل :ﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ )ﻓﻲ :ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺍﻡ ،(١٣ ،١٩٧٦ ،ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل
ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﺩﻩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻴﺤﻜﻡ ـ ﻓﻘﻁ ـ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺩﻯ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ:
ﺃ .ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ :ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ.
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ :ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻟﻴل ﺃﻭ
ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻠﺩ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻟﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ.
ﺕ .ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻲ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ.
ﺙ .ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ.
ﺝ .ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﺒﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ
ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ:
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻭﺩﻟﻴل ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺼﺩﻗﻬﺎ.
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﻭﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺴﻭﻏﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
-٢ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ :ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻔﹰﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ )ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺯﺕ
ﺭﺍﺠﺢ.(٢٨٨ ،١٩٦٨ ،
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ .
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺠﻴﻠﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻲ Convergent thinkingﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻤﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﻴﹰﺎ Divergent thinkingﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ
.(١٦ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ )ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻨﺎﻫﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺒﻲ،٢٠٠١،
-٣ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ : Flexibility of Closureﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﺒﻤﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺒﺼﺭﻱ
ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ
ﻼ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﻲ ﻤﺤﻴﺭ )ﻤﺭﺒﻙ( ﻭﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺸﻜ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ،ﻭﺃﻓﻀل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﹰﺎ
ﻤﺜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ.(٩ ،١٩٨٥ ،
ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺼل
)ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ (٣٦٦ ،١٩٨٨ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل
ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ).(%١٣,٧
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ـ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ.
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ.
ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ.
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺃ) -ﻭﺍﺭﺩ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ.
ﺏ) -ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ.
(٣ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ :ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ٢٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻗﻤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ٣٧ﺇﻟـﻰ ،٦١ﻭﻓﻴـﻪ ﻴﻌـﺭﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺅﻜﺩﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺘﺭﺘـﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ
ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ:
ﺃ) -ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ.
ﺏ) -ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻴﻥ.
(٤ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ :ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ٢٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻗﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ٦٢ﺇﻟﻰ ،٨٥ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤـﻭﺹ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﻜل ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ
ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﺨﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ:
ﺃ) -ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ.
ﺏ) -ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ.
(٥ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ :ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ١٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻗﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ٨٦ﺇﻟـﻰ ،٩٩ﻭﻓﻴـﻪ ﻴﻌـﺭﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻋﻘﺏ ﻜل ﺴﺅﺍل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻨﻌﻡ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺤﺠـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ:
ﺃ) -ﻗﻭﻴﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﺠﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ.
ﺏ) -ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ( :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﺠﺔ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ٩٩ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ .(١
ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺃﻋـﺩﻩ
ﻤﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ،(٥ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (١ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻁﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ:
ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (٣٥ﺸﺨﺼﹰﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼل ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،ﻭﻗـﺩ
ﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﹰﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل
ﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴـﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﻁﻠـﺏ
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ
ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ %٢٧ﻭﺃﻗل %٢٧ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻜل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﻤﺩﺭﺴـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺨـﺭﻯ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻔﻭﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﻟﺴﺒﻴﺭﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﺒﺭﺍﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫﺍﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻤـﺼﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ٥٠ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ) (٠,٨٠ ،٠,٧٨ ،٠,٧٥ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ )) (٠,٧٥ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴـﺩ
ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺍﻡ.(١٢ ،١٩٧٦ ،
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٢ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ
ﺃﻨﺜﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻲ
٣٤٤ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ٢٥٣ ٩١ ٢٣٥ ١٠٩
٦٨٠ ٤٦٤ ٢١٦ ٥١٣ ١٦٧ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ
١٠٢٤ ٧١٧ ٣٠٧ ٧٤٨ ٢٧٦ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ:
ﻴﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺃﺤﻤـﺩ
ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ (١٩٨٧ ،ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺸﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﺭﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﻙ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺒﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﺩل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﺃ ﺃ ﺏ ﺕ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺥ .....
ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻜﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺒﺤـﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻓﻘـﻁ،
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﻟﻲ
ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﻑ )ﺩ( ،ﻤـﻊ ﻤﻼﺤﻅـﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﺒﺠﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﺩ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ،(٥ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (١ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻗﺎﻡ )ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ (١٩٨٧ ،ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ) (٠,٨٥ ،٠,٨١ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺩﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺜﺒﺕ ﺼـﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﹰﺎ
)ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻙ( ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺩﻻل
ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ،(٠,٧٥ﻤﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ.
ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ) (٣٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ،(٢ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜـﺎﺩ ﺘﻨﻌـﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻓﺭﺼـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺞ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ١٠٠٠ﻓـﺭﺩ ﻓﻁﺒـﻕ ﻫـﺫﺍ
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ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (٢٥٩ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺞ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٣ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ
ﺃﻨﺜﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻲ
٢٥٩ ١٥١ ١٠٨ ١٧٣ ٨٦ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ) (٢٠٠ﺸﻜل ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ
ﻓﺭﻨﺵ ﻭﺃﻜﺴﺘﺭﺩﻡ ﻭﺩﻴﺭﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٧٦ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ )ﻋﻠـﻲ ﺤـﺴﻴﻥ
ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ) (٩ ،١٩٨٥ ،ﻤﻠﺤﻕ .(٣
ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺃﻋـﺩﻩ
ﻤﻌﺭﺒﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ،(٥ﻭﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (١ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﺘﺄﻜﺩ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ (٣٥٧ ،١٩٨٨،ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) (٠,٨٩٤ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ،ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ) (٠,٩٠١ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ،ﻭﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺅﻜـﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺒل ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
٤٨
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ) (٠,٩٦ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ )ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴـﺎﺽ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺭﺤﻴﻡ(٢٦٢ ،١٩٩١ ،
ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺎﺼل ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺒـﺎﺕ )،(٠,٨
ﻤﻤﺎ ﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ:
ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﻤﺭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ) ٢٤٩ﺸﻬﺭﹰﺍ( ﻭﺍﻨﺤـﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﻗـﺩﺭﻩ )،(٥,٧٥
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )√( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )×( ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ
ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤـﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ )ﺼﻔﺭ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (١ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ )(3PLM؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺃﻻ
ﻴﻘل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻥ ١٠٠٠ﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٤ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ
ﺃﻨﺜﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻲ
٣٤٣ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ٢٥٢ ٩١ ٢٣٤ ١٠٩
٦٨٠ ٤٦٤ ٢١٦ ٥١٣ ١٦٧ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ
١٠٢٣ ٧١٦ ٣٠٧ ٧٤٧ ٢٧٦ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ،ﻭﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻡ ﺒـﺩﺀ ﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
• ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻋﺩ ﻤﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
• ﺸﺭﺡ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀـﻴﺤﻲ ﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴـﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ
• ﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗـﺔ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ )ﻤﻠﺤﻕ .(٤
٤٩
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
• ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
• ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ) (٥٥ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤل ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩ،
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ.
• ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻔﻬـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋـﻥ ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
٥٠
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ
٥١
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ
ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴـﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻹﺸـﺎﺭﺓ
ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ،ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺍﻷﻭل :ﻫل ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ
ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ(.
ﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
١ـ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ:
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ )(SPSS؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٥ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ
ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ )ﻥ= (١٠٢٣ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ )ﻥ= (٢٥٩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ )ﻥ= (١٠٢٤
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ% ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ % ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ% ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ % ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ % ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ %
15.862 15.862 31.724 18.832 18.832 5.650 16.670 16.670 16.504 1
21.775 5.913 11.826 26.523 7.691 2.307 22.990 6.319 6.256 2
24.079 2.304 4.609 33.489 6.966 2.090 25.875 2.885 2.856 3
26.288 2.209 4.418 38.810 5.321 1.596 28.528 2.653 2.627 4
28.204 1.916 3.831 43.697 4.887 1.466 31.015 2.486 2.462 5
29.860 1.657 3.314 48.370 4.673 1.402 33.228 2.213 2.191 6
31.339 1.478 2.956 52.897 4.527 1.358 35.272 2.044 2.024 7
32.678 1.339 2.679 57.305 4.408 1.322 37.274 2.002 1.982 8
33.931 1.253 2.505 61.641 4.335 1.301 39.090 1.816 1.798 9
35.134 1.203 2.406 65.450 3.810 1.143 40.892 1.802 1.784 10
36.319 1.185 2.370 69.029 3.579 1.074 42.521 1.629 1.613 11
37.474 1.156 2.311 44.124 1.603 1.587 12
38.586 1.111 2.223 45.641 1.517 1.502 13
39.683 1.097 2.195 47.114 1.473 1.458 14
40.762 1.079 2.157 48.567 1.453 1.439 15
41.826 1.065 2.129 49.964 1.396 1.382 16
42.879 1.053 2.106 51.270 1.307 1.294 17
43.880 1.001 2.001 52.549 1.279 1.266 18
44.825 .945 1.891 53.813 1.264 1.251 19
٥٢
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ )ﻥ= (١٠٢٣ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ )ﻥ= (٢٥٩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ )ﻥ= (١٠٢٤
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ% ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ % ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ% ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ % ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ % ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ %
45.753 .928 1.855 55.038 1.225 1.213 20
46.666 .914 1.827 56.233 1.195 1.183 21
47.563 .896 1.793 57.383 1.151 1.139 22
48.450 .887 1.774 58.519 1.136 1.125 23
49.326 .877 1.754 59.648 1.129 1.117 24
50.180 .854 1.708 60.738 1.090 1.079 25
51.015 .834 1.669 61.812 1.074 1.064 26
51.819 .804 1.609 27
52.603 .784 1.567 28
53.379 .777 1.553 29
54.149 .770 1.540 30
54.903 .754 1.507 31
55.643 .740 1.480 32
56.370 .727 1.454 33
57.089 .719 1.439 34
57.791 .701 1.402 35
58.472 .681 1.362 36
59.145 .673 1.347 37
59.804 .659 1.318 38
60.445 .641 1.283 39
61.084 .639 1.277 40
61.703 .619 1.238 41
62.313 .609 1.219 42
62.913 .600 1.200 43
63.507 .594 1.189 44
64.087 .580 1.160 45
64.663 .576 1.152 46
65.228 .564 1.129 47
65.786 .559 1.117 48
66.334 .548 1.096 49
66.875 .540 1.081 50
67.413 .539 1.077 51
67.940 .526 1.053 52
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٥ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤـل
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل )، (٢٫٦٤
) (٢٫٦٨) ،(٢٫٤٥ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﻨـﺴﺒﺔ
٥٣
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺴﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) (٢ــ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺸﺘﺭﻁﻬﺎ
) (Reckase,1979 In: Önder,2007,213;Georgiev,2008,10ﻜﺤﺩ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻜـﻲ
ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ـ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﻘـﻕ ﺍﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺩ ﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ
ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ Scree Plotﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ) (١٣ ،١٢ ،١١ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
ﺸﻜل ) (١١ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ
ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل
ﺸﻜل ) (١٢ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻥ
ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل
٥٤
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺸﻜل ) (١٣ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ
ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
٢٧٦ ٢٧٦ ١٠٢٣ ٧٠ ٧٠ ٢٥٩ ٢٧٧ ٢٧٧ ١٠٢٤ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ
ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
٠٫١٤٦ ٠٫١٧٨ ٠٫١٩٢ ٠٫٠١٨ ٠٫٠٩١ ٠٫١١٣ ٠٫٠١٢ ٠٫٠٢١ ٠٫٠٢٢
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ
ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ
٠٫١٨٦ ٠٫٢٠١ ٠٫٢٢٧ ٠٫٠٢٤ ٠٫١٧٢ ٠٫١٤١ ٠٫٢١٣ ٠٫١٤١ ٠٫١٨٢
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ
ﺃﻗل ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ
٠٫١٣٧ ٠٫١٢٢ ٠٫١٦٠ ٠٫٠٠٣ ٠٫٠٢٧ ٠٫٠٨٠ ٠٫٠٠٢ ٠٫٠١٢ ٠٫٠٠٧
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (٦ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ،
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) ،(٠٫٣ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ.
٣ـ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ:
ﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) (٤٥ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ) (٥٥ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ )٩ـ (١٢ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ
ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )٦ـ (٩ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ،ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻪ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺘـﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ.
ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ(.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﻫل ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ.
ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ) Xcalibre (tm) for Windows 95/NT --
(Version 1.10ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨـﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺒﺩﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴـﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ .ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
• ) (٥ ،٤ ،٣ ،٢ ،١ﻟﻠﺒﺩﺍﺌل )ﺹ ،ﻡ.ﺹ ،ﺏ.ﻥ ،ﻡ.ﺥ ،ﺥ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
• ) (٢ ،١ﻟﻠﺒﺩﺍﺌل )ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ() ،ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ـ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ() ،ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ـ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
• ) (٩ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
• ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (١ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )√( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل.
• ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (٢ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )×( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل.
• ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ) (٩ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ.
ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻪ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺨﺎل ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺤـﺼﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺃﻭ ًﻷ ـ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ:
ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﻔﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻋـﺩﻡ
ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ) (٥٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ٩٩ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﻷﺤـﺩ
ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
• ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ) (aﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ) (٠٫٣٠ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺒـﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ) (bﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ) (٢٫٩٥ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ) (٢٫٩٥ -ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ
ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒـﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤـﻴﻥ ) (cﺃﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ
) (٠٫٤٠ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺎﺒـﺔ ﺼـﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ،% ٤٠ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) (pﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﺤـﻕ
) (٦ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.
• ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺩﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ
ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ،
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﺘـﺎﺡ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) (kﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ).(٦
• ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ) (Standardized Residual statisticsﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) (٢ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ) ،(model fitﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ
ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) (Rﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ).(٦
• ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) ،(RKﺃﻭ ) ... ،(RPKﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ).(٦
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﻔﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ) (٤٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻭﻗﻌـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل %٤٤ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
• ٦ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ٢٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ .%٣٠
• ١٠ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ١٦ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ .% ٦٢٫٥
• ١١ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ٢٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ %٤٤
• ١٢ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ٢٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ %٥٠
• ٥ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ١٤ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ .%٣٥٫٧
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺒـﻴﻥ )(٢٫٩ ،٢٫٨٤-
ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ) (٠٫٩ﻭﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ) ،(١٫٩ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻤـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﻴﻐﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (٠٫٥٤ ،٠٫٣٠ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗـﺩﺭﻩ ) (٠٫٣٥ﻭﺍﻨﺤـﺭﺍﻑ
ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ) (٠٫٠٦ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ) (Georgiev,2008,15ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (٠٫٦٤ ،٠٫٣٥ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﹰﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (٠٫٢٥ ،٠٫١ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ
ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘـﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻜﻴـﻭﺩﺭ
ﺭﻴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺩﺴﻭﻥ ) (٢٠ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ٠٫٦٢ﻗﺒل ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ،ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) (٠٫٧٥ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺸﻜل ) (١٤ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.
ﺸﻜل ) (١٥ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (١٦ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (١٧ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬـﺎ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻤـﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ
ﺃﻓﻀل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻜل ) ،(TCCﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ،(TIFﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﻠـﻲ ﺃﻤﺜﻠـﺔ
ﻟﻸﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ:
ﺸﻜل ) (١٨ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ.
ﺸﻜل ) (١٩ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (٢٠ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (٢١ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ) (١-ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ،
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁـﻼﺏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻴﻭﺩﺭ ﺭﻴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺩﺴﻭﻥ ٢٠ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) (٠٫٩٨ﻗﺒل
ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ،ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ.
ﺸﻜل ) (٢٣ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (٢٤ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ) (٢٥ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ) (١٫٢-ﺜﻡ ﺘﻘل ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌـﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ
ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ.
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ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
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ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
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ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ) :(١٩٨٧ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺯﺕ ﺭﺍﺠﺢ ) :(١٩٦٨ﺃﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ )ﻁ .(٧ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ) :(١٩٩٢ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺴﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺞ.
ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ )،(٨ﺹ ﺹ .١٧٩-١٥٣
ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ ) :(٢٠٠٢ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ.
ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ ))١٩٨٨ﺃ(( :ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﻲ
ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ.ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ.
ﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ ))١٩٨٨ﺏ(( :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻭﻙ ـ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ،ﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ )ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ(.
ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ) :(١٩٩١ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻱ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ .ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﻁﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٨ﺹ ﺹ ٢٥١ـ .٢٧٦
ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺭﺯﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ ) :(١٩٨٧ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺠﻴﻠﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(١ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩ ) ،(١ﺹ ﺹ
٧٨ـ .١١٤
ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ،ﻭﺃﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ ،ﻭﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﻡ ) :(١٩٩٦ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ
ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺇﻴﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﺩﻨﺔ ) :(٢٠٠٩ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺠﺴﺘﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(١٠ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٢ﺹ ﺹ ٢١٥ـ
.٢٣٨
ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻫﻨﺩﺍﻡ ) :(١٩٧٦ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ.ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺠﺭﺍﺩ ):(٢٠٠٨ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ )ﺃ( .ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ
ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ )ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ( ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ – ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩ ) ،(١٦ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩ
) ،(٢ﺹ ﺹ .٥٨٣-٥٥٥
ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﻭﺩﻴﻥ ) :(٢٠٠٤ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ
ﻟﺩﻯ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ .ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(١٨ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٧٢ﺹ ﺹ ١٠٥ـ .١٢٥
ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻨﺎﻫﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺒﻲ ) :(٢٠٠١ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ.
ﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﻼﻡ ) :(٢٠٠٥ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻡ .ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ.
٦٧
ﺭﻀﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻭﺽ ) :(٢٠٠٨ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﺒﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
ﺴﻌﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ) :(١٩٩٨ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ :ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺁل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ) :(٢٠٠٣ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺘﻐـﺎﻴﺭ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺒـﺩﺍﺌل
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻴﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ـ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﻜﺭﺕ( .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ.
ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ) :(٢٠٠٥ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ .ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ
ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
ﺸﺤﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻰ ):(١٩٩٩ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻙ /ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ٠ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ.
ﺼﻔﻭﺕ ﻓﺭﺝ ) :(١٩٩٦ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ )ﻁ .(٣ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ) :(١٩٨٥ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤـﺎﻟﻲ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( .ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴـﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩ) ،(١٧ﺹ ﺹ -١٠٠
.١٢٤
ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ) :(١٩٩١ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻭﻤﺤﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤـﻴﻥ
ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(١٩ ،١٨ﺹ
ﺹ .١٠٦-٩٨
ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ) :(٢٠٠٠ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ :ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼـﺭﺓ )ﻁ.(١
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ):(٢٠٠١ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔـﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴـﺔ
)ﻁ .(٢ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻡ ) :(٢٠٠٥ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ )ﻁ .(١ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻭﺽ ) :(١٩٩٨ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ .ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ.
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﺭﻱ ) :(١٩٩٦ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻋـﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ.
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(٦ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٤ﺹ ﺹ .٤٧٣-٤٥٧
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻴﺴﻭﻱ ) :(١٩٩٩ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ .ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ.
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺩﻴﺭ ) :(٢٠٠٤ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل( .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ.
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ،ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ) :(٢٠٠٢ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ "ﺃﺴﺱ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ" .ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﺭ
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
٦٨
ﻋﻔﺎﻑ ﺒﻨﺕ ﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻤﺸﺨﺹ ) :(٢٠٠٩ﺃﺜﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺒﻤﻜـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻤـﺔ .ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ
ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ.
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ) :(١٩٨٥ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل .ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺀ.
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ) :(١٩٨٨ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ
) ،(٢ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٢ﺹ ﺹ .٣٨٣-٣٣٧
ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ):(١٩٩١ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﺍﺵ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(٤ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ).٤٧٨-٤٤٣ ،(٤
ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ) :(٢٠٠٤ﺃﺜﺭ ﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺼﻴل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ) ،(١٧ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ) ،(٣ﺹ ﺹ .٣٧٩-٣٥٠
ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻏﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺒﻨﺔ ) :(٢٠٠٨ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٣٩ﺹ ﺹ ١ـ.٢٧
ﻏﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻋﻴﺩ ) :(٢٠٠٤ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ "ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ" .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(١٦ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ
) ،(٢ﺹ ﺹ ٢٢٩ـ.٢٨٧
ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ) :(٢٠٠٧ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻟﻸﺴﻭﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻴﻥ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ.
ﻓﺎﻁﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ) :(١٩٨٥ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻭﻁﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ
ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ) :(٢٠٠٦ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﻓﻴﺼل ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ) :(١٩٩٦ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ :ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻬﺎ )ﻁ .(١ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ) :(١٩٦٠ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ )ﻁ .(١ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﻭﻤﺎﻥ ) :(٢٠٠٦ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ) (IRTﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﺒﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
ﻨﻀﺎل ﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻔﻴﻥ ) :(٢٠٠٦ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻭﻤﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ،
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(٧ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٤ﺹ ﺹ.١٠٧-٨٠
ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ ) :(١٩٩٠ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ .ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ) ،(٣ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) ،(٤ﺹ ﺹ ٢٣٧ـ .٢٦٠
ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ ) :(٢٠٠٣ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ.
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٧٣
ﻤﻼﺤﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
٧٤
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )(١
ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ
ﻋﺯﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ /ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻙ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ .ﺒﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻏﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺘﻙ ﻓﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ.
ﺹ
ﻡﺹ
ﺥ
ﻡﺥ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ
-١ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ – ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ – ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺸﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
√ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ
ﻋﺭﺽ ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﺃ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺴﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘـﻴﺱ ﺘـﺫﻭﻕ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ
٧٥
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟـﺫﻴﻥ ﺸـﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔـﻴﻠﻡ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻗﺭﺃ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﺽ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺘﻬﻡ .
-١ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺫﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺴـﻭﺍ
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ
-٢ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ .
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ،ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ.
-٣ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
-٤ﻴﻔﻀل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ.
-٥ﺴﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ – ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ – ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘـﺫﻭﻕ
ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ
-٦ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ.
ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻭل ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﺤﺭﺭﻫﺎ ] ﺒﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻴﺱ [ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﺴﻁﻥ ﻓﻲ ٢٥ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ ﻋـﺎﻡ . ١٩٦٠
ﻭﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ] ﺴﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﺩ ﺴﺘﺭﻴﺕ [ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻨﻀﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴل ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺘـﺴﺘﻤﺭ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸﺭﻩ .ﻴﻤﺜل ﺤﺩﺜﹰﺎ ﻫﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ.
-٧ﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ﺃﻭل ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺒﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺘﻪ.
-٨ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ] ﺒﺭﺍﺩ ﺴﺘﺭﻴﺕ [ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ] ﺒﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻴﺱ [.
-٩ﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺭﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﻁﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ.
ﻼ ﻤﺜﺎﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻤﻥ ﺒﻪ.
-١٠ﻜﺎﻥ ] ﺒﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻴﺱ [ ﺭﺠ ﹰ
ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺤﺸﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ،ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ .ﻭﻗﺩ
ﻗﺎل ] ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺭﺠﻭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻨﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ .ﺇﻨﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺭﺠﻭ ،ﺒل ﺃﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻨﻀﻡ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ [ .ﻭﻟﻘﺩ
ﺼﻔﻕ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﻭ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻀﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺸﻬﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻨﻀﻤﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ .ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻋﺒﺭﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺁﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺸﺎﺭﻜﺕ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ .
-١١ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻀﺎ ﻭﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺨﻼل ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
-١٢ﺇﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻗﺩ ﻗﻀﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ
-١٣ﺃﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
-١٤ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﻯ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﻔﻬﻡ ،ﻷﻨﻬﻡ ﻗﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
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-١٥ﺸﻌﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺤﻜﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
-١٦ﺃﻨﻀﻡ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﻭ ﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ.
ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ .ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ
ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل .
-١٧ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴل.
-١٨ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴل.
-١٩ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴل ﺃﻗل ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻷﻗل.
-٢٠ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻏﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﹰﺍ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﻟﻠﺴل.
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ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ
-٢٨ﻟﻡ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺤﻔﻠﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ
-٢٩ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺏ ﺨﺎﻟﺩﺍ ﺍﻵﻥ
-٣٠ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺯل ﻋﺼﺎﻡ .
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ :ﻋﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ
-٣١ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ .
-٣٢ﺇﻥ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ .
-٣٣ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺭﺍﻀﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺘﻬﻡ .
ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ :ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻅ ،ﻓﻜل ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻋﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻠﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ
-٣٤ﻟﻴﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﺔ .
-٢٥ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﺔ .
-٣٦ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻅ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻭ " ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﺒﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ " .
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜل ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻴﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ،ﺃﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩﺕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ،
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ .
ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻫﻔﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺱ .ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓﺨﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٣٧ﻜل ﻤﺭﻫﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺱ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﻭﻥ.
.٣٨ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻤﺭﻫﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺱ.
.٣٩ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﻭﻥ .
ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻜﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻼﻜﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴل ،ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻼﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴل ﻀﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٤٠ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻜﻴﻴﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
.٤١ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴل ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
.٤٢ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ.
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺁﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﺼﻭﻥ ،ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺁﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻭﻥ .
.٤٣ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻭﻥ.
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.٤٤ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﻠﺼﻭﻥ.
.٤٥ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺨﻠﺹ.
.٤٦ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ.
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ] ﺃ [ ﺘﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺽ ] ﺱ [ :ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٢٤ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﻘﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ] ﺃ [ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٤٧ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٢٤ﺃﺼﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺽ ] ﺱ [.
.٤٨ﻟﻴﺱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ٣٠ ، ٢٠ﻗﺩ ﺤﻘﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ] ﺃ [.
.٤٩ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ٢٤ﻟﻡ ﻴﺼﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺽ ] ﺱ [.
ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ .ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٥٠ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ..
.٥١ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ.
.٥٢ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ.
.٥٣ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺜﺭﺍﺀ.
ﻜل ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴل ،ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺩ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴل .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٥٤ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ.
.٥٥ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺩ ﻴﻬﻭﺩﻱ.
.٥٦ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴل.
ﻼ .ﺒﻌـﺽ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻟﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻅﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻔ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻁﻔﺎ ﹰﻻ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٥٧ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻟﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ.
.٥٨ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻁﻔل ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻟﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ] ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﻊ [ .ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻴـﺼﺩﻗﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٥٩ﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻴﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ.
.٦٠ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ.
.٦١ﺇﺫﺍ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ.
ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ ـ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ " ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻥ " .
ﻜل ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻙ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺃﻡ ﻻ .
٧٩
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗـﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( ﺃﻤـﺎﻡ
ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ .
ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٤٠ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻲ ١,٦٥٦,٠٠٠ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ
٢٦٤,٠٠٠ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻁﻼﻕ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٦٢ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ.
.٦٣ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺠﻭﻥ ﻴﺒﻠﻐﻭﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ ﻜل ﺴﻨﺔ.
.٦٤ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ.
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭ ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﻌـل ﺫﻟـﻙ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﺸﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻅل ﻴﻘﻅﺎ ﻭﺃﺘﻘﻠﺏ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ .
-٦٧ﺇﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻨﺎ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻬﻭﺓ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻴل .ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﺴـﺘﺒﻘﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﻅـﺎ
ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﻌل ﺫﻟﻙ .
-٦٨ﺃﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻴل ،ﻷﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻭﺓ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺒﻲ
ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻓﺤﺼل ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁﻬﺎ ﻋـﺸﺭ
ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻁﻼﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﺩل ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺯﺕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ
ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﺩل .
-٦٩ﻴﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺯﺕ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺎ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﺩل .
-٧٠ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺯﺕ ﺃﺫﻜﻲ ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﺩل ،ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ.
٨٠
-٧١ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺯﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴـﺘﺎﺫ
ﻋﺎﺩل.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻨﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻥ ،ﺩﻫﺸﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻊ ،ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻨﻅﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﻡ.
-٧٢ﺃﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺃﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ .
-٧٣ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻭﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﺜﻭﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻨﻴﺔ .
-٧٤ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻬﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺃﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﻡ .
-٧٥ﻓﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ .
ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﺴﺔ ﻤﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒـﻭﺍ ﺤـﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻭﺱ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒﻭﺍ ١٢١٠ﺤﺎﺩﺜـﺔ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒـﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﺎﺕ ٩٢٠ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ .ﺇﺫﻥ :
.٧٦ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ .ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒﻭﺍ ﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺒـﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻭﺱ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﻭﺱ.
.٧٧ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻭﺱ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﻭﺱ.
.٧٨ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﻭﺱ ﺃﻨﺠﻠﻭﺱ.
ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻔﻭﻗﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ.
-٧٩ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﻟﺩﻭﺍ ﺒﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻓﻁﺭﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ.
-٨٠ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ.
-٨١ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﺭﻴﻥ
ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺭﻥ ﻤﻀﻲ :
-٨٢ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻨﺩﻻﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ .
-٨٣ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺸﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻐﻠﻐﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ .
-٨٤ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ .
-٨٥ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ.
ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ ـ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ
ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﻫﻭ " ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼل ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ ﺒﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ " .
ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻜل ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﺅﺍل ،ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜل ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻜل ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ) ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ( ﻓﺄﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﻭﻴﺔ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ ) ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ( ﻓﺄﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ .
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* ﻫل ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻠﺠﺄﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ؟
-٨٦ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻜل ﻤﺤﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻭﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ.
-٨٧ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﻴﻜﺴﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎﻫﻡ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ.
* ﻫل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺩﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻥ ﻤﺅﻫﻼﺕ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ؟
-٨٨ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ.
-٨٩ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻴﺼﺒﺤﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ.
-٩٠ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ.
* ﻫل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﻴﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻁﻌﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻉ ؟
-٩١ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺎﺌﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ.
-٩٢ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻭﺍ – ﺇﻥ ﻋﺎﺠﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺠﻼ – ﺇﻨﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻭﺍ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ
ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ .
-٩٣ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﺃﺴﻬل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻶﺒﺎﺀ.
* ﺃﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻅﻑ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـل ،
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ؟
.٩٤ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ،ﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ.
.٩٥ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻭﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺢ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ.
.٩٦ﻨﻌﻡ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨـﺩﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ.
* ﺃﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ،ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ ﺒﻐﻴـﺭ
ﺤﺩﻭﺩ؟
.٩٧ﻨﻌﻡ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﻫﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩ .
.٩٨ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ ﻭﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ.
.٩٩ﻻ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺘﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩﻫﻡ.
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ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ) (٢ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ
ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﺴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻼﺴل
ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﻜل ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻭﻀـﻌﺕ ﺒﻬـﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻜﺘـﺏ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ.
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﺒﺠﺩﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
) ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ل ﻡ ﻥ ﻩ ﻭ ﻱ(
-١ﺍ ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺥ .....
-٢ﺍ ﺱ ﺍ ﺹ ﺏ ﺱ ﺏ ﺹ ﺕ ﺱ ﺕ ﺹ ﺙ ﺱ ﺙ ....
-٣ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ .....
-٤ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ .....
-٥ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺍ ﺏ ﺙ ﺍ ﺏ ﺝ ﺍ ﺏ ﺡ .....
-٦ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺍ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺏ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺕ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ....
-٧ﺝ ﺡ ﺏ ﺥ ﺩ ﺏ ﺫ ﺭ ﺏ ﺯ ﺱ ﺏ ﺵ ﺹ ﺏ ....
-٨ﺝ ﺏ ﺍ ﺝ ﺏ ﺍ ﺝ ﺏ ﺍ ﺝ ﺏ ....
-٩ﺍ ﻡ ﺏ ﺕ ﻡ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﻡ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ....
-١٠ﺍ ﺍ ﺕ ﺕ ﺝ ﺝ ﺥ ﺥ ﺫ ﺫ ....
-١١ﺝ ﺡ ﺝ ﺡ ﺕ ﺙ ﺥ ﺩ ﺥ ﺩ ﺕ ﺙ ﺫ ﺭ ....
-١٢ﺍ ﺏ ﺏ ﺕ ﺕ ﺕ ﺙ ﺙ ﺙ ﺝ ﺝ ﺝ ﺝ ....
-١٣ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ....
-١٤ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ....
-١٥ﺍ ﺏ ﺍ ﺕ ﺙ ﺕ ﺝ ﺡ ﺝ ﺥ ﺩ ﺥ ﺫ ﺭ .....
-١٦ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﻥ ل ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﻥ ل ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﻥ ل ....
-١٧ﺍ ﺏ ﺏ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺙ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺡ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺩ ....
-١٨ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ....
-١٩ﺍ ﺕ ﺝ ﺥ ﺫ ﺯ ﺵ ....
-٢٠ﺍ ل ﺏ ﻡ ﺕ ﻥ ﺍ ل ﺏ ﻡ ﺕ ﻥ ﺍ ل ﺏ ....
-٢١ﺍ ﺏ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ....
-٢٢ﺫ ﺭ ﺱ ﺵ ﺽ ﻁ ﻉ ﻍ ﻕ ﻙ ﻡ ﻥ ....
-٢٣ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺍ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺙ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺥ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ....
-٢٤ﺍ ﺱ ﺏ ﺵ ﺕ ﺹ ﺙ ﺽ ﺝ ﻁ ﺡ ﻅ ﺥ ....
-٢٥ﺍ ﺍ ﺏ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺙ ﺝ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺥ ﺩ ....
-٢٦ﺍ ﺍ ﺏ ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺝ ﺡ ....
-٢٧ﺍ ﺕ ﺩ ﺯ ﺵ ﻁ ﻉ ....
-٢٨ﻡ ﻡ ﻡ ﻡ ﻡ ﻥ ﻥ ﻥ ﻥ ﻫـ ﻫـ ﻫـ ﻭ ....
-٢٩ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ .....
-٣٠ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺩ .....
٨٣
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ) (٣ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ
ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ :ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ.
ﻤﺜﺎل :ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ:
ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )√( ﻭﻏﻴﺭ
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺴﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )×(.
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )√( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻭ
ﻋﻼﻤﺔ )×( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ.
٨٤
٨٥
٨٦
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ) (٤ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ
اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﺮاآﻤﻲ / اﻟﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﻮر / اﻟﻨﻮع / اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ / اﻻﺳﻢ /
أو ًﻻ إﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ
اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﺠﺞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج
ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ م ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ م ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ م ﻏﻴﺮ وارد وارد م خ مخ بن مص ص م
٨٦ ٦٢ ٣٧ ٢١ ١
٨٧ ٦٣ ٣٨ ٢٢ ٢
٨٨ ٦٤ ٣٩ ٢٣ ٣
٨٩ ٦٥ ٤٠ ٢٤ ٤
٩٠ ٦٦ ٤١ ٢٥ ٥
٩١ ٦٧ ٤٢ ٢٦ ٦
٩٢ ٦٨ ٤٣ ٢٧ ٧
٩٣ ٦٩ ٤٤ ٢٨ ٨
٩٤ ٧٠ ٤٥ ٢٩ ٩
٩٥ ٧١ ٤٦ ٣٠ ١٠
٩٦ ٧٢ ٤٧ ٣١ ١١
٩٧ ٧٣ ٤٨ ٣٢ ١٢
٩٨ ٧٤ ٤٩ ٣٣ ١٣
٩٩ ٧٥ ٥٠ ٣٤ ١٤
٧٦ ٥١ ٣٥ ١٥
٧٧ ٥٢ ٣٦ ١٦
٧٨ ٥٣ ١٧
٧٩ ٥٤ ١٨
٨٠ ٥٥ ١٩
٨١ ٥٦ ٢٠
٨٢ ٥٧
٨٣ ٥٨
٨٤ ٥٩
٨٥ ٦٠
٦١
•
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ♣
c error b error a error R PBt PBs PC c b a Flg item
5 4 3 2 1
10 1 3 9 ~77 *** .163 .084 1.255 .195 .179 .766 .215 -1.72 .303 1
~57 9 4 18 11 *** .147 .195 .589 .204 .145 .572 .215 .440 .331 2
~34 27 7 28 4 0.07 .239 .091 .592 .074 .110 .340 .216 3.000 .347 P 3
46 ~23 11 14 6 0.064 .223 .086 4.158 .004 .044 .232 .181 3.000 .408 RPK 4
2 2 14 ~33 50 0.069 .237 .090 .958 .077 .098 .328 .213 3.000 .358 P 5
6 9 ~8 45 31 0.05 .201 .079 7.311 .036 .017 .083 .107 3.000 .531 RPK 6
~51 8 28 10 2 0.095 .160 .153 .748 .149 .139 .509 .220 1.118 .327 7
7 5 9 ~33 46 0.069 .231 .089 .257 .104 .096 .330 .206 2.965 .354 P 8
21 10 ~43 22 4 0.085 .155 .116 .209 .214 .258 .433 .199 1.572 .361 9
1 2 6 16 ~74 *** .164 .095 1.350 .167 .152 .743 .217 -1.45 .293 P 10
5 2 11 ~38 44 0.073 .241 .094 1.093 .031 .124 .378 .236 2.900 .337 11
6 5 ~12 46 31 0.055 .198 .077 5.389 .178 .211 .123 .120 3.000 .463 RP 12
50 25 ~10 11 4 0.053 .202 .079 6.729 .023 .062 .100 .116 3.000 .500 RP 13
60 ~13 16 7 4 0.056 .208 .081 6.333 -.03 -.01 .133 .135 3.000 .477 RPK 14
46 23 ~18 10 3 0.06 .211 .082 4.410 .079 .092 .183 .152 3.000 .428 RP 15
52 ~18 13 11 6 0.06 .211 .082 4.573 .068 .119 .180 .152 3.000 .431 RPK 16
5 3 ~42 32 17 0.083 .155 .111 .511 .234 .277 .418 .194 1.650 .367 17
24 8 8 ~30 30 0.068 .232 .089 1.945 .060 .130 .297 .204 3.000 .366 P 18
25 11 9 27 ~28 0.067 .229 .087 2.243 .068 .053 .281 .196 3.000 .373 RPK 19
~30 12 6 16 36 0.067 .228 .087 .788 .130 .188 .302 .194 3.000 .362 P 20
2 ~98 *** .150 .058 4.639 .124 .079 .976 .196 -3.00 .486 RP 21
~57 43 *** .143 .193 .471 .223 .222 .569 .213 .440 .339 22
48 ~52 0.09 .204 .132 3.008 -.053 .024 .518 .273 1.721 .295 RPK 23
~60 40 *** .188 .219 3.072 -.028 .023 .601 .251 .523 .267 RPK 24
~20 80 0.061 .225 .088 6.279 -.141 -.039 .198 .175 3.000 .453 RPK 25
30 ~70 *** .155 .118 1.199 .189 .211 .700 .218 -.877 .306 26
~79 21 *** .158 .076 .865 .242 .231 .786 .211 -1.901 .320 27
61 ~39 0.073 .242 .096 1.380 .014 .126 .387 .244 2.881 .336 28
~55 45 *** .161 .185 1.134 .134 .170 .552 .227 .763 .314 29
~61 39 *** .128 .159 .442 .323 .342 .614 .201 -.063 .369 30
~57 43 *** .138 .191 .216 .255 .300 .573 .208 .364 .348 31
28 ~72 *** .163 .106 1.462 .165 .191 .723 .219 -1.187 .293 P 32
~62 38 *** .125 .150 .607 .346 .383 .622 .199 -.136 .376 33
23 ~77 *** .167 .084 1.600 .155 .096 .768 .216 -1.773 .294 P 34
~71 29 *** .123 .093 .835 .411 .397 .711 .199 -.910 .392 35
36 ~64 *** .151 .165 1.150 .182 .157 .643 .219 -.235 .313 36
~50 50 0.091 .177 .135 1.422 .083 .239 .497 .237 1.461 .316 37
~88 12 *** .182 .062 1.593 .163 .119 .877 .210 -3.000 .312 P 38
♣
ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ *** إﻟﻰ أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺬآﺮ.
ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ) (٥ ،٤ ،٣ ، ٢ ،١ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ١ـ ٢٠ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل )ﺹ ،ﻡ.ﺹ ،ﺏ.ﻥ ، •
ﻡ.ﺥ ،ﺥ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ٢١ـ ٣٦ﻓﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (١ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻭﺍﺭﺩ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (٢ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ( .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ٣٧ـ ٨٥
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (١ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (٢ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺘﺒﺔ( .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (١ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻗﻭﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) (٢ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل )ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ(.
٨٩
•
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ♣
c error b error a error R PBt PBs PC c b a Flg item
5 4 3 2 1
21~ 79 0.062 .223 .087 5.446 -.074 -.043 .208 .175 3.000 .436 RPK 39
68~ 32 *** .161 .142 1.603 .142 .190 .677 .223 -.608 .293 P 40
17 83~ *** .152 .066 .288 .336 .250 .826 .207 -2.269 .356 41
32~ 68 0.069 .246 .094 3.861 -.083 .018 .319 .235 3.000 .372 RPK 42
35 65~ *** .141 .143 .574 .250 .240 .653 .212 -.382 .334 43
40 60~ *** .146 .191 .738 .208 .212 .602 .217 .163 .327 44
75~ 25 *** .158 .089 1.008 .217 .266 .752 .215 -1.507 .308 45
42~ 58 0.08 .196 .103 1.184 .074 .215 .424 .233 2.190 .337 46
78~ 22 *** .158 .078 .851 .237 .229 .779 .212 -1.828 .316 47
45 55~ *** .174 .179 1.859 .066 .062 .554 .240 .913 .298 P 48
20~ 80 0.061 .222 .087 5.907 -.103 -.064 .199 .172 3.000 .446 RPK 49
73~ 27 *** .134 .089 .382 .354 .308 .732 .205 -1.159 .363 50
69~ 31 *** .131 .107 .375 .344 .310 .692 .204 -.762 .363 51
19 81~ *** .175 .071 1.521 .170 .160 .811 .214 -2.392 .296 P 52
50~ 50 0.085 .220 .118 3.047 -.079 .049 .495 .281 2.104 .300 RK 53
53~ 47 0.099 .149 .172 .448 .204 .343 .530 .214 .831 .339 54
20~ 80 0.061 .220 .086 5.411 -.067 .031 .200 .170 3.000 .435 RPK 55
77~ 23 *** .155 .081 .771 .248 .204 .769 .212 -1.684 .320 56
23~ 77 0.063 .228 .088 5.307 -.099 -.016 .231 .189 3.000 .423 RPK 57
9~ 91 0.051 .209 .083 8.354 -.185 -.103 .088 .117 3.000 .539 RPK 58
25 75~ *** .162 .094 1.394 .171 .170 .746 .217 -1.451 .298 P 59
22~ 78 0.063 .220 .085 4.246 .016 .169 .218 .174 3.000 .416 RP 60
13~ 87 0.056 .206 .080 5.777 .034 .091 .135 .134 3.000 .466 RP 61
50~ 50 0.093 .158 .144 .543 .168 .278 .495 .217 1.206 .334 62
37 63~ *** .167 .193 1.927 .094 .133 .633 .229 -.073 .287 P 63
43~ 57 0.081 .199 .106 1.073 .064 .130 .434 .234 2.153 .323 64
32 68~ *** .178 .158 2.745 .033 .035 .676 .232 -.592 .266 RP 65
47~ 53 0.087 .180 .122 1.364 .082 .103 .471 .234 1.686 .325 66
28~ 72 0.067 .233 .089 3.383 -.006 .099 .279 .205 3.000 .383 RPK 67
82~ 18 *** .168 .069 .993 .223 .166 .817 .211 -2.368 .313 68
14~ 86 0.057 .205 .080 5.505 .063 .121 .143 .134 3.000 .463 RP 69
56~ 44 *** .132 .187 .353 .291 .292 .563 .202 .396 .363 70
6~ 94 0.049 .199 .079 7.896 .003 -.012 .062 .098 3.000 .543 RP 71
37 63~ *** .175 .202 2.265 .050 .081 .634 .234 -.050 .275 RP 72
41~ 59 0.078 .201 .099 1.143 .072 .171 .407 .230 2.339 .341 73
47~ 53 0.085 .195 .116 2.091 .015 .034 .473 .252 1.916 .318 R 74
24~ 76 0.064 .222 .085 3.578 .042 .094 .237 .179 3.000 .398 RP 75
15 85~ *** .180 .064 1.283 .186 .178 .846 .211 -2.844 .307 76
48~ 52 0.089 .165 .131 .840 .141 .297 .479 .222 1.434 .336 77
26~ 74 0.065 .234 .090 4.848 -.094 -.031 .260 .205 3.000 .407 RPK 78
81~ 19 *** .160 .070 .640 .261 .220 .810 .210 -2.191 .326 79
31~ 69 0.069 .242 .092 2.970 -.030 .044 .314 .225 3.000 .366 RPK 80
32~ 68 0.069 .241 .092 2.270 .008 .099 .322 .222 3.000 .359 RP 81
26 74~ *** .164 .098 1.533 .148 .152 .737 .217 -1.375 .293 P 82
58~ 42 *** .136 .187 .194 .269 .322 .584 .207 .245 .351 83
42~ 58 0.08 .188 .104 1.012 .093 .189 .424 .227 2.091 .340 84
39~ 61 0.076 .210 .096 .679 .078 .173 .388 .223 2.521 .336 85
9 91~ *** .180 .061 3.179 .045 .081 .909 .208 -3.000 .318 RP 86
86~ 14 *** .179 .062 .989 .218 .180 .857 .210 -2.961 .318 P 87
50~ 50 0.091 .176 .137 1.489 .080 .114 .500 .237 1.427 .315 88
83 17~ 0.059 .216 .085 6.270 -.095 -.044 .169 .156 3.000 .464 RPK 89
28~ 72 0.067 .233 .089 3.056 .007 .098 .285 .205 3.000 .376 RP 90
44 56~ 0.1 .183 .176 2.449 .018 .106 .556 .251 1.010 .289 RP 91
46~ 54 0.084 .198 .113 1.559 .032 .098 .460 .245 2.002 .315 92
62~ 38 *** .176 .217 2.466 .038 .123 .616 .239 .213 .276 RP 93
48 52~ 0.095 .178 .152 1.890 .055 .086 .523 .242 1.251 .305 94
30 70~ *** .160 .124 1.542 .156 .199 .696 .221 -.847 .295 P 95
49~ 51 0.095 .138 .155 .346 .265 .314 .493 .198 .961 .367 96
27 73~ *** .181 .108 2.778 .046 .035 .730 .225 -1.362 .264 RP 97
38 62~ *** .175 .216 2.568 .039 .091 .617 .239 .203 .278 RP 98
67~ 33 *** .155 .144 1.283 .177 .296 .668 .220 -.525 .305 99
٩٠
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )(٧
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ
رﻗﻢ
b error a error R PBt PBs PC b a flg
اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة
.254 .105 1.072 .000 .107 .965 -3.000 .580 P 1
.195 .114 1.863 .000 .283 .900 -2.461 .794 2
.133 .125 2.212 .000 .304 .309 1.185 .696 R 3
.118 .148 1.317 .000 .430 .541 -.090 .706 4
.125 .116 1.524 .000 .454 .726 -1.148 .792 5
.199 .119 1.401 .000 .348 .911 -2.530 .857 6
.134 .113 1.415 .000 .488 .803 -1.608 .897 7
.169 .125 1.007 .000 .495 .900 -2.252 1.005 8
.139 .113 1.760 .000 .361 .761 -1.407 .739 9
.136 .141 2.280 .000 .241 .622 -.622 .615 R 10
.107 .143 1.353 .000 .486 .467 .338 .792 11
.139 .111 1.689 .000 .413 .788 -1.552 .795 12
.122 .114 1.276 .000 .506 .757 -1.295 .884 13
.132 .145 2.302 .000 .269 .402 .735 .641 R 14
.127 .125 1.901 .000 .349 .309 1.151 .734 15
.110 .125 .674 .000 .500 .641 -.619 .826 16
.127 .116 1.385 .000 .534 .819 -1.628 1.018 17
.121 .113 1.304 .000 .512 .765 -1.326 .909 18
.113 .133 .810 .000 .467 .610 -.472 .765 19
.106 .117 1.427 .000 .630 .784 -1.264 1.134 20
.132 .114 1.654 .000 .508 .815 -1.643 .956 21
.111 .143 1.094 .000 .466 .541 -.074 .758 22
.117 .123 2.131 .000 .438 .301 1.142 .829 R 23
.089 .122 .483 .000 .622 .622 -.418 1.064 24
.114 .139 1.005 .000 .454 .579 -.302 .743 25
.137 .113 1.713 .000 .371 .209 1.613 .808 26
.141 .117 2.319 .000 .294 .255 1.463 .710 R 27
.119 .114 1.400 .000 .515 .745 -1.216 .888 28
.166 .108 2.301 .000 .199 .174 1.972 .705 R 29
.127 .129 1.870 .000 .353 .328 1.057 .714 30
٩١
ﻤﻠﺤﻕ )(٨
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
1 b a رﻗﻢ
•
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل c error
error error
R PBt PBs PC c b a flg
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
٢ ١
10 ~90 *** .102 .065 1.462 .274 .290 .900 .270 -1.897 .708 )أ(1
4 ~96 *** .125 .069 .834 .257 .338 .956 .263 -2.584 .800 )أ( 2
6 ~94 *** .098 .071 1.110 .371 .462 .942 .263 -2.116 .967 )أ(3
~97 3 *** .145 .074 .713 .226 .264 .973 .264 -2.913 .830 )أ( 4
~95 5 *** .123 .068 1.070 .248 .256 .954 .266 -2.532 .795 )أ( 5
5 ~95 *** .113 .070 .730 .309 .384 .953 .263 -2.399 .879 )أ(6
7 ~93 *** .088 .071 .925 .426 .539 .928 .255 -1.907 1.016 )أ( 7
7 ~93 *** .093 .070 1.013 .390 .499 .931 .259 -1.991 .953 )أ( 8
~95 5 *** .116 .067 .821 .269 .310 .947 .266 -2.402 .800 )أ( 9
~98 2 *** .152 .074 1.043 .203 .249 .977 .264 -3.000 .823 P )أ( 10
~97 3 *** .133 .078 1.040 .298 .392 .973 .262 -2.739 .942 )أ( 11
6 ~94 *** .102 .068 1.184 .353 .467 .935 .258 -2.150 .875 )أ( 12
~97 3 *** .128 .075 .747 .294 .370 .967 .261 -2.661 .907 )أ( 13
~97 3 *** .131 .073 1.160 .265 .305 .966 .264 -2.702 .859 )أ( 14
27 ~73 *** .077 .085 1.012 .383 .384 .730 .267 -.550 .738 )أ( 15
11 ~89 *** .084 .067 .618 .402 .461 .886 .261 -1.583 .875 )أ( 16
~97 3 *** .140 .076 .514 .255 .299 .973 .263 -2.843 .876 )أ( 17
11 ~89 *** .079 .068 1.077 .433 .475 .888 .262 -1.519 .948 )أ( 18
~95 5 *** .122 .068 .527 .258 .275 .954 .265 -2.520 .802 )أ( 19
~98 2 *** .153 .078 1.109 .226 .262 .980 .264 -3.000 .873 P )أ( 20
~97 3 *** .140 .071 1.235 .222 .269 .968 .264 -2.831 .803 )ب(1
22 ~78 *** .070 .075 1.233 .444 .443 .780 .261 -.809 .866 )ب( 2
8 ~92 *** .087 .070 .995 .412 .506 .923 .262 -1.839 .994 )ب(3
10 ~90 *** .083 .068 .964 .403 .441 .898 .267 -1.619 .934 )ب( 4
~96 4 *** .134 .070 1.059 .229 .243 .965 .265 -2.744 .806 )ب( 5
~92 8 *** .110 .065 1.668 .240 .230 .925 .272 -2.173 .717 )ب(6
10 ~90 *** .082 .068 .884 .440 .538 .900 .255 -1.652 .973 )ب( 7
~92 8 *** .105 .065 1.092 .275 .289 .919 .268 -2.070 .740 )ب( 8
~97 3 *** .149 .074 .896 .218 .277 .974 .263 -2.959 .825 P )ب( 9
11 ~89 *** .083 .067 .884 .426 .518 .894 .255 -1.633 .923 )ب( 10
~98 2 *** .151 .075 1.201 .213 .242 .976 .264 -2.983 .833 P )ب( 11
~98 2 *** .153 .078 .779 .231 .292 .979 .263 -3.000 .877 P )ب( 12
10 ~90 *** .082 .069 .801 .427 .507 .901 .261 -1.639 .969 )ب( 13
~96 4 *** .115 .071 .515 .301 .346 .955 .263 -2.427 .877 )ب( 14
~95 5 *** .121 .067 .977 .245 .256 .951 .267 -2.496 .783 )ب( 15
~92 8 *** .103 .066 .760 .299 .329 .925 .268 -2.069 .787 )ب( 16
36 ~64 *** .078 .107 .651 .320 .271 .641 .294 .096 .751 )ب( 17
7 ~93 *** .089 .071 1.057 .424 .518 .929 .256 -1.920 1.006 )ب( 18
13 ~87 *** .071 .069 1.057 .506 .580 .871 .249 -1.352 1.067 )ب( 19
~95 5 *** .110 .069 1.228 .309 .336 .948 .265 -2.316 .860 )ب( 20
6 ~94 *** .107 .067 .613 .305 .362 .938 .265 -2.219 .828 )ج(1
~97 3 *** .133 .071 .781 .246 .287 .966 .263 -2.734 .828 )ج( 2
~97 3 *** .146 .069 1.352 .176 .175 .967 .265 -2.922 .745 )ج(3
~95 5 *** .125 .065 1.175 .204 .212 .946 .268 -2.535 .717 )ج( 4
~91 9 *** .103 .065 .722 .266 .251 .908 .272 -1.950 .717 )ج( 5
11 ~89 *** .084 .067 .917 .405 .469 .893 .261 -1.621 .899 )ج(6
~95 5 *** .119 .069 1.005 .270 .291 .954 .266 -2.473 .826 )ج( 7
10 ~90 *** .079 .069 1.150 .453 .547 .897 .255 -1.592 1.004 )ج( 8
9 ~91 *** .090 .067 .874 .384 .472 .911 .259 -1.825 .882 )ج( 9
11 ~89 *** .077 .069 .739 .460 .537 .890 .257 -1.516 1.014 )ج( 10
~96 4 *** .120 .073 1.152 .306 .362 .962 .263 -2.526 .906 )ج( 11
6 ~94 *** .093 .072 1.231 .417 .551 .939 .254 -2.052 1.029 )ج( 12
~95 5 *** .116 .068 .441 .279 .319 .950 .264 -2.422 .818 )ج( 13
~97 3 *** .140 .075 .876 .249 .307 .972 .264 -2.843 .864 )ج( 14
11 ~89 *** .076 .069 .671 .472 .549 .885 .253 -1.492 1.016 )ج( 15
9 ~91 *** .085 .069 1.076 .423 .517 .913 .260 -1.750 .976 )ج( 16
~95 5 *** .107 .069 .892 .326 .360 .945 .264 -2.251 .879 )ج( 17
~94 6 *** .107 .068 .752 .311 .344 .941 .264 -2.243 .837 )ج( 18
ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ) ( ٢ ،١ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ )√( ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ )×( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ. •
٩٢
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
1 b a رﻗﻢ
•
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل c error
error error
R PBt PBs PC c b a flg
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
٢ ١
11 ~89 *** .087 .067 .622 .375 .422 .886 .263 -1.620 .823 )ج( 19
~94 6 *** .105 .068 .938 .325 .353 .938 .264 -2.192 .850 )ج( 20
~98 2 *** .153 .081 .830 .228 .306 .984 .263 -3.000 .912 P )د(1
15 ~85 *** .081 .069 1.292 .376 .391 .849 .270 -1.289 .805 )د( 2
12 ~88 *** .077 .068 1.105 .448 .507 .875 .257 -1.442 .946 )د(3
~95 5 *** .127 .065 1.504 .190 .162 .946 .269 -2.560 .702 )د( 4
19 ~81 *** .071 .072 .945 .454 .473 .807 .259 -.976 .895 )د( 5
~96 4 *** .126 .069 .599 .247 .270 .959 .265 -2.606 .810 )د(6
15 ~85 *** .079 .068 .900 .419 .471 .853 .256 -1.339 .849 )د( 7
~92 8 *** .109 .065 1.000 .243 .226 .918 .271 -2.115 .701 )د( 8
~93 7 *** .105 .066 .743 .303 .336 .931 .265 -2.143 .802 )د( 9
14 ~86 *** .085 .068 .975 .375 .425 .855 .261 -1.412 .775 )د( 10
10 ~90 *** .085 .067 .955 .417 .499 .900 .254 -1.709 .910 )د( 11
31 ~69 *** .075 .089 .985 .401 .397 .695 .260 -.371 .750 )د( 12
18 ~82 *** .074 .069 .881 .464 .517 .824 .247 -1.140 .874 )د( 13
~95 5 *** .119 .068 .503 .262 .290 .950 .265 -2.462 .798 )د( 14
11 ~89 *** .077 .068 .835 .471 .575 .887 .250 -1.530 .995 )د( 15
15 ~85 *** .073 .069 .881 .479 .551 .849 .248 -1.264 .949 )د( 16
~91 9 *** .098 .066 1.163 .307 .302 .913 .271 -1.917 .785 )د( 17
~92 8 *** .103 .066 .515 .294 .310 .923 .268 -2.060 .775 )د( 18
15 ~85 *** .075 .069 .644 .443 .482 .851 .260 -1.255 .911 )د( 19
13 ~87 *** .080 .068 1.026 .425 .474 .866 .257 -1.425 .866 )د( 20
~82 18 *** .108 .076 1.703 .152 .132 .822 .287 -1.350 .533 )هـ(1
9 ~91 *** .086 .068 .613 .404 .467 .910 .262 -1.748 .938 )هـ( 2
12 ~88 *** .080 .068 .474 .418 .477 .876 .260 -1.479 .891 )هـ(3
~98 2 *** .152 .077 .606 .225 .274 .978 .263 -3.000 .861 P )هـ( 4
8 ~92 *** .102 .066 .519 .311 .361 .922 .263 -2.061 .786 )هـ( 5
26 ~74 *** .094 .092 1.840 .250 .265 .737 .284 -.618 .584 )هـ(6
~95 5 *** .117 .067 .924 .254 .256 .946 .267 -2.405 .781 )هـ( 7
9 ~91 *** .085 .069 .926 .417 .503 .911 .260 -1.749 .964 )هـ( 8
~93 7 *** .114 .065 1.145 .235 .225 .931 .269 -2.269 .716 )هـ( 9
8 ~92 *** .083 .072 1.146 .456 .575 .925 .255 -1.808 1.099 )هـ( 10
~93 7 *** .108 .065 1.118 .262 .256 .925 .269 -2.142 .739 )هـ( 11
23 ~77 *** .070 .075 1.147 .461 .489 .771 .250 -.800 .852 )هـ( 12
~96 4 *** .122 .070 1.034 .277 .331 .957 .263 -2.542 .837 )هـ( 13
~95 5 *** .111 .068 .638 .306 .349 .946 .263 -2.325 .843 )هـ( 14
13 ~87 *** .079 .068 1.123 .431 .500 .869 .256 -1.432 .891 )هـ( 15
~90 10 *** .101 .065 1.224 .264 .250 .896 .273 -1.848 .697 )هـ( 16
~90 10 *** .104 .065 1.595 .242 .210 .903 .275 -1.934 .687 )هـ( 17
23 ~77 *** .076 .077 .706 .396 .414 .775 .264 -.812 .770 )هـ( 18
~89 11 *** .093 .067 1.147 .318 .311 .894 .274 -1.702 .775 )هـ( 19
22 ~78 *** .086 .079 .960 .311 .314 .782 .276 -.892 .665 )هـ( 20
9 ~91 *** .096 .066 .545 .324 .364 .908 .267 -1.870 .792 )و(1
~94 6 *** .106 .068 .554 .319 .380 .939 .263 -2.220 .844 )و( 2
15 ~85 *** .078 .069 .504 .418 .453 .851 .262 -1.290 .865 )و(3
~93 7 *** .121 .064 1.129 .195 .209 .931 .268 -2.385 .666 )و( 4
~97 3 *** .151 .069 1.801 .158 .154 .967 .265 -2.997 .733 P )و( 5
20 ~80 *** .075 .072 1.202 .433 .476 .796 .251 -.984 .805 )و(6
7 ~93 *** .096 .068 .926 .372 .470 .926 .258 -1.999 .893 )و( 7
31 ~69 *** .069 .086 1.262 .444 .430 .693 .254 -.360 .825 )و( 8
~92 8 *** .104 .065 .705 .283 .292 .916 .268 -2.029 .744 )و( 9
8 ~92 *** .096 .066 .631 .350 .403 .916 .260 -1.943 .829 )و( 10
13 ~87 *** .082 .067 .938 .413 .481 .872 .256 -1.494 .854 )و( 11
~97 3 *** .151 .071 1.383 .178 .205 .970 .265 -3.000 .762 P )و( 12
~93 7 *** .117 .064 1.089 .207 .206 .927 .270 -2.292 .676 )و( 13
38 ~62 *** .079 .108 .815 .345 .313 .618 .276 .145 .729 )و( 14
~93 7 *** .108 .065 .927 .262 .256 .926 .269 -2.152 .741 )و( 15
~89 12 *** .092 .067 1.362 .319 .314 .885 .272 -1.642 .761 )و( 16
~93 7 *** .104 .067 .926 .316 .327 .933 .265 -2.141 .822 )و( 17
~92 8 *** .111 .065 .867 .243 .248 .925 .268 -2.192 .710 )و( 18
17 ~83 *** .075 .070 .689 .426 .451 .832 .264 -1.139 .863 )و( 19
~93 7 *** .108 .065 .734 .274 .292 .926 .266 -2.164 .744 )و( 20
14 ~86 *** .087 .068 1.391 .344 .377 .856 .268 -1.415 .750 )ز(1
13 ~87 *** .080 .068 .756 .421 .486 .870 .259 -1.431 .885 )ز( 2
~86 14 *** .101 .068 1.221 .236 .222 .860 .276 -1.594 .624 )ز(3
11 ~89 *** .087 .067 1.184 .383 .449 .887 .260 -1.628 .836 )ز( 4
~90 10 *** .104 .065 1.340 .246 .215 .900 .274 -1.908 .686 )ز( 5
٩٣
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
1 b a رﻗﻢ
•
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل c error
error error
R PBt PBs PC c b a flg
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
٢ ١
~92 8 *** .105 .065 1.178 .279 .289 .916 .267 -2.049 .734 )ز(6
~90 10 *** .099 .066 1.543 .280 .267 .900 .274 -1.834 .731 )ز( 7
11 ~89 *** .082 .067 .881 .439 .530 .890 .250 -1.619 .918 )ز( 8
18 ~82 *** .072 .071 1.907 .447 .463 .823 .262 -1.058 .906 )ز( 9
~83 17 *** .085 .073 1.217 .307 .259 .828 .289 -1.128 .726 )ز( 10
10 ~90 *** .086 .067 .987 .401 .477 .903 .260 -1.720 .902 )ز( 11
~96 4 *** .129 .069 .867 .239 .264 .960 .265 -2.658 .803 )ز( 12
10 ~90 *** .091 .066 .647 .353 .401 .896 .264 -1.727 .807 )ز( 13
~92 8 *** .099 .066 1.726 .300 .284 .915 .272 -1.946 .779 )ز( 14
9 ~91 *** .082 .069 1.091 .465 .577 .906 .248 -1.713 1.006 )ز( 15
15 ~85 *** .081 .068 1.224 .401 .451 .852 .258 -1.356 .813 )ز( 16
20 ~80 *** .068 .072 1.110 .488 .511 .800 .250 -.924 .936 )ز( 17
~92 8 *** .099 .066 1.021 .319 .323 .920 .268 -1.974 .808 )ز( 18
18 ~82 *** .077 .071 .342 .416 .442 .821 .261 -1.100 .821 )ز( 19
~92 8 *** .109 .065 .734 .245 .234 .917 .270 -2.099 .699 )ز( 20
21 ~79 *** .082 .076 1.341 .365 .390 .786 .263 -.939 .715 )ح(1
~95 5 *** .123 .066 .824 .230 .243 .949 .266 -2.512 .750 )ح( 2
7 ~93 *** .096 .068 .935 .369 .453 .927 .260 -1.999 .892 )ح(3
~89 11 *** .102 .066 1.464 .245 .216 .889 .277 -1.796 .674 )ح( 4
8 ~92 *** .094 .067 .709 .369 .456 .921 .260 -1.943 .877 )ح( 5
28 ~72 *** .065 .081 1.163 .479 .457 .718 .255 -.461 .921 )ح(6
~93 7 *** .108 .066 1.388 .272 .260 .932 .269 -2.188 .771 )ح( 7
20 ~80 *** .069 .073 .464 .455 .471 .804 .262 -.928 .921 )ح( 8
~93 7 *** .103 .066 1.075 .302 .304 .928 .268 -2.091 .803 )ح( 9
21 ~79 *** .077 .074 1.263 .402 .423 .786 .258 -.919 .768 )ح( 10
~95 5 *** .124 .066 1.316 .214 .217 .946 .267 -2.522 .724 )ح( 11
~94 6 *** .107 .068 .918 .301 .318 .941 .268 -2.221 .838 )ح( 12
~95 5 *** .121 .069 .468 .263 .286 .954 .265 -2.513 .811 )ح( 13
~93 7 *** .098 .067 1.340 .327 .332 .925 .269 -2.001 .839 )ح( 14
7 ~93 *** .088 .070 1.116 .428 .533 .925 .256 -1.882 1.005 )ح( 15
19 ~81 *** .065 .072 .967 .510 .531 .812 .252 -.957 1.021 )ح( 16
7 ~93 *** .090 .070 .921 .410 .489 .928 .259 -1.923 .975 )ح( 17
~89 11 *** .093 .066 .759 .312 .297 .887 .272 -1.677 .747 )ح( 18
13 ~87 *** .075 .068 1.157 .464 .538 .865 .252 -1.371 .945 )ح( 19
15 ~85 *** .078 .068 .507 .428 .483 .847 .256 -1.289 .847 )ح( 20
~91 9 *** .109 .064 1.290 .226 .216 .911 .272 -2.075 .674 )ط(1
6 ~94 *** .100 .070 .708 .376 .476 .940 .257 -2.149 .938 )ط( 2
8 ~92 *** .090 .069 .734 .407 .504 .925 .257 -1.914 .960 )ط(3
~95 5 *** .125 .067 .765 .232 .263 .951 .265 -2.555 .758 )ط( 4
~99 1 *** .153 .079 .978 .178 .202 .987 .263 -3.000 .884 P )ط( 5
~98 2 *** .152 .074 .661 .164 .168 .981 .265 -3.000 .816 P )ط(6
6 ~94 *** .096 .072 .759 .394 .495 .940 .259 -2.082 .991 )ط( 7
8 ~92 *** .086 .070 .919 .434 .538 .919 .253 -1.833 .996 )ط( 8
10 ~90 *** .093 .066 1.347 .364 .436 .902 .257 -1.824 .811 )ط( 9
~91 9 *** .106 .065 .945 .255 .268 .909 .269 -2.017 .699 )ط( 10
~91 9 *** .101 .066 1.200 .276 .252 .908 .274 -1.912 .737 )ط( 11
16 ~84 *** .075 .068 1.250 .461 .535 .839 .247 -1.248 .881 )ط( 12
12 ~88 *** .080 .068 1.064 .441 .530 .883 .254 -1.527 .927 )ط( 13
~95 5 *** .125 .066 1.204 .215 .207 .949 .267 -2.544 .735 )ط( 14
12 ~88 *** .087 .066 .909 .386 .443 .883 .257 -1.622 .814 )ط( 15
~91 9 *** .096 .066 1.634 .322 .346 .912 .268 -1.893 .800 )ط( 16
10 ~90 *** .085 .068 1.268 .412 .477 .904 .261 -1.691 .929 )ط( 17
~94 6 *** .109 .067 .391 .302 .333 .941 .264 -2.263 .823 )ط( 18
~95 5 *** .119 .068 1.320 .265 .281 .952 .266 -2.465 .811 )ط( 19
~81 19 *** .090 .075 .941 .277 .244 .814 .285 -1.095 .662 )ط( 20
~98 2 *** .152 .076 .981 .172 .223 .983 .263 -3.000 .839 P )ي(1
7 ~93 *** .095 .068 .750 .380 .482 .929 .258 -2.009 .912 )ي( 2
~94 6 *** .122 .066 .773 .216 .207 .945 .267 -2.488 .726 )ي(3
15 ~85 *** .088 .069 1.180 .335 .355 .849 .268 -1.387 .725 )ي( 4
~97 3 *** .151 .072 .726 .182 .197 .971 .265 -3.000 .776 P )ي( 5
13 ~87 *** .084 .067 .999 .387 .449 .868 .259 -1.483 .813 )ي(6
~95 5 *** .114 .068 1.499 .281 .293 .948 .266 -2.376 .822 )ي( 7
~96 4 *** .125 .070 .787 .258 .282 .960 .265 -2.591 .828 )ي( 8
8 ~92 *** .096 .067 1.022 .358 .433 .922 .261 -1.966 .858 )ي( 9
~96 4 *** .138 .068 1.076 .189 .201 .961 .266 -2.793 .739 )ي( 10
8 ~92 *** .085 .071 1.181 .438 .553 .924 .256 -1.831 1.049 )ي( 11
19 ~81 *** .072 .072 1.412 .446 .472 .811 .259 -1.004 .878 )ي( 12
٩٤
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
1 b a رﻗﻢ
•
ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل c error
error error
R PBt PBs PC c b a flg
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
٢ ١
89~ 11 *** .104 .065 .776 .231 .214 .894 .275 -1.866 .663 13 ()ي
24 76~ *** .079 .079 1.150 .380 .391 .764 .265 -.767 .734 14 ()ي
91~ 9 *** .104 .065 1.231 .259 .250 .911 .272 -1.993 .716 15 ()ي
25 75~ *** .076 .081 .840 .395 .408 .748 .262 -.665 .752 16 ()ي
20 80~ *** .081 .073 1.726 .386 .431 .800 .256 -1.034 .735 17 ()ي
15 85~ *** .075 .068 .556 .456 .511 .847 .251 -1.275 .892 18 ()ي
12 88~ *** .075 .069 .719 .479 .557 .885 .253 -1.478 1.018 19 ()ي
96~ 4 *** .129 .069 .913 .236 .237 .961 .266 -2.658 .798 20 ()ي
٩٥
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ً
ﺃﻭﻻ ـ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
٩٦
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻔـﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ؛ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ
ﻤﺜل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ.
ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴـﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻅـﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﻠـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل :ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗـﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
.١ﻫل ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ(؟
.٢ﻫل ﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ؟
٩٧
ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
• ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
.١ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻁﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻠﻴﺴﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ )ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴـﻰ ﺤﺎﻤـﺩ ﻫﻨـﺩﺍﻡ،
.(١٩٧٦
.٢ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ )ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ.(١٩٨٧ ،
.٣ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ :ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺭﻨﺵ ﻭﺯﻤﻼﺌﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﺏ )ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟـﺭﺤﻴﻡ،
.(١٩٨٥
• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺩ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ١٠٢٤ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻﻟﻲ :ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ٢٥٩ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻔﻴﺔ :ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ١٠٢٣ﻁﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻼﺏ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻨﺱ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ.
٩٨
ً
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ـ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ
٩٩
Faculty of Education
Educ. Psychology dept.
A thesis
Submitted as a requirement for the Ph.D. in education
(Psychological Measurement)
By
Mohammed M.M. Abd-alwahap
Assistant lecturer in Educ. Psychology dept.
Supervised by
2010 - 1431
a
Introduction:
Measurement theories have been developed in order to achieve objectivity
and accuracy of measurement tools. Psychological measurement experts looked for
the best solutions for classical test theory (CTT) problems, For such reasons some
modern theories such as item response theory (IRT) and generalizability one have
appeared.
b
3- IRT models used in calibrating items:
3UPLM was used in calibrating items in critical thinking test and hidden
models test, while 2UPLM was used in calibrating items in the reasoning thinking
test using Xcalibre (tm) for Windows 95/NT - Version 1.10 and WinGen: Windows
software that generates IRT parameters and item responses .