Is there a significant difference between Non-Teaching and Teaching personnel in terms of their

KAP?
Table 6.1. Significant Difference between Non-Teaching and Teaching in terms of their
knowledge of Covid-19

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the

Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error Difference

F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

Knowledge Equal variances
0.068 0.795 -0.570 151 0.570 -0.02191 0.03845 -0.09788 0.05406
assumed

Equal variances
-0.588 58.430 0.559 -0.02191 0.03729 -0.09655 0.05273
not assumed

The p-value of Levene's test is printed as "0.795" (If this test result had not been
significant -- that is if we had observed p > α -- then we would have used the "Equal variances
assumed" output.)
The two sample t-test estimates that the mean difference is -0.02191. The confidence
interval indicates that the mean difference between these two personnel for the entire population
is likely between -0.09788 and 0.05406.
Since p-value = 0.570 is greater than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we cannot
reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the knowledge for NTP and TP is not significantly
different. There is no significant difference in terms of knowledge between NTP and TP ( t 151= -
0.570, p = 0.570).

.
 Table 6.2. Significant Difference between Non-Teaching and Teaching in terms of their Attitude
of Covid-19

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

Attitude Equal variances

0.325 0.570 -0.832 151 0.407 -0.09057 0.10885 -0.30564 0.12449
assumed

Equal variances
-0.810 53.564 0.422 -0.09057 0.11188 -0.31492 0.13378
not assumed

The p-value of Levene's test is printed as "0.570" (If this test result had not been
significant -- that is if we had observed p > α -- then we would have used the "Equal variances
assumed" output.)
The two sample t-test estimates that the mean difference is -0.09057. The confidence
interval indicates that the mean difference between these two personnel for the entire population
is likely between -0.30564 and 0.12449.
Since p-value = 0.407 is greater than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we cannot
reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the Attitude for NTP and TP is not significantly
different. There is no significant difference in terms of Attitude between NTP and TP ( t 151= -
0.832, p = 0.407).

Consistent with the findings of the study by Srivastava & Reddy (2020) could not found
any significant correlation between attitude and the socio-demographic variable (sex, age,
qualification, and level of education) at (p < 0.05) of the university students towards prevention
of COVID-19.

Additionally, the study by Olum et. al (2020) found that the results of the multivariate
analysis revealed that Health Care Workers who used mainstream media like television to access
information on COVID-19 were four times more likely to have a good attitude, this was however
not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant correlation between attitude and
the sociodemographic variable (sex, age, hospital, qualification, and level of education) at (p <
0.05).
 Table 6.3. Significant Difference between Non-Teaching and Teaching in terms of their
Practices of Covid-19
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

Practice Equal variances

0.055 0.815 -2.477 151 0.014 -0.17895 0.07224 -0.32167 -0.03623
assumed

Equal variances
-2.427 54.085 0.019 -0.17895 0.07374 -0.32679 -0.03111
not assumed

The p-value of Levene's test is printed as "0.815" (If this test result had not been
significant -- that is if we had observed p > α -- then we would have used the "Equal variances
assumed" output.)
The two sample t-test estimates that the mean difference is -0.17895. The confidence
interval indicates that the mean difference between these two personnel for the entire population
is likely between -0.32167 and -0.03623.
Since p-value = 0.014 is less than our chosen significance level α = 0.05, we can reject
the null hypothesis and conclude that the Practices for NTP and TP are significantly different.
There is a significant difference in terms of Practices between NTP and TP ( t 151= -2.477, p =
0.014).

The study by Chen (2021) found that the Practice scores significantly differed across age
groups, education levels, education worksite, and years of teaching. The results of multivariate
logistic analysis, female teachers were more likely to have good practices responding to COVID-
19 than their male counterparts. Furthermore, individuals with higher education levels were
significantly associated with good practices against COVID-19.
Additionally, Al Ahdab (2021) found that among the participants 253 were students, 316
were employed, 75 worked as freelancers, and 62 were unemployed. Results showed that the
practice scores varied significantly across gender, age groups, education levels, and occupations.
Results from multiple linear regression indicated that poor preventive practices were common
among male, young, and unemployed participants with significance levels of P < 0.01, P = .000,
and P < 0.01, respectively.
Srivastava, B., & Reddy, P. B. (2020). Assessment of KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice)
of university students towards prevention of COVID-19.

Olum, R., Chekwech, G., Wekha, G., Nassozi, D. R., & Bongomin, F. (2020). Coronavirus
disease-2019: knowledge, attitude, and practices of health care workers at Makerere University
Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Frontiers in public health, 8, 181.

Chen H, Zhang M, Su L, Cao H, Zhou X, Gu Z, Liu H, Wu F, Li Q, Xian J, Chen Q, Lin Q.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward COVID-19 Among Chinese Teachers, Shenzhen:
An Online Cross-sectional Study During the Global Outbreak of COVID-19. Front Public
Health. 2021 Aug 20;9:706830. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.706830. PMID: 34490191; PMCID:
PMC8417721.

Al Ahdab, S. (2021). A cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)

towards COVID-19 pandemic among the Syrian residents. BMC public health, 21, 1-7.