Form Long Span – Tension Structure

Form Active structure is an Architectural solution, some innovation Architect do with creativity. And we
discus some active structure this lesson, specially tension structure :

1. Bridge in Aqueduct by Eduardo Toroja

This bridge built at 1920 by Engineer Eduardo Toroja. This Structure originally designed to have big Column
in the middle of River, a Classic Structure with simple post & Beam System. But no one wanted to build a
column in the middle of the River so Toroja Gave them solution to built bridge that used Cable Stayed
Structure, so Basically he eliminate the foundation which is having to build in the middle of River and deep
down there. This solution need to change the original bridge design from 66 ft span to 200 Ft span that
beyond bending Structures without foundations in the middle of River.

Gambar Jembatan gantung ss (zoom biar jembatan aja)

From the picture, we know Toroja Design two big Towers to substitute the original Foundation. These towers
is towers of compression structure on either bank beyond the level of Aqueduct and he includes those
tension member that take place of the original pierce in the middle of river. Each of those tension has
corresponding back – stay the tension so the weight will be balance in the structure.

Because of this the towers won’t experience unequal stress in horizontal direction and cables is going to be
in tension, they lifting the bridge up so they’ll pulling down the towers & towers compression pushing back
up. So the bridge will balance with pull – push by towers and cables.

We know the bridge has middle part that have 66ft long as long as original bridge was, this is a supported
span that lies in cable supported span.

gambar pake gambar kerja yang atas bawah, bagian yang gambar kerja bawah di bulletin tengahnya
soalnya itu ada pembahasan khusus.

The interesting of this structure is the supported thing between the towers and span have same principle as
Cantilever with supported beam in the middle of the bridge. This diagram Shows the thinking of stress within
those tension element that pulling up & back. This reaction will happen in the joins of Aqueduct. Those
aren’t going to be lifting the Aqueduct up, but they going to be imparting a significant compressive stress
into Aqueduct.

Gambar diagram dibawah gambar jembatan, di zoom

So Toroja must design span that have essentially horizontal column. Because the shallower the tension the
bridge get, the greater horizontal force be.

The issue of cable structure designing is compression element that keeps cables up in the air. Usually
designing Aqueduct as compression number is handling the horizontal force within that shallow cables, so
the towers must slightly lower from the top. Then,, the tower will be separated from bottom and cables run
over the top and enchased in concrete. Then, they used hydraulic jack to cast into concrete to tighten the
cables so the cable will always tighten.

2. Cable Structure in Aircraft Hangar

Aircraft usually have problem with shallow cables because they have height restriction because the place
near where planes take off and landing. Therefore in the 50s there have this hangar in Texas that use cable
principal which is ideal. This structure is very ideal because have shop and other space in the middle of
frame and space for plane in the edge of structure to come in & out. So it make sense to consecrate the
structure with heavy compression in the middle and supported roof with cables and nothing vertically beam
in the edge except for the door.

Gambar semacam bandara dari slide selanjutnya

The problem is to limiting the height that middle centre frame which makes cables shallower, specially on
the edge. Therefore, the roof deck must be design to take high compression. The edge of cable will pulling
down taking weight part of roof so the cable will have shallow angel is pulling back more than its pulling up.
Thus, The engineer thicken the roof as it come to the centre to support.

gambar kerja nya

This structure is straight forward with symmetrically loaded in both side. They use one side weight to
balance the other side. This moment frame thick set on those shear wall marching down the hangar out of
balancing if there’s any wind or another natural force. That’s trying to lift up or push one side so shear wall
taking bending structure either side.

Then, the foundations take the weight of roof and frame, but must balance the overturning force like wind
that get in underneath the roof because of plane, this force trying to lifting the building up. So downwind
foundation must big enough to handle the overturning force.

Zoom bagian pondasi gambar kerja

This cable structure is pin connected made of steel which make it ductile and allowing to have flexibility of
movement in all members of structure.

Zoom bagian sambungan kabel – kabelnya.

3. Terminal JFK Airport

This design of structure is very clever, we can see this section have mast with elliptical plan. This cable
structure is pin connected so roof can back & front little bit. Top of that, it has cables that overhanging the
roof. Especially the roof designed to rain off people coming out the terminal and getting on plane, before we
use closed bridge today. The cables will pull back from tower and balancing the cantilever of the roof.

Gambar terminal yang potongan sama yang setengah lingkaran.

This terminal section looks like it’s unequal because there’s bigger span out over the aircraft inside the
terminal. So they built foundation that buried as a giant concrete anchor down there. They’ve weighted
down the cables backstage with vertical tensile struts or cables that embedded in concrete. So the weight of
concrete is balancing the span of cantilever roof. Unlike the hangar before, this case the dead weight of
concrete is balancing weight of roof.

Zoom bagian potongan dan kasih garis dari ujung atap ke tali terus dari tali ke tower, terus ke tiang
pancang terus ke pondasi.

This structure is architecturally clever because the low rake of cable and the architect work hard to make
visitor see a flying disk without pierce to support it, just with structure of tower and cables low enough. Just
like good Cantilever the roof topers with nothing in the end so make illusion of flying disk above glass
canopy. Gambar terminal yang tampak depan di slide.
4. Patscenter, Princeton

This is classic building Cable stayed roof that Richard roger & partner with Arabs designed efficient in
suburban office park, so there’s not height restriction. Thus the tower is much higher than the structure
from Aircraft and The main cables is steeper rake which take a lot compression wight out of roof its self.

Gambar nyata nya di slide

In the section, the cables anchored and anchored underneath it. They use tension ring for it cables, because
the force from those cables of the roof can be thinner. In the tower they use big disk to allow cables resolve
themselves without getting in each other way.

Gambar potongan yang besar di slide selanjutnya yang satu slide Cuma ada satu gambar

This building is controversial in engineering stand point because the span is about 70 -80 ft, it isn’t great that
done it in one bending structure. So foundations takes the balance between the two edges and this have
curtain walls where it’s look like column holding up the steam down, preventing uplift.

5. Santicala Bridge, Calatrave

This cable stayed bridge has cleverly way to do it, this two Alicante and span that Calatrava accept that he
have to use giant compression piece to take resolve loads within cables. So instead balancing backstay, he
used the bridge Alicante to balance the tension force those cables with the weight of itself. Because of that
the tower is leaning back and resisting pulling down by the pole that imparted to it cables.This is an
interesting essay about equilibrium that can handle backstay with simple anchorage.

Gambar jembatannya

The bridge deck is in part of compression element that pulling and lifting the bridge upand putting it on
compression. So this bridge deck must design with long column to being design as beam.

The bridge has giant moment that the tower is leaning so tendency of that tower to fall backward is
balancing the cables and bridge that use gravity work.

Gambar jembatan tampak atas.

6. Factory building by Narvi.

This Factory building use suspension cable, not cable-stayed system that is parallel, but like suspension
bridge it has loose cable that take natural Catenary shape when it loaded. That shape remains catenary
shape in continuous loaded across it’s length. But the amplitude will change and the cable will sag more.

The weight of roof in main span is partly balance by the weight in roof other span. So because there’s not
much end span so either towers designed like towers in bridge Calitrava, they’re leaning back and balancing
the weight roof with weight of its selves. This building have unique kind of legs that preventing them from
rotating and moving much.

Gambar asli bangunan.

The roof doesn’t need to be designed as compression element because it’s being supported at regular
interval by vertical cable. Therefore, it’s not feeling any pull or push from cable stayed version feel, but the
vertical cable from this building put their load into catenary cable above which change shape in every point
along it’s equilibrium. So the roof feel vertically supported.
For the interior, there aren’t column. So Nervi making something structurally expressive and column -free
space that make it signature building with that unique of him.