Part 1 PQuality

Power Quality in Electrical Systems
Bin Wu Fellow IEEE

Professor
Ryerson University
Toronto, Canada
Reference:
A. Kusko and M. Thompson, “Power
Quality in Electrical Systems”
B. Wu, “High Power Converters and AC

Drives”
Ryerson Campus
Main Topics
1. Introduction
2. Power Quality Standards
3. Voltage Distortion
4. Harmonics and Inter-harmonics
5. Harmonic Current Sources
6. Power Harmonic Filters
7. Power Quality Mitigation Methods
2
Topic 1
Introduction
• THD, PF and Per Unit System

• Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifiers
• Nonlinear Load - SCR Rectifiers
• Power Quality Events
3
Topic 1 Introduction
THD, PF and Per Unit System

Nonlinear Load
va
Ls a ia
vb
Ls b ib
vc
Ls c ic
Distorted Current Waveform

Power Quality Issues
4

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Phase voltage (pure sine): v a = 2 Va sin ω1t

∞
Line current (distorted): ia = ∑
n =1, 2 , 3,...
2 I an ( sin (ω nt ) − φ n )
1/ 2
⎛ 1
1/ 2
⎛ ∞
2 ⎞
(ia )2 d (ω t ) ⎞⎟
2π
RMS line current: Ia = ⎜ ∫0 = ⎜ ∑ I an ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ n=1, 2,3,... ⎠
I a2 − I a21
Line current THD: THD =
I a1
5

Power Factor (PF)
1 2π
Per-phase average (real) power: P = ∫ va × ia d (ω t ) = Va I a1 cosφ1
2π 0
Per-phase apparent power: S = Va I a

P V I cosφ1 I a1
Total power factor (PF): PF = = a a1 = cosφ1 = DF × DPF
S Va I a Ia
Distortion factor (DF) : DF = I a1 / I a
Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF = cos φ1
DPF
PF = f (THD) : PF =
1 + THD 2
6

Per Unit (PU) System
Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage: S R , VR
VR
Base voltage and frequency: VB = and ω B = 2π f1
3
S V
Base current and impedance: I B = R and Z B = B .
3VB IB
Z 1
Base inductance and capacitance: LB = B and C B =
ωB ωB ZB
Example
Rectifier ratings: 4160V, 60Hz, 2MVA.
Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu
Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu
7
Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Rectifier Circuit
id
D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a ia
vb
Ls b ib Cd R
∞ Vd
vc
Ls c ic
D4 D6 D2
Power Quality Issues Non-linear load
8

Industrial Applications
Ls
3Φ vo , f o
Cd
60 Hz
Power Quality Issues

ω m*
Variable-frequency drive
9

Variable-frequency drive
10

Vs Vo
Vd
Power Quality On-line UPS

Issues
Vo
Vs
Off-line UPS
11

UPS prototype developed at Ryerson for Lumacell Inc.
12

Current Waveforms - Discontinuous Current Operation
v vab vac vbc vba vca vcb vab vac
Vd
0 ωt
π 2π
ia
0 ωt
ib
0 ωt
ic
0 ωt
id
0 ωt
π 2π
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON Discontinuous DC Current
13

Current Waveforms - Continuous Current Operation
i
ia ib ic
Ip
ωt
π 2π
ib ic ia
γ
id θc
Ip
ωt
Continuous DC Current
Increase in Ls and/or load current will make current continuous.
14

Harmonic Analysis and THD
ia
ia1
Discontinuous Current
ia
ia1
Continuous Current
0 π 2π 3π 4π
Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
I an / I a1 (%)
I a1 = 0.2pu
63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7 Discontinuous Current
I an / I a1 (%)
I a1 = 1pu
30.4 8.79 6.31 3.40 2.30 1.89 1.04 1.03 32.7 Continuous Current
15

THD and Power Factor
THD(%) PF
100 1.0
A: L s = 0.05 C
80 B: L s = 0.10 0.9
C: L s = 0.15 B
60 0.8
A
A
A: L s = 0.05
40 0.7 B: L s = 0.10
B
C: L s = 0.15
C
20 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a 1 (pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a 1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
16
Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Rectifier Circuit
I d Ld = ∞
g1 g3 g5
va S1 S3 S5
ia
vb
ib
vd
vc
ic
g4 g6 g2
S4 S6 S2
Power Quality
Issues
17

id Ld
Utility
Grid
4160V Standard
Motor
iw is (0 ~ 4160V)
Isolation
Transformer
Cf
Power Quality
Issues
SCR Rectifier PWM CSI
Current source inverter (CSI) fed drive
18

Current source inverter (CSI) fed drive – Rockwell Automation Canada
19

Simulated Waveforms
v vP
va vb vc va vb
0 ωt
vN
vd vab vac vbc vba vca vcb vab vac
A1 Vd
ωt
ia φ
1 β1
Id
ia1
0 ωt
β2 S 6 , S1 S1 , S 2
ib
Id
0 ωt
ic
0 ωt
20

Fourier Analysis
⎛
I d ⎜ sin (ωt − φ1 ) − sin 5(ωt − φ1 ) − sin 7(ωt − φ1 ) + sin 11(ωt − φ1 )
2 3 1 1 1
ia =
π ⎝ 5 7 11
⎞
+ sin 13(ωt − φ1 ) − sin 17(ωt − φ1 ) − sin 19(ωt − φ1 ) + .... ⎟
1 1 1
13 17 19 ⎠
• RMS current
1/ 2
⎛ 1 ⎛ 5π 11π
⎞
(− I d )2 d (ω t ) ⎞⎟ ⎟⎟
1/ 2
⎛ 1
(ia )2 d (ω t ) ⎞⎟
2π +α +α
Ia = ⎜ ∫ = ⎜⎜ ⎜ ∫π ( I d ) d (ω t ) + ∫
6 2 6
7π
⎝ 2π 0
⎠ ⎝ 2π ⎝ 6 +α 6
+α
⎠⎠
2
= I d = 0.816 I d
3
• THD
I a2 − I a21 (0.816 I d ) 2 − (0.78 I d ) 2
THD = = = 0.311
I a1 0.78 I d
21

Power Factor
• Displacement Power Factor
φ1 = β 2 − β 1 = α
DPF = cos φ1 = cos α
• Overall Power Factor
cos φ1
PF = = 0.955 cosα
1 + THD 2
22

Harmonic Analysis and THD
ia ib
ia1
Ls = 0.05pu
ia ib
π 2 π 3π 2 2π
THD
Harmonics n 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
%
I an / I a 1 (%)
18.6 12.4 6.32 4.58 2.40 1.73 1.02 0.87 23.9
α = 0°
I an / I a 1 (%)
19.7 14.1 8.58 7.27 5.16 4.62 3.43 3.16 28.3
α = 30 °
23

THD and Power Factor
THD (%) THD (%)

32 32
A
A: Ls= 0 C
29 B: Ls= 0.05pu 29
B
C: Ls= 0.10pu
B A
α=0 °
26 26
C
A: α = 20°
B: α = 40°
23 23 C: α = 60°
Ls = 0.05pu
20 20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu)
(a) (b)
24
Power Quality Events

Typical Power Disturbances
Interruption Voltage Sag
Voltage Swell Long Duration Variations
25
Power Quality Events

Typical Power Disturbances
Impulsive Transient Oscillatory Transient
Harmonic Distortion Voltage Fluctuations Noise
26
Topic 2
Power Quality Standards
Main Topics
• IEEE Standards 519-1992
• CBEMA and ITIC Curves
• High Frequency EMI Standards
27
Topic 2 Power Quality Standards
IEEE Standards 519

IEEE Std 519-1992
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems Developed by IEEE IAS and
PES Societies
Rs jX s VPCC
Ih
PCC – Point of Common Coupling

IEEE Standards 519

Voltage Distortion Limits
29
IEEE Standards 519

Current Distortion Limits (120V to 69KV)
30
IEEE Standards 519

Current Distortion Limits (69KV to 161KV)
31
CBEMA and ITIC Curves

The CBEMA Curve (2004)
CBEMA – Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
Duration of
sags or swells
Computer equipment is sensitive to voltage sags and swells
32
CBEMA and ITIC Curves

The ITIC Curve (2004)
ITIC – Information Technology Industry Council
Duration of
sags or swells
33
High Frequency EMI Standards

Switch-Mode Power Supply
is
Vs Cbus
The power supply draws high frequency components

from the AC power line
34

Boost Converter
is
Vs
Typical boost converter with power factor correction
35

Conducted EMI Spectrum from a DC/DC Converter
MHz
36

Conducted EMI Limits by FCC
FCC - Federal Commutations Commission
FCCA
FCCB
MHz
Class A: for industrial equipment

Class B: for residential equipment
37

EN55022 Conducted EMI Limits
EN55022 – European Community’s Standard (widely used)
MHz
38
Topic 3
Voltage Distortion
Main Topics
• Voltage Sag and Swell

• Impulsive and Oscillatory Transients
• Interruption and Notching
• Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
• Voltage Imbalance
39
Topic 3 Voltage Distortion
Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag due to Single Line-to-Ground Fault
RMS
Voltage
Voltage
Waveform
40
Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag Caused by Motor Starting
X1 PCC X2
Im
RMS
Voltage
41
Voltage Sag
Histogram of Voltage Sag Duration
Survey by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)
42
Voltage Sag
R1 L1
VLOAD
µH
VS
Ω
Line to Neutral voltage: Motor rated current:

277V 100 A rms
Equivalent Circuits during motor starting
43
Voltage Sag
44
Voltage Swell
Voltage Swell Caused by a line-to-ground Fault
Instantaneous
rms Voltage
Voltage
Waveform
45
Impulsive Transient
Impulsive Transient
46
Impulsive Transient
Number of Thunderstorm Days per year in the U.S.
47
Impulsive Transient
Lightning Stroke Circuit
vs L1 R1 VLOAD
µH Ω
vs
Modeling of Lighting Stroke
The lightning strike is modeled as a triangular pulse of

current injected into the line.
48
Impulsive Transient
Lightning Stroke – Simulated Waveforms
micro
second
Simulated transient current and load voltage
49
Oscillatory Transient
R L
C1 C2
Circuit for producing an oscillatory transient
50
Capacitor Bank Switching Circuit
vs R1 L1
VLOAD
µH
vs µF
Line to Neutral voltage:

277V
Simulation Model
51
Capacitor Bank Switching Waveforms
Instantaneous Line Voltage
Capacitor Current
52
Interruption
Interruption
Line-to-neutral Voltage (rms)
First 200ms of the interruption
53
Notching
Voltage Notching
Ls
Ls
IL
Ls
A Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
Input voltage waveform with notching
54
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker

Flicker Propagation
55

Harmonic Content of Arc Furnace Current
56

Voltage Fluctuations
Voltage fluctuations caused by an arc furnace
57
Voltage Imbalances
Voltage Imbalance
Voltage Imbalance caused by unsymmetrical three-phase load
58
Summary
59
Summary
60
Topic 4
Harmonics and Inter-Harmonics
Main Topics
• Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics

• Inter-Harmonics
• Common-Mode (CM) Voltages
• Crest Factor
61
Topic 4 Harmonics and Inter-harmonics
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics

Periodical Waveforms
i1
i3
i5
I1 +I3 +I5
62
Periodic Waveforms and Harmonics

Periodical Waveforms – Three-level Inverter output voltages
vAZ
Inverter-leg
voltage
Inverter vAB
line-to-line
voltage
VAZn
Vd
Harmonic
Spectrum VABn
Vd
63
Inter-Harmonics
Inter-Harmonics Terminology
Inter-harmonics:
Non-integer Harmonics
Non-characteristic Harmonics
Non-periodical waveforms contain

inter-harmonics.
64
Inter-Harmonics
Inter-harmonics in Electric Drives
fs = 60Hz fo = 1Hz to 70Hz
Beat Frequency: fo - fs
Generates inter-harmonics
Solutions: Increasing Cd
65
Common Mode Voltages

CM Voltages in Electric Drives
id Ld
iw is
Cf Cf
• Both voltage source and current source converters generates CM voltages.

• CM voltages are harmful to the motor winding insulation.
• Isolation transformer is usually required to block the CM voltages.
66

Integrated DC Choke for CM Voltage Suppression
Ld Lcm
Ls
Cf Cf
Integrated
DC Choke
(US patent)
67

Integrated DC Choke – Producing both Ldiff and Lcm
y1
x1 x2
y2
x1 y1 is
idc = id + icm / 2
idc = id − icm / 2
x2 y2
Cf
icm
68

Test Results
v AB
is
idc
CM vA
Voltage
vO = vcm
icm
(a) Lcm = 0 (b) Lcm = 4.8pu

69
69
Crest Factor
Crest Factor
Sine Wave
+1.0
V pk
t Crest Factor = = 1.414
Vrms
-1.0
Square Wave
+1.0
V pk
t Crest Factor = =1
Vrms
-1.0
70
Topic 5
Harmonic Current Sources
Main Topics
• Nonlinear Loads
• Single and Multi-phase Rectifiers
• High-Frequency Harmonic Sources
• Transformers – Nonlinear device
71
Topic 5 Harmonic Current Sources
Nonlinear Loads
Nonlinear Load – an Example
Rs jX s VPCC
Ih
Nonlinear Load
72
Single and Multiphase Rectifiers

1Φ Diode Rectifier
is Rs jX s
vs C BUS vBUS IL
73

1Φ Diode Rectifier – Industrial applications
Vd Vo RLOAD
Vo ≤ Vd
Buck Converter
L
D
Vd Vd SW C Vo RLOAD Vo ≥ Vd
Boost Converter
1Φ diode rectifier for
switch mode L1 C1 L2
power supplies (SMPS) Vd D C2 Vo RLOAD
0 < Vo < ∞
Cuk Converter
74

Switch mode power supplies
75

is
vs C BUS
Electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps
76

Electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps
77

1Φ Diode Rectifier – Example
is Rs jX s
vs C BUS vBUS IL
Capacitor : 1000uF
78

DC voltage waveform
79

Line current waveform
80

Line current spectrum
81

DC filter capacitor: 1000uF and 10000uF
82

3Φ Diode Rectifier for Variable-Speed Drives
83

3Φ Diode Rectifier for Variable-Speed Drives
Line current waveform and harmonic spectrum

84
Transformers - Nonlinear Device

Nonlinear B/H Curve
85

Simplified Circuit
Ic
i (t )
µc
Ac
Electromagnetic circuit of an
inductance/transformer
86

Nonlinear Current Waveform
Nonlinear magnetizing current

of a transformer
87
Topic 6
Power Harmonic Filters
• Typical Power Systems

• Line Reactor and Shunt Passive Filters
• Multi-section Filters
• Practical Considerations for Passive Filters
• Active Harmonic Filters
• Hybrid Harmonic Filters
88
Topic 6 Power Harmonic Filters
Typical Power Systems

Typical Distribution System
89
Typical Power Systems

Power System Equivalent Circuit
Zu
Zt
Zu
Zm
90
Line Reactor
Line Reactor for Electric Drives
Line reactor is used as a filter
91
Line Reactor
Line Current Waveform from a 100HP Drive
Without an input line reactor Line current THD = 80.6%
92
Line Reactor
Line Current Waveform from a 100HP Drive
With a 0.03 pu (3%) line reactor The line current THD = 37.7%
93
Shunt Passive Filter

Shunt Filters Per phase diagram
for 3Φ balanced system
Single-tuned filter First order high-pass filter
C C1
R
L R L
C2
Second order high-pass filter Third order high-pass filter

94

Series Tuned Filter
L = 500uH, C = 563uF
R = 0.01Ω, 0.1Ω
95

Series Tuned Filter – Example
LS VO
Lf
vs
Cf
96

Series Tuned Filter – Example
Filter impedance
97
Multi-Section Filters
Multiple Section Filter – Block Diagram
ihc
ZS
Ih Z1 Z2 Z3 ZL
98
Multiple Section Filter – Impedance at PCC
Ls
Filters tuned at 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics
99
Multiple Section Filter – Impedance at PCC
100
Multiple Section Filter Design
Filter design to comply with IEEE Std 519
Ls
IL 15 17
vs
Fundamental load current: IL=100A

Harmonic sources: I5 = 20A and I7 = 15A
101
Distorted current waveform with I5 = 20A and I7 = 15A
102
Current spectrum with I5 = 20A and I7 = 15A
103
IEEE-519 Limits for line harmonic currents
Short Circuit Current

ISC (at PCC) = 277V/(2π60x100x10-6) = 7348A
Current Ratio
ISC/IL = 7348A/100A = 73.48
From IEEE-519 Table 10.3, I5 < 10% and I7 < 10%
Without filters, I5 = 20A = 20% and I7 = 15A = 15%

violates the standard.
104
105
Comply with IEEE-519 with tuned filters
Spectrum of line current (with the filters)
106
Practical Considerations
Tuning Harmonic filter sections are tuned below the
harmonic frequency to prevent the filter frequency
from shifting upward if one of more capacitors fail
or their fuses blow. Typical orders are 4.85 for the
5th harmonic, 6.7 for the 7th and 10.6 for the 11th
harmonics
Protection Capacitors are protected by fuses in small groups
to minimize the effect of fuse blowing.
Tolerances The combination of ratings for inductors and
capacitors should not result in resonance at an
undesired frequency
107
Rating Current rating of inductors and voltage rating of

capacitors must include the fundamental and
harmonic components
Location Filters must be located electrically close to the

nonlinear load that produces the harmonics
Detuning A change in system impedance and component

variations can result in some detuning of the
harmonic filter
108
Active Harmonic Filters

Introduction to Active Power Filter
Supply Is Ih
Ic
iS Ih
Active Power
Filter
Ic
Active Power Filter:

1.Detects load current harmonics
2.Generates current harmonics that have the same magnitude but 180º
out of phase
109
Active Harmonic Filters

Advantages of Active Power Filters
Superior The active filters can be tuned to a particular

Filtering application.
Performance
Smaller High switching speed allows for small capacitors

Physical Size and inductors to be small in size and weight.
Flexibility More flexible application compared to passive

filters.
110
Hybrid Harmonic Filters

Hybrid Filter
Is Ia I LOAD
Zs I af I pf
Z pf
Combination of passive and active filters
111
Topic 7
Power Quality Mitigation Methods
Main Topics
• Multi-pulse Rectifiers
• Active PWM Rectifiers
• Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
• Active Power Filters (APF)
112
Topic 7 Power Quality Mitigation Methods
Multi-pulse Rectifiers
12-pulse Diode Rectifier
i A = i a′ + i a~′ N2 Llk ia id
vA
Ls i A N1
vB
δ = 0° Cd ∞
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
~
b
c~
δ = 30°
Rectifier topology with a phase-shifting transformer
113
Why Use Multi-pulse Rectifiers?
• To reduce line current THD;

• To improve input power factor; and
• To avoid semiconductor devices in series.
114
i A = i a′ + i a~′ N2 Llk ia id
vA
Ls i A N1
vB
δ = 0° Cd ∞
Vd
N3 Llk ia~
vC a~
~
b
c~
δ = 30°
id
i A = ia′ + ia~′ Llk ia
δ = 0°
Ls i A Cd ∞
Vd
Llk ia~
δ = 30°
Simplified Block Diagram
115
12-pulse Diode Rectifier – Industrial Applications
⎫
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎭
Lf
Cd
Cf
Medium Voltage Drives
116
id
i A = ia′ + ia~′ Llk ia
δ = 0°
Ls i A Cd ∞
Vd
Llk ia~
δ = 30°
• Phase shifting transformer: δ = ∠Va~b~ − ∠VAB = 30°
• Secondary line-to-line voltage: Vab = Va~b~ = VAB / 2
N1 N1 2
• Turns ratio: =2 and = .
N2 N3 3
117
′ / Ia′1
I an
id n=1 THD = 24.1%
0.8
ia ia1 ( I a1 = 1pu ) 0.6 ′ / Ia′1 = Ian / Ia1
Ian
0.4
n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
0
(a)
I a~′ n / I a~′ 1
ia′ = ia′ / 2 0.8
n=1 THD = 24.1%
ia~′ 0.6 Ia~′ n / Ia~′ 1 = Ia~n / Ia~1
0.4
n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
0
(b)
I An / I A1
i A = ia′ + ia~′ 0.8
n=1
THD = 8.38%
i A1 ( I A1 = 1pu ) 0.6
0.4
0.2 11 13
0
π 2π 3π 4π 0 250 500 750 1000 f (Hz)
(c)
• No 5th or 7th harmonics in the line current.

• Primary line current THD: reduced from 24.1% to 8.38%
118
THD and PF
THD(%) PF
25 1.00
A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05
20 0.98
C: L s = 0.10 A
(L lk = 0.05) B
15 0.96
C
A
A: L s = 0.00
B B: L s = 0.05
10 0.94
C: L s = 0.10
C (L lk = 0.05)
5 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:

• THD is reduced; and
• PF is improved.
119
id
Llk ia
Z
i A = ia′ + i a~′ + ia′
δ = − 20 °
Ls iA L lk ia~ Cd ∞
Vd
δ = 0°
L lk ia
Z
δ = 20 °
Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer
120
ia~′ = ia~ / 3
ia′ ia′
i A = ia′ + ia~′ + ia′
0 π 2π 3π 4π
• No 5th, 7th, 11th, or 13th harmonics in the line current.

• Lowest harmonic: 17th
• Line current THD: 3.06%
121
ia
ia~
ia
iA
2 pu/div, 5ms/div
2 / 5 pu/div, 200Hz/div
Measured Waveforms
122
THD and PF
THD(%) PF
10 1.00
A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05 A
8 0.98
C: L s = 0.10 B
(L lk = 0.05) C
6 A 0.96
B A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05
4 0.94
C C: L s = 0.10
(L lk = 0.05)
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
123
12-pulse SCR Rectifier
I d Ld = ∞
Llk ia
i A = ia′ + ia~′
δ = 0° L
Ls i A O
A
vd
D
Llk ia~
δ = 30°
Main Benefits
- Low line current THD
- No SCRs in series
124
Ld
δ = 0°
Cf
δ = 30°
Application Example
Used for current source inverter (CSI) fed drive
125
Application: NASA wind tunnel, 100MW
Motor: Six-phase, synchronous
Phase shifting
Transformer
12-pulse
SCR Rectifier
Source: ABB
126
12-pulse SCR Rectifier ia
Id
π 2π
0 ωt
π /6 5π / 6
ia~
Idealized Rectifier:
Id
0 ωt
• SCRs are ideal →
no on-state voltage drop;
no switching losses ia′
Id 2
0 ωt
• Line reactance Ls = 0
ia~′
• Leakage inductance Llk = 0 0

1 1
ωt
Id Id
3 2 3
iA 1
Id
2 3
1
Id
2
0 ωt
1
Id
2 3
Waveforms of Idealized Rectifier (Ls = Llk = 0)
127
Fourier Analysis
Secondary currents
2 3 ⎛ 1 1 1 1
ia = I d ⎜ sin ωt − sin 5ωt − sin 7ωt + sin 11ωt + sin 13ωt
π ⎝ 5 7 11 13
1 1 ⎞
− sin 17ωt − sin 19ωt + .... ⎟
17 19 ⎠
2 3 ⎛ 1 1 1
ia~ = I d ⎜ sin(ωt + 30°) − sin 5(ωt + 30°) − sin 7(ωt + 30°) + sin 11(ωt + 30°)
π ⎝ 5 7 11
1 1 1 ⎞
+ sin 13(ωt + 30°) − sin 17(ωt + 30°) − sin 19(ωt + 30°) + .... ⎟
13 17 19 ⎠
128
Secondary currents referred to the primary side
3 1 1 1 1
ia′ = I d {sin ωt − sin 5ωt − sin 7ωt + sin 11ωt + sin 13ωt
π 5 7 11 13
1 1
− sin 17ωt − sin 19ωt + ....}
17 19
3 1 1 1 1
ia~′ = I d {sin ωt + sin 5ωt + sin 7ωt + sin 11ωt + sin 13ωt
π 5 7 11 13
1 1
+ sin 17ωt + sin 19ωt + ....}
17 19
Primary line current

2 3 1 1 1
i A = ia′ + ia~′ = I d {sin ωt + sin 11ωt + sin 13ωt + sin 23ωt
π 11 13 23
1
+ sin 25ωt + ....}
25
129
Line Current THD
Secondary side
I a2 − I a21 (I a25 + I a27 + I a211 + I a213 + ...)

1/ 2
THDi = = = 31.1%
a
I a1 I a1
Primary side
I A2 − I A21 (I A211 + I A213 + I A2 23 + I A2 25 + ...)

1/ 2
THDi = = = 15.3%
A
I A1 I A1
130
2 ia1
ia
2
iA i A1
0 π 2π 3π 4π
Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
I an / I a1 (%) 18.8 12.7 6.78 5.05 2.77 2.01 1.01 0.75 24.6
I An / I A1 (%) 0 0 6.78 5.05 0 0 1.01 0.75 8.61
131
THD and PF
THD (%) PF
16 1.0
A: Ls=0 A
B: Ls= 0.05pu
C: Ls= 0.10pu B
13 0.8
Llk= 0.05pu
α = 0°
C
10 0.6
A
A: α = 0°
B: α = 20°
B
C: α = 40°
7 0.4
C
Ls= 0
Llk= 0.05pu
4 0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 IA1 (pu)
(a)
132
I d Ld = ∞
Llk ia
i A = ia′ + ia~′ + ia′ Z
δ = −20 °
Ls i A Llk ia~ L
O
A
vd
δ = 0° D
Llk ia
Z
δ = 20 °
133
ia~′
ia~′ 1
2 3
i′a ia′
iA
0 π 2π 3π 4π
Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
′ / I a′ 1 (%)
I an 18.8 12.7 6.78 5.05 2.77 2.01 1.01 0.75 24.6
I An / I A1 (%) 0 0 0 0 2.77 2.01 0 0 3.54
134
Active PWM Rectifiers

PWM Voltage Source Rectifier
135
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

Operating Principle
Compensates voltage sags by injecting a voltage

in series with the incoming voltage
136

Inverters for DVR
Batteries Filters
Two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) for DVR
137

Inverters for DVR
S1
D1
DZ 1
D2
Batteries
E Cd 1
S2 iA Filters
A
iB
Vd iZ B
Z iC
C
DZ 2 S 3
D3
E Cd 2
D4
S4
Three-level
neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter for DVR
138

DVR - Industrial applications
Compensation capacity:
3-phase: 38% voltage sag
1-phase: 50% voltage sag
Source: ABB
4MW 21KV DVR (IGCT Based)
139
Active Power Filters (APF)

Active Power Filters
1Φ or 3Φ shunt APF
Advantages
• low ratings (harmonic compensation only)
• flexible compensation characteristics
• less dependent on the system conditions
Disadvantages
• High cost
140

Converter Configurations for APFs
VSC based APF CSC based APF
Voltage source converter is preferred due to

• higher efficiency
• lower in cost
• smaller physical size
141

Active Power Filters Classification
Shunt active power filter Series active power filter
Hybrid active power filters
142

Shunt APF - System Configuration
APF is paralleled with the load

Shunt APF is widely used to compensate
• current harmonics
• reactive power
• load current unbalance
143

Operation Principle
Grid Load
I Load
I APF
APF
I Source
I Source = I Load + I APF
1st 5th 7th 11th 13th
144

Shunt APF –
Control Scheme
• The controller detects the instantaneous load current iL

• It extracts the harmonic current iLH from the detected load current by means
of digital signal processing
• The active power filter is controlled to draw compensating current iAPF = - iLH
from the ac mains, so as to cancel out harmonic current
145

ABB Power Quality Filter (Shunt APF)
Source: ABB
146

ABB Power Quality Filter (Shunt APF)
147
148

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Power Quality in Electrical Systems

Bin Wu Fellow IEEE

B. Wu, “High Power Converters and AC

• THD, PF and Per Unit System

THD, PF and Per Unit System

Distorted Current Waveform

THD, PF and Per Unit System

Phase voltage (pure sine): v a = 2 Va sin ω1t

THD, PF and Per Unit System

Per-phase apparent power: S = Va I a

Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF = cos φ1

THD, PF and Per Unit System

Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage: S R , VR

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Power Quality Issues Non-linear load

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Power Quality Issues

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Power Quality On-line UPS

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

UPS prototype developed at Ryerson for Lumacell Inc.

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Increase in Ls and/or load current will make current continuous.

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Nonlinear Load - Diode Rectifier

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Current source inverter (CSI) fed drive

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Current source inverter (CSI) fed drive – Rockwell Automation Canada

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

• Displacement Power Factor

• Overall Power Factor

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

Nonlinear Load – SCR Rectifier

THD (%) THD (%)

Power Quality Events

Interruption Voltage Sag

Voltage Swell Long Duration Variations

Power Quality Events

Impulsive Transient Oscillatory Transient

Harmonic Distortion Voltage Fluctuations Noise

Power Quality Standards

IEEE Standards 519

PCC – Point of Common Coupling

IEEE Standards 519

IEEE Standards 519

IEEE Standards 519

CBEMA and ITIC Curves

Computer equipment is sensitive to voltage sags and swells

CBEMA and ITIC Curves

High Frequency EMI Standards

The power supply draws high frequency components

High Frequency EMI Standards

Typical boost converter with power factor correction

High Frequency EMI Standards

High Frequency EMI Standards

Class A: for industrial equipment

High Frequency EMI Standards

• Voltage Sag and Swell