You are on page 1of 8

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64

7KHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ ,17(5(1* 

6ZLQJXSDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQRIWKHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP
XVLQJ3'DQGIX]]\3'FRQWUROOHUV
6WHOLDQ(PLOLDQ2OWHDQ 
3HWUX0DLRU8QLYHUVLW\RI7vUJX0XUHЮ1,RUJDVWU7vUJX0XUHЮ5RPDQLD

$EVWUDFW

7KH SDSHU SURSRVHV D VLPSOLILHG VROXWLRQ RI WKH FRQWURO SUREOHP RI WKH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP 7KH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG
SHQGXOXP 5,3 LVDFRPSOH[V\VWHPZLGHO\VWXGLHGLQPDQ\DUHDVGXHWRLWVFRPSOH[LW\DQGQRQOLQHDULWLHV7KHFRQWUROVWUDWHJ\
LVGLYLGHGLQWRWZRVXESUREOHPVWKHVZLQJXSFRQWURORIWKHSHQGXOXPXVLQJD3'FDVFDGHVFKHPHDQGWKHEDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJ
FRQWURORIWKHZKROHV\VWHPXVLQJDIX]]\3'UHJXODWRU7KHVZLWFKLQJPRGHEHWZHHQWKHVHVXESUREOHPVLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHG7KH
SODQWWKHVZLQJXSFRQWURODQGWKHVWDELOL]LQJV\VWHPDUHPRGHOHGDQGVWXGLHGLQWKH0DWODE6LPXOLQNHQYLURQPHQW

‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG&RPSXWHU(QJLQHHULQJ)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Petru Maior University of Tirgu Mures.
³3HWUX0DLRU´8QLYHUVLW\RI7vUJX0XUH‫܈‬

.H\ZRUGVURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPVZLQJXSFRQWUROEDODQFHFRQWUROFRQYHQWLRQDO3'FRQWUROIX]]\3'FRQWURO

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP URWDWLRQDO RU QRW  KDV EHHQ ZLGHO\ VWXGLHG LQ PDQ\ DUHDV LQ ERWK OLQHDU DQG QRQOLQHDU
FRQWURO7KHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHSDSHULVDFRPSOH[XQGHUDFWXDWHGPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHP
7KLV UHSUHVHQWDWLYH SUREOHP LQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH FRQWURO WKHRU\ FDQ EH DQDO\]HG IURP PDQ\ SRLQWV RI YLHZ
PXOWLYDULDEOH V\VWHPV QRQPLQLPXP SKDVH SURFHVV RU XQVWDEOH V\VWHPV VHYHUH QRQOLQHDU G\QDPLFV PRGHOLQJ


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLODGGUHVVVWHOLDQROWHDQ#LQJXSPUR

2212-0173 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Petru Maior University of Tirgu Mures.
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.456
58 Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64

XQFHUWDLQWLHV DQG UREXVWQHVV 7KH 5,3 LW KDV DOVR VRPH VLJQLILFDQW UHDOOLIH DSSOLFDWLRQ VXFK DV SRVLWLRQ FRQWURO
URERWLFV>@DQGDHURVSDFHYHKLFOHFRQWURO>@
'LIIHUHQW FRQWURO DOJRULWKPV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG IRU VZLQJXS FRQWURO DQG VWDELOL]DWLRQ V\VWHP 6RPH RI WKH
VFLHQWLILF ZRUNV WUHDWV VHSDUDWHO\ WKHVH WZR VXESUREOHPV XVLQJ FRQYHQWLRQDO 3,' FRQWUROOHUV UREXVW DQG DGDSWLYH
VWUDWHJLHVRULQWHOOLJHQWV\VWHPV2WKHUDXWKRUVFRPELQHWKHVHFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVLQDK\EULGFRQWURO
)RU WKH VZLQJXS FRQWURO RI WKH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP LQ >  @ D FRQYHQWLRQDO 3' DOJRULWKP LV
SUHVHQWHGZKLFKLVLPSURYHGWRPLQLPL]HWKHVZLQJXSWLPH,QWKHVHSDSHUVVZLQJXSWLPHLVVLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHG
E\DGGLQJDQLPSXOVLYHFRQWURODFWLRQWRWKH3'DOJRULWKP$OVRUREXVWDQGQRQOLQHDUPHWKRGVZHUHXVHGLQ>@
WR VZLQJXS WKH 5,3 $QRWKHU WHFKQLTXH QDPHO\ HQHUJ\ EDVHG FRQWURO >  @ QHJOHFWV WKH UHDFWLRQ WRUTXHV
IURP WKH SHQGXOXP WR WKH DUP 0RUHRYHU LQ >@ WKH VWDELOLW\ SURSHUW\ RI WKH HQHUJ\ EDVHG FRQWURO LV DQDO\]HG
,QWHOOLJHQWPHWKRGVXVHGLQ>@KDYHSURYHGWKHDGYDQWDJHVWREULQJWKHSHQGXOXPWRWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQ
)RU WKH LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP VWDELOL]DWLRQ SUREOHP RQH VLPSOLILHG VROXWLRQ LV WR OLQHDUL]H DORQJ WKH GHVLUHG
HTXLOLEULXPSRLQWDQGDSSO\WKHSROHSODFHPHQWWHFKQLTXHRUWKHOLQHDUTXDGUDWLFUHJXODWRU /45 >@'XHWR
WKHQDWXUHRIWKHSODQW WKHSUHVHQFHRIXQFHUWDLQWLHVDQGQRQOLQHDULWLHV DEHWWHURSWLRQPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGWKHXVHRI
PRGHUQV\VWHPV6XFKH[DPSOHLVWKHIX]]\FRQWUROOHUGHVLJQHGLQ>@ZKLFKKDVILYHPHPEHUVKLSIXQFWLRQVIRUERWK
LQSXWVZKLFKDUHWKHDQJOHRIWKHSHQGXOXPWRWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQDQGDQJXODUYHORFLW\RIWKHSHQGXOXP,Q>@D
QHZYHUVLRQRIIX]]\FRQWUROOHULVSURSRVHG VLPSOHVWUXFWXUHG)/&ZLWKWKHVNHZV\PPHWULFSURSHUW\LQWKHFRQWURO
UXOH WDEOH  E\ NHHSLQJ WKH VDPH SHUIRUPDQFHV ,Q >@ HYROXWLRQDU\ DSSURDFKHV IRU GHVLJQLQJ URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG
SHQGXOXP FRQWUROOHU DUH SUHVHQWHG LQFOXGLQJ JHQHWLF DOJRULWKPV *$ SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ 362 DQG DQW
FRORQ\RSWLPL]DWLRQ$&2PHWKRGV
7KHVZLWFKLQJFRQWUROPHWKRGLVDOVRGLVFXVVHG,Q>@HQHUJ\LVFRQVLGHUHGWKHULJKWFULWHULRQWRVZLWFKRYHU
IURPVZLQJXSPRGHWRVWDELOL]DWLRQPRGH
$QLQWHUHVWLQJLGHDLVGHWDLOHGLQ>@WRVROYHWKHWZRSUREOHPVRIFRQWUROIRUDUHDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPXVLQJD
VLQJOHIX]]\UXOHEDVH7KHDXWKRUVHOLPLQDWHWKHQHFHVVLW\RIXVHRIWZRGLIIHUHQWIX]]\FRQWUROOHUVDQGUHGXFHWKH
QXPEHURIWXQLQJSDUDPHWHUV6RE\FRPELQLQJWKHIXQFWLRQDOVLJQDOVDQGMXVWE\FKDQJLQJWKHJDLQVWKH\DUHDEOHWR
FKDQJHWKHPRGHEHWZHHQVZLQJXSDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQ
7KH REMHFWLYHV IRU WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU DUH WR ILQG D FRUUHFW PRGHO IRU WKH 5,3 WR GHVLJQ VLPXODWH DQG VWXG\ WKH
FRQWURORIWKH5,37KHFRQWUROVWUDWHJ\FRQVLVWVLQVZLQJLQJXSWKHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPDQGPDNLQJLWVWDEOHLQWKH
XSULJKWSRVLWLRQ)RUWKLVLQILUVWVWDJHWKHVZLQJXSFRQWUROSUREOHPKDVWKHJRDOWREULQJWKHSHQGXOXPIURPWKH
GRZQZDUG SRVLWLRQ WR WKH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ E\ JLYLQJ D YROWDJH RI DSSURSULDWH PDJQLWXGH DQG GLUHFWLRQ WR WKH GF
PRWRU ZKLFK GULYHV WKH PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHP ,Q WKH VHFRQG VWDJH ZKHQ WKH SHQGXOXP UHDFKHV ƒ IURP WKH ILQDO
YHUWLFDOO\ XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ WKH EDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJ FRQWURO V\VWHP LV LQWURGXFHG $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH D YDULHW\ RI
VROXWLRQVWKHVHWDVNVPXVWEHGRQHLQDVLPSOLILHGPDQQHUWRSURYLGHDEDVLVIRUIXUWKHUSK\VLFDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
7KHUHPDLQLQJSDUWRIWKHSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV,QVHFWLRQ,,WKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHORIWKH5,3V\VWHP
DQGLWVRSHQORRSUHVSRQVHVDUHSUHVHQWHG7KHVZLQJXSFRQWURORIWKHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPFRQVLVWLQJLQD
FDVFDGH FRQWURO VFKHPH ZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDO 3'UHJXODWRUV LV GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ,,,7KLV VHFWLRQ FRQWDLQV DOVR WKH
EDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJFRQWUROVFKHPHXVLQJIX]]\3'VWUDWHJ\7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVDUHKLJKOLJKWHGLQWKHVHFWLRQ9
DQGVRPHFRQFOXVLRQVDUHPDGHLQWKHILQDOSDUWRIWKHSDSHU

7KHPRGHORIWKHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP

'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP

7KH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH )XUXWD SHQGXOXP  FRQVLVWV RI D URWDWLRQDO VHUYR PRWRU
V\VWHPZKLFKGULYHVDQLQGHSHQGHQWRXWSXWJHDU$URWDWLRQDOSHQGXOXPDUP VHH)LJ D RIUDGLXVUDQGPDVVPU
LVPRXQWHGWRWKHRXWSXWJHDUDQGDSHQGXOXPRIOHQJWKODQGPDVVPLVDWWDFKHGWRWKHKLQJH SRLQW3 7KHSLYRW
DUP URWDWHV LQ D KRUL]RQWDO SODQH ;< E\ PHDQV RI  D VHUYR PRWRU DQG PXVW EH PRYHG LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW WKH
SHQGXOXPZKLFKURWDWHVLQDSODQH;=WKDWLVDOZD\VSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHURWDWLQJDUPLVLQWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQ
,QWKHVLPSOLILHGVFKHPDWLFSLFWXUHIURP)LJ D WKHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPLVGLVSODFHGIURPWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQ
ZLWK D JLYHQ Į ș GHQRWHV WKH DQJOH RI WKH SLYRW DUP Į GRW DQG ș GRW DUH WKH DQJXODU YHORFLWLHV RI WKH LQYHUWHG
Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64 59

SHQGXOXP DQG SLYRW DUP 7KH SDUDPHWHUV Į DQG ș DUH WKH JHQHUDOL]HG FRRUGLQDWHV WKDW GHVFULEH WKH LQYHUWHG
SHQGXOXPV\VWHP
7KH )LJ  E  SUHVHQWV WKH SK\VLFDO URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP V\VWHP UHDOL]HG IURP DOXPLQXP O 
U P PU  

D   E 

)LJ D 7KHVFKHPDWLFRIWKH5,3 SHQGXOXPXSULJKW  E 7KH5,3SK\VLFDOV\VWHP SHQGXOXPGRZQZDUG  6FUHHQGXPSV 

'\QDPLFPRGHORIWKH5,3

7KHG\QDPLFPRGHORIWKHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPUHVXOWVIURPWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSODQWLQWRWZRSODQHV;<
KRUL]RQWDOSODQHRIWKHSLYRWDUPDQG;=YHUWLFDOSODQHZKHUHWKHSHQGXOXPLVURWDWLQJ)URPWKH1HZWRQ¶VODZVLQ
WKH;DQG=GLUHFWLRQVDQG(XOHU¶VHTXDWLRQVRIWKHURWDWLRQDOPRWLRQDURXQGWKHSRLQWV*DQG3UHVXOWVWKHHTXDWLRQV
RIPRWLRQRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHP>@7KHVHHTXDWLRQVZKLFKGHVFULEHWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHPRGHODUHTXLWHQRQ
OLQHDU

­ xx

°¦ )[ P ˜ [*
° ­ xx 

° POU FRV D T   PO D  PJO VLQ D 


xx
   
°¦ )] P ˜ ]*
 

® xx
Ÿ ®
x 
°¦ 0 * - * ˜ D °

xx xx x

° ¯ - HT  PU 
T  POU FRV D D  POU VLQ D D  %HT T 7
° xx

¯¦ 0 2 - 2 ˜ T

,Q WKH G\QDPLF PRGHO   VWDQGDUG DVVXPSWLRQV VXFK DV ]HUR IULFWLRQ ULJLG REMHFWV  ZHUH XVHG DQG DOVR WKH
YHORFLW\RISRLQW* FHQWHURIJUDYLW\ RQWKHSHQGXOXPUHODWLYHWRWKDWRISRLQW3DQGWKHDEVROXWHYHORFLW\RIWKH
SRLQW*RQWKHSHQGXOXPKDYHEHHQGHVFULEHG,Q  WKH)[)]0*02-*DQG-2DUHWKHIRUFHVWRUTXHVDQGWKH
PRPHQWV RI LQHUWLD -HT DQG %HT DUH WKH HTXLYDOHQW LQHUWLD DQG YLVFRXV IULFWLRQ RI WKH DUP DQG SHQGXOXP
NJP JLVWKHJUDYLWDWLRQDODFFHOHUDWLRQDQG7LVWKHLQSXWWRUTXH
7KHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPDULVHVIURPWKHURWDWLQJDUP7KHURWDWLQJDUPLVGULYHQE\WKHGF
PRWRU DQG WKH LQSXW WRUTXH FDQ EH GHGXFHG IURP WKH HTXLYDOHQW PRGHO RI D GF PRWRU 7KH HOHFWURPHFKDQLFDO
SDUDPHWHUVVSHFLILFWRWKHGFPRWRUDUH5PPRWRUUHVLVWDQFH ȍ /PPRWRULQGXFWDQFH QHJOLJLEOH .W.PPRWRU
WRUTXH DQG HOHFWURPRWLYH FRQVWDQWV 1P$PS 9UDGVHF  -P PRPHQW RI LQHUWLD RI WKH PRWRU H

NJP XPYROWDJHDSSOLHGWRWKHGFPRWRU

.W . ˜.
7 ˜ XP  W P ˜ T  - P ˜ T     
5P 5P
60 Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64

/LQHDUL]HGPRGHORIWKHURWDWLRQDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP

$OLQHDUDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHQRQOLQHDUV\VWHPHTXDWLRQV  DQG  LVREWDLQHGLQWKHPRGHO  XVLQJWKHVPDOO


DQJOHIRUPXOD

­°N ˜ T  N  ˜ FRV D ˜ D  N  ˜ VLQ D ˜ D   N  ˜ T N  ˜ 9P ­°N ˜ T  N  ˜ D  N  ˜ T N  ˜ X P   


® Ÿ®
°̄ N  ˜ FRV D ˜ T  N  ˜ D  N  ˜ VLQ D  °̄ N  ˜ T  N  ˜ D  N  ˜ D 

,Q  VHYHUDOQRWDWLRQVZHUHLQWURGXFHG

 .W ˜ .P .W  
N - HT  P ˜ U   - P  N  P ˜ O ˜ U N ˜ P ˜ O   N P ˜ J ˜ O N %HT   N
 5P 5P

7KH WUDQVIHU IXQFWLRQ RI WKH SODQW UHODWHV WKH YDULDWLRQ IURP WKH GHVLUHG SRVLWLRQ RI WKH SHQGXOXP WR WKH LQSXW
YROWDJHRIWKHPRWRU LQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQVDUH]HUR 6LQFHWKHLQWHUHVWHGRXWSXWIURPWKHSODQWLVWKHSHQGXOXPDQJOHĮ
WKH SLYRW DUP SRVLWLRQ ș ZDV ILUVW HOLPLQDWHG IURP WKH OLQHDUL]HG V\VWHP   DQG WKHQ WKH /DSODFH WUDQVIRUP ZDV
DSSOLHG,QWKHWUDQVIHUIXQFWLRQDSROHDQGD]HURDWWKHRULJLQKDYHEHHQFDQFHOOHG

$ V N ˜ N ˜ V   
+ 5,3 V
8 P V N ˜ N   N  ˜ V   N  ˜ N  ˜ V   N ˜ N  ˜ V  N  ˜ N 

2SHQORRSUHVSRQVH

7KH QRQOLQHDU DQG WKH OLQLDUL]HG PRGHOV ZHUH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH PRGHOLQJ DQG VLPXODWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW
0DWODE6LPXOLQNDQGWKHFRPSDUDWLYHRSHQORRSUHVSRQVHVRIERWKV\VWHPVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ7KHSHQGXOXPLV
LQLWLDOO\VLWXDWHGLQWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQZLWKDYHU\VPDOOGLVSODFHPHQW UDG DQGWKXVLVDOORZHGWRIDOO$OO
WKLV WLPH WKH PRWRU LV QRW VXSSOLHG 7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV KLJKOLJKW WKDW WKH OLQHDU PRGHO FRUUHFWO\ GHSLFWV WKH
PRWLRQ RI WKH SHQGXOXP IRU WKH ILUVW  VHFRQGV XQWLO LW UHDFKHG  GHJUHHV DQG WKHQ EHJDQ WR GLYHUJH IURP WKH
DFWXDOPRWLRQ7KHV\VWHPLVDOVRXQVWDEOHDQGQRQOLQHDU


ņOLQHDU ņOLQHDU
D GHJ 

ņQRQOLQHDU ņQRQOLQHDU
T GHJ 

W VHF  W VHF
D   E 

)LJ D 7KHDQJOHRIWKHSLYRWDUP E 7KHDQJOHRIWKHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP

6ZLQJXSFRQWURODQGEDODQFHFRQWURORIWKHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP

$VVWDWHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHSDSHUWKHREMHFWLYHRIWKHJOREDOFRQWUROSUREOHP LVWREULQJWKHSHQGXOXP
IURP WKH VWDEOH GRZQZDUG SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH XQVWDEOH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ DQG EDODQFH LW WKHUH 7KHVH WDVNV FDQ EH GRQH
ZLWK D VLQJOH FRQWUROOHU RU E\ PXOWLSOH V\VWHPV )URP WKLV SRLQW RI YLHZ WKH RYHUDOO SUREOHP LV GLYLGHG LQWR WZR
FRQWURO VXESUREOHPV VZLQJXS FRQWURO DQG EDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJ FRQWURO 2I FRXUVH DQRWKHU LPSRUWDQW VXEMHFW LV WR
ILQGWKHULJKWVZLWFKLQJFULWHULRQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRFRQWUROVWUDWHJLHV
Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64 61

0RVW RI WKH VFLHQWLILF ZRUNV PHQWLRQ WKDW VZLWFKLQJ SURFHVV LV GRQH E\ D WKLUG FRQWUROOHU QDPHG
VZLWFKLQJFDWFKLQJFRQWUROOHU7KHZKROHFRQWUROSURFHVVLVPRUHUREXVWLQFDVHRIDQ\GLVWXUEDQFHLVDSSOLHGWRWKH
SHQGXOXP LI WKH FDWFKLQJ FRQWUROOHU FDQ VZLWFK SURSHUO\ EHWZHHQ WKH VZLQJ XS FRQWURO DQG WKH EDODQFH FRQWURO
6RPHDXWKRUVLQ>@LPSOHPHQWDQHQHUJ\±EDVHGPRGHVZLWFKLQJFRQWUROWRDFKLHYHDPXFKEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFH
E\PHDVXULQJWKHSHQGXOXPDQJOHDQGE\FRPSDULQJWKHHQHUJ\RIWKHV\VWHPZLWKDWKUHVKROG(2WKHUVDXWKRUV
>@ XVH DG\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ DQGUHLQIRUFHPHQW OHDUQLQJ FRQWURO %XW WKHG\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ PD\ UHTXLUH
LPSUDFWLFDODPRXQWRIFRPSXWDWLRQHIIRUW
,QWKLVSDSHUWKHWHUPVZLWFKLQJFDWFKLQJFRQWUROOHULWLVUHSODFHGZLWKWKHWHUPVZLWFKLQJFULWHULRQEHFDXVHLWLV
PRUHDSSURSULDWH7KHH[SHULPHQWVDQGVLPXODWLRQVVKRZQWKDW5,3V\VWHPLVTXLWHUREXVWDQGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVDUH
NHSW DOVR LI WKH VZLWFK PRGH LW LV EDVHG RQ IL[LQJ D VLPSOH WKUHVKROG RI ƒ IRU WKH SHQGXOXP DQJOH Į ,I WKLV
FRQGLWLRQLVVDWLVILHGEDODQFHFRQWUROZLOOEHVHOHFWHGE\WKHVZLWFKLQJFULWHULRQRWKHUZLVHWKHFRQWUROOHUZLOOVWD\LQ
WKHVZLQJXSPRGH:KHQWKH5,3V\VWHPLVGLVWXUEHGIURPWKHEDODQFHVWDWHDQGWKHSHQGXOXPLVGHYLDWHGIURPWKH
XSULJKWSRVLWLRQWRFHUWDLQGHJUHHVODUJHUWKDQWKHWKUHVKROGYDOXHWKHFULWHULRQVKRXOGVZLWFKEDFNWKHV\VWHPWRWKH
VZLQJXSFRQWURO

6ZLQJXSFRQWUROXVLQJFRQYHQWLRQDO3'FRQWUROOHUV

6ZLQJXSFRQWUROOHUZLOOGULYHWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHDUPLQRUGHUWRJHWDZD\IURPWKHVWDEOHGRZQZDUGSRVLWLRQRI
WKH SHQGXOXP ,W PDNHV VHQVH WKDW E\ VXSSO\LQJ WKH GF PRWRU DQG E\ PRYLQJ WKH DUP EDFN DQG IRUWK VWURQJO\
HQRXJK WKH HQHUJ\ LV JUDGXDOO\ DGGHG WR WKH 5,3 V\VWHP VR WKH SHQGXOXP LW FDQ EH VZLQJXS WR WKH XQVWDEOH
SRVLWLRQ
0DQ\GLIIHUHQWFRQWURODOJRULWKPV WUDMHFWRU\WUDFNLQJHQHUJ\EDVHGPHWKRGUHFWDQJXODUUHIHUHQFHLQSXWVZLQJ
XSW\SHDGDSWLYHRULQWHOOLJHQWVWUDWHJLHV FDQEHXVHGWRSHUIRUPWKHVZLQJXSFRQWURO+HUHDSRVLWLYHIHHGEDFN
3,'FRQWUROOHULVSURSRVHGEHFDXVHRILWVVLPSOHVWUXFWXUHHIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGHDV\WXQLQJ7KHEORFNFRQWUROGLDJUDP
FRQVLVWVRIWZRORRSVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHLQQHUORRSSHUIRUPVWKHSRVLWLRQFRQWURORIWKHDUPZKLOHWKHRXWHU
ORRSVSHFLILHVWKHGHVLUHGWUDMHFWRU\IRUWKHDUPDQJOHWRVZLQJWKHSHQGXOXPWRWKHEDODQFLQJSRVLWLRQ

)LJ6LPXOLQNEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKH5,3VZLQJXSFRQWURO

)RUWKHVHUYRDUPWRWUDFNWKHGHVLUHGSRVLWLRQDQHJDWLYHIHHGEDFN3'FRQWUROODZ  LVGHVLJQHG

GH T    
X P W N ST ˜ H T  N GT ˜
GW

7KHSRVLWLRQ3'FRQWUROOHURIIHUVWKHYROWDJHDSSOLHGWRWKHPRWRUVRWKDWDQJOHRIWKHDUPșWUDFNVWKHGHVLUHG
SRVLWLRQ șG 7KH WXQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV RI WKHFRQYHQWLRQDO 3' FRQWUROOHU NSș DQG NGș KDYH EHHQ VHW WR DQG  WR
DFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGSHUIRUPDQFHVIRUWKHLQQHUFORVHGORRS
,Q WKH RXWHU ORRS IRU VZLQJXS WKH SHQGXOXP D SRVLWLYH IHHGEDFN 3' FRQWURO ORRS ZDV FKRVHQ 7KLV SRVLWLYH
IHHGEDFN ORRS LQFUHDVHV WKH HQHUJ\ SURYLGHG WR WKH SHQGXOXP DQG DFWXDOO\ KDV D UROH RI GHVWDELOL]LQJ WKH V\VWHP
EHFDXVHWKHGRZQZDUGSRVLWLRQRIWKHSHQGXOXPLVVWDEOH7KHYDOXHVRIWKHWXQLQJ3'SDUDPHWHUVNSĮDQGNGĮSOD\D
NH\UROHLQEULQJLQJXSWKHSHQGXOXPVPRRWKO\7KHVHSDUDPHWHUV WKHSURSRUWLRQDODQGGHULYDWLYHFRQVWDQWV FDQEH
WXQHGWRDGMXVWWKH³SRVLWLYHGDPSLQJ´LQWKHV\VWHP0RUHRYHUWKHFRPPDQGSURYLGHGE\WKHVZLQJXSFRQWUROOHU
62 Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64

GHVLUHGDQJOHRIWKHSLYRWDUP PXVWEHOLPLWHGLQDUDQJHRI“ƒWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHDUPGRHVQRWUHDFKDSRVLWLRQ
WKDWZLOOFDXVHDFROOLVLRQZLWKRWKHUKDUGZDUH
7KHVZLQJXS3'FRQWUROODZKDVWKHIRUP  

GH D    
T G W N SD ˜ H D  N GD ˜
GW

7KHYDOXHV FKRVHQ IRU WKH SURSRUWLRQDO DQG GHULYDWLYH FRQVWDQWV DUH  DQG )RU GHULYDWLYH FRQVWDQW NGĮ D
FRPSURPLVHVKRXOGEHPDGHEHWZHHQLQFUHDVLQJWKHUHDFWLRQWLPHDQGGHFUHDVLQJWKHQRLVHDPSOLILFDWLRQ>@

%DODQFHVWDELOL]LQJFRQWUROXVLQJIX]]\3'FRQWUROOHU

7KHJRDORIWKHVWDELOL]LQJFRQWUROOHULVWRPDLQWDLQWKHSHQGXOXPLQWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQZKHQLWLVDOPRVWWKHUH
,QWKLVFDVHDOVRDORWRIDOJRULWKPVFDQEHXVHG VWDWHIHHGEDFNOLQHDUTXDGUDWLFEDVHGRQWKHOLQHDUL]HGSODQWPRGHO
SROH SODFHPHQW  'XH WKH QDWXUH RI WKH 5,3 ZKLFK LQFOXGHV WKH XQVWDEOH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ QRQOLQHDULWLHV DQG
PRGHOLQJXQFHUWDLQWLHVDIX]]\3'FRQWUROOHUZDVFKRVHQIRUWKHVWDELOL]DWLRQSUREOHP
7KHEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHVZLQJXSFRQWUROLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ


)LJ6LPXOLQNEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKH5,3EDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJFRQWURO

7KHGHVLJQRIWKHIX]]\FRQWUROOHUIRUWKHVWDELOL]DWLRQSUREOHPFDQEHUHVXPHGWRFKRRVLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJWKH
LQSXWVDQGRXWSXWVRIWKHFRQWUROOHUDQGGHVLJQLQJLWVIRXUFRPSRQHQWHOHPHQWV WKHUXOHEDVHWKHLQIHUHQFHHQJLQH
WKHIX]]LILFDWLRQDQGWKHGHIX]]LILFDWLRQLQWHUIDFHV >@
7KH LQSXWV WR WKH IX]]\ V\VWHP DUH DQJOH HUURU İĮ LI WKH UHIHUHQFH LV WKH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ WKHQ WKH DQJOH HUURU
EHFRPHV WKH GLVSODFHG IURP WKH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ  DQG WKH FKDQJH LQ DQJOH HUURU FİĮ 7KH RXWSXW IURP WKH IX]]\
V\VWHPLVWKHYROWDJHXP7KHXQLYHUVHRIGLVFRXUVHRIWKHYDULDEOHVZDVQRUPDOL]HGWRFRYHUDUDQJHRI>@DQG
VFDOLQJJDLQV JHJFJX ZHUHXVHGWRQRUPDOL]H7RVLPSOLI\WKHIXWXUHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRQWUROOHUDVWDQGDUG
FKRLFH IRU WKH PHPEHUVKLS IXQFWLRQV ZDV XVHG ZLWK ILYH PHPEHUVKLS IXQFWLRQV IRU WKH WKUHH IX]]\ YDULDEOHV
PHDQLQJ UXOHVLQWKHUXOHEDVH DQGV\PPHWULFRYHUODSSLQJWULDQJXODUVKDSHGPHPEHUVKLSIXQFWLRQV
)LJ E PHDQLQJWKDWRQO\  UXOHVDWPRVWFDQEHDFWLYHDWDQ\JLYHQWLPH
7KH IX]]\ FRQWUROOHU LPSOHPHQWV D UXOH EDVH PDGH RI D VHW RI ,)7+(1 W\SH RI UXOHV 7KHVH UXOHV ZHUH
GHWHUPLQHGKHXULVWLFDOO\EDVHGRQWKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHSODQW7KHUHVXOWLQJUXOHWDEOHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ D 
7KH PLQPD[ LQIHUHQFH HQJLQH ZDV FKRVHQ ZKLFK IRU WKH SUHPLVHV XVHV PD[LPXP IRU WKH 25 RSHUDWRU DQG
PLQLPXPIRUWKH$1'RSHUDWRU7KHFRQFOXVLRQRIHDFKUXOHLQWURGXFHGE\7+(1LVDOVRGRQHE\PLQLPXP7KH
ILQDOFRQFOXVLRQIRUWKHDFWLYHUXOHVLVREWDLQHGE\WKHPD[LPXPRIWKHFRQVLGHUHGIX]]\VHWV
7RREWDLQ WKHFULVSRXWSXW WKH FHQWUH RI JUDYLW\ &2* GHIX]]LILFDWLRQPHWKRG LVXVHG 7KLV FULVS YDOXH LV WKH
UHVXOWLQJFRQWUROOHURXWSXW

Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64 63

1%16=363%
 H N7 F N7  1% 16 = 36 3% 
 1% 3% 3% 3% 36 =
 16 3% 3% 36 = 16
 = 3% 36 = 16 1% 
 36 36 = 16 1% 1%
D  3% = 16 1% 1% 1% 
 
 E 

)LJ D )X]]\FRQWUROOHUUXOHWDEOH E )X]]\VHWVIRUWKHYDULDEOHV

6LPXODWLRQUHVXOWV

7R VWXG\ WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI WKH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP FRQWURO WKH V\VWHPV ZHUH PRGHOHG LQ 0DWODE
6LPXOLQNDQGWKHUHVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LUVWGLDJUDPWHVWHGZDVWKHLQQHUORRSIURPWKHVZLQJXSFRQWURO SLYRWSRVLWLRQFRQWUROOHU DQGWKHUHVSRQVHVRI
WKHFORVHGORRSV\VWHPWRWKHƒVWHSUHIHUHQFHDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ D ,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHUHVSRQVHKDVD
RYHUVKRRWDQGWKHILUVWSHDNLVDWVHFRQG6RWKHSRVLWLRQFRQWUROOHUPHHWVWKHUHTXLUHGVSHFLILFDWLRQV
)LJ  E  VKRZV DOVR WKDW WKH VZLQJXS FRQWURO V\VWHP DFKLHYHV LWV JRDO DQG WKH SHQGXOXP LV EURXJKW XS WKH
FXUYH RI WKH DQJOH SDVVHV ƒ OLQH  LQ DERXW  VHFRQGV $V VWDWHG EHIRUH WKH VZLQJXS WLPH FDQ EH UHGXFHG E\
DGGLQJDQLPSXOVLYHFRQWUROZKLFKZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHHQHUJ\LQWKHV\VWHP

ņT

D GHJ 
T GHJ 

ņTG
8P 9 

D 

W VHF  W VHF  W VHF 


 
8P 9 
T GHJ 

ƒ

E 
D GHJ 

W VHF 
W VHF  W VHF 
 
8P 9 

D GHJ 
T GHJ 

F 

W VHF  W VHF 
W VHF 
 

)LJ D 6LJQDOVIURPWKHDUPSRVLWLRQFRQWURO E 6LJQDOVIURPWKHVZLQJXSFRQWURO F 6LJQDOVIURPWKHEDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJFRQWURO


64 Stelian-Emilian Oltean / Procedia Technology 12 (2014) 57 – 64

$IWHU WKLV SURFHVV WKH 5,3 FRQWURO LV WDNHQ E\ WKH EDODQFHVWDELOL]DWLRQ IX]]\ V\VWHP 7R VWXG\ WKH
EDODQFHVWDELOL]DWLRQIX]]\FRQWUROOHUDQLPSXOVHGLVWXUEDQFHZLWKDPSOLWXGHRIGHJUHHVDQGSHULRGRIVHFRQGV
LVDGGHGWRWKHPHDVXUHGĮ)LJ F KLJKOLJKWVWKDWWKHEDODQFHFRQWUROOHULVJRRGHQRXJKWRPDLQWDLQWKHSHQGXOXP
LQWKHXSULJKWSRVLWLRQDQGNHHSLWWKHUHVWDEO\

&RQFOXVLRQV

,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH URWDWLRQDO LQYHUWHG SHQGXOXP 5,3 FRQWURO KDV EHHQ VWXGLHG 7KH 5,3 FRQWURO SUREOHP FDQ EH
GLYLGHGLQVHYHUDOWDVNV)LUVWWKHSHQGXOXPPXVWEHEURXJKWXSIURPLWVVWDEOHSRVLWLRQ QDPHGGRZQZDUGSRVLWLRQ 
7KLV ZDV GRQH XVLQJ D FDVFDGH FRQWURO VFKHPH ZLWK WZR FRQYHQWLRQDO 3' FRQWUROOHUV 7KH LQQHU ORRS KDV D 3'
SRVLWLRQFRQWUROOHURIWKHSLYRWDUPZKLOHRQWKHRXWHUORRSLVWKHVZLQJXSFRQWUROOHU6RWKHWDVNLVDFKLHYHGLQ
DERXW  VHFRQGV )URP WKLV SRLQW WKH EDODQFHVWDELOL]LQJ FRQWURO LV PDGH E\ WKH IX]]\3' V\VWHP 7KH PRGHUQ
V\VWHP ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG NQRZLQJ WKH SDUWLFXODU QDWXUH RI WKH 5,3 V\VWHP FRQVLVWV LQ QRQOLQHDULWLHV PRGHOLQJ
XQFHUWDLQWLHV DQG LQVWDELOLW\ DQG LQYHVWLJDWHG HYHQ LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI VPDOO LPSXOVH SHUWXUEDWLRQV 7R PDNH WKH
ZKROHFRQWUROSURFHVVJOREDOO\VWDEOHDVLPSOHVZLWFKLQJFULWHULRQEDVHGRQDWKUHVKROGIRUWKHSHQGXOXPDQJOHZDV
DOVRDWWHPSWHG7KHFRQWUROVWUDWHJLHVH[SHULHQFHGLQWKLVSDSHUFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGWRRWKHUFRPSOH[V\VWHPV

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 2UWHJD56SRQJ0:*RPH](VWHUQ)%ODQNHQVWHLQ*6WDELOL]DWLRQRIDFODVVRIXQGHUDFWXDWHGPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPVYLDLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ
DQGGDPSLQJDVVLJQPHQW,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ$XWRPDWLF&RQWURO
>@ 6SRQJ0:%ORFN'-7KH3HQGXERWDPHFKDWURQLFV\VWHPIRUFRQWUROUHVHDUFKDQGHGXFDWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,(((&RQIHUHQFH
RQ'HFLVLRQDQG&RQWURO1HZ2UOHDQV/$
>@ 0HL++H=6WXG\RQVWDELOLW\FRQWUROIRUVLQJOHOLQNURWDU\LQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0HFKDQLF$XWRPDWLRQDQG
&RQWURO(QJLQHHULQJ0$&(:XKDQ
>@ *UDVVHU)'¶$UULJR$&RORPEL65XIHU$&-2($PRELOHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ,QGXVWULDO(OHFWURQLFV

>@ 3KXRQJ17/RF+'7KXDQ74&RQWURORIWZRZKHHOHGLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPXVLQJVLOGLQJPRGHWHFKQLTXH,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI
(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV
>@ 3DUN0.LP<-/HH--6ZLQJXSDQG/45VWDELOL]DWLRQRIDURWDU\LQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP$UWLILFLDO/LIHDQG5RERWLFV  
>@ :DQJ=&KHQ<4)DQJ10LQLPXPWLPHVZLQJXSRIDURWDU\LQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPE\LWHUDWLYHLPSXOVLYHFRQWURO3URFHHGLQJRIWKH
$PHULFDQ&RQWURO&RQIHUHQFH%RVWRQ0$
>@ 0HOED0DU\30DULPXWKX160LQLPXPWLPHVZLQJXSDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQRIURWDU\LQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPXVLQJSXOVHVWHSFRQWURO,UDQLDQ
-RXUQDORI)X]]\6\VWHPV
>@ <DPDNLWD0HWDO5REXVWVZLQJXSFRQWURORIGRXEOHSHQGXOXP3URFRIWKH$PHULFDQ&RQWURO&RQIHUHQFH6HDWWOH:$
>@7RUUHV3RPDOHV:*RQ]DOH]251RQOLQHDUFRQWURORIVZLQJXSLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXP3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ
FRQWURODSSOLFDWLRQ'HDUERUQ0,
>@<RVKLGD.6ZLQJXSFRQWURORIDQLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPE\HQHUJ\EDVHGPHWKRGV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$PHULFDQ&RQWURO&RQIHUHQFH6DQ
'LHJR&$
>@$VWURP.-)XUXWD.6ZLQJLQJXSDSHQGXOXPE\HQHUJ\FRQWURO$XWRPDWLFD
>@)DQWRQL,/R]DQR56SRQJ0:(QHUJ\EDVHGFRQWURORIWKH3HQGXERW,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ$XWRPDWLF&RQWURO±
>@'RWROL00DLRQH%1DVR'7XUFKLDQR%)X]]\VOLGLQJPRGHFRQWUROIRULQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPVZLQJXSZLWKUHVWULFWHGWUDYHO3URFHHGLQJVRI
7KHWK,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ)X]]\6\VWHPV0HOERXUQH9LF±
>@1HFK\ED&0;X<1HXUDOQHWZRUNDSSURDFKWRFRQWUROV\VWHPLGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWKYDULDEOHDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQV3URF,(((,QW6\PSRQ
,QWHOOLJHQW&RQWURO
>@5DGKDPRKDQ696XEUDPDQLDP0$1LJDP0-)X]]\VZLQJXSDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQRIUHDOLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPXVLQJVLQJOHUXOHEDVH-RXUQDO
RI7KHRUHWLFDODQG$SSOLHG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\
>@$FRVWD-$*RUGLOOR)$UDFLO-$QHZVZLQJXSODZIRUWKH)XUXWDSHQGXOXP,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RQWURO  ±
>@5\X&&KRL%-&KRL%<'HVLJQRIDIX]]\ORJLFFRQWUROOHUIRUDURWDU\W\SHLQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPV\VWHP,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)X]]\
/RJLFDQG,QWHOOLJHQW6\VWHPV  
>@+DVVDQ]DGHK,0RED\HQ6&RQWUROOHUGHVLJQIRUURWDU\LQYHUWHGSHQGXOXPV\VWHPXVLQJHYROXWLRQDU\DOJRULWKPV0DWKHPDWLFDO3UREOHPVLQ
(QJLQHHULQJSDJHV
>@$WNHVRQ&*6DQWDPDULD-&$FRPSDULVRQRIGLUHFWDQGPRGHOEDVHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWOHDUQLQJ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ5RERWLFVDQG$XWRPDWLRQ±
>@3DVVLQR.0<XUNRYLFK6)X]]\FRQWURO$GGLVRQ:HVOH\/RQJPDQ,QF
>@'XND$9$EUXGHDQ06LPXODWLRQRID)X]]\3'/HDUQLQJ&RQWURO6\VWHP,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$XWRPDWLRQ4XDOLW\DQG
7HVWLQJ5RERWLFV

You might also like