Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79

,PSURYLQJ6XVWDLQDELOLW\&RQFHSWLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV

6XVWDLQDEOH7KLQNLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO$ZDUHQHVVWKURXJK
'HVLJQ(GXFDWLRQ
'HQL]'HQL]
Department of Industrial Design, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey (deniz.deniz@ ieu.edu.tr)

$EVWUDFW

(QYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQ DLPV WR FRQYHUW JOREDO VRFLRHQYLURQPHQWDO FRQFHUQV WR LQYHVWLJDWH HFRORJLFDO SULQFLSOHV DQG
LQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVZKLFKGHWHUPLQHOHYHOVRIVXVWDLQDEOHXVDJHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOUHVRXUFHV7KHDLPRIWKLVVWXG\
LVWRDQDO\]HWKHFKDQJLQJUROHDQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIGHVLJQHUVDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQDV
FUXFLDOIDFWRUVWRDFTXLUHNQRZOHGJHWKURXJKWKHYLHZSRLQWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\7KHRXWSXWVDQGILQGLQJVRIWKHZRUNVKRSFRQGXFWHG
ZLWK GHVLJQ SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG HGXFDWRUV ZLOO EH DQDO\]HG WR FRQVLGHU WKH REVWDFOHV DQG IXQGDPHQWDOV RI VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ
HGXFDWLRQIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWRFUHDWHHQYLURQPHQWVEXLOGLQJVDQGSURGXFWVLQDVXVWDLQDEOHZD\

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI,(5(.,QWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWVIRU5HVHDUFK(QULFKPHQWDQG.QRZOHGJH([FKDQJH
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
Keywords:6XVWDLQDEOH7KLQNLQJ(QYLURQPHQWDO$ZDUHQHVV6XVWDLQDEOH'HVLJQ(GXFDWLRQ6RFLDOO\5HVSRQVLEOH'HVLJQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

'HVLJQ LV DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO IRFDO SRLQW VLQFH GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV KDYH KXJH LPSDFWV RQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW
&RQVLGHULQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVGHVLJQHU¶VUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVEHFRPHPRUHGLIILFXOWDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQEHIRUH
'HVLJQHUV KDYH FUXFLDO UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV WR FUHDWH VXVWDLQDEOH SURGXFWV DQG VROXWLRQV IRU WKH HDUWK 7R GR WKDW WKH\
PXVW EH H[WUHPHO\ FRQFHUQHG DERXW HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DQG WKH\ DUHVXSSRVHG WREH IDU PRUHNQRZOHGJHDEOH DV
SURIHVVLRQDOVWKDQDQ\ERG\6LQFHWKH\KDYHFUXFLDOSRVLWLRQVWRFUHDWHEHWWHUVROXWLRQVE\FRQVLGHULQJHQYLURQPHQWDO
LVVXHVDQGFUHDWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOSURFHVVHVDQGSURGXFWVWKH\KDYHWRFRQVLGHUDZLGHUDQJHRIFULWHULDDVSDUWRI
WKHGHVLJQSURFHVVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
,WLVQRWDOZD\VHDV\WREHDZDUHRIDOOWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVWKDWVXUURXQGGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVEHFDXVHRIODFNRI
NQRZOHGJH DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI GHVLJQ SURFHVVHV DQG SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV ,Q WKLV

1878-0296 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.008
 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79 71

FDVH ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV LQ GHVLJQ HGXFDWLRQ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI GHVLJQHUV DQG GHVLJQ
HGXFDWRUVDUHPRUHH[WHQVLYHWKDQHYHUEHIRUHWRFUHDWHDEHWWHUGHVLJQLQDEHWWHUZD\IRUWKHHQYLURQPHQW
6XVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQLVDFRPSOH[DQGLPSRUWDQWLVVXHWKDWEDVLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWVLUUHYHUVLEOHFKDQJHVLQSURGXFWLRQ
DQG FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG WKXV WKH ZD\ SHRSOH LQWHUDFW ZLWK QDWXUH WKURXJK WKH HQYLURQPHQWV EXLOGLQJV DV ZHOO DV
SURGXFWV&RQVLGHULQJWKHHFRORJLFDOIRRWSULQWRIWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOGLWLVFUXFLDOWRGHYHORSVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV
HPHUJHRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWUHJDUGLQJFRQVXPSWLRQRIUHQHZDEOHDQGQRQUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFHV6XVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQ
KDV PDLQO\ EHHQ GHVFULEHG DV WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ SRLQW DPRQJ WKH VRFLDO HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG HFRQRPLF JRDOV WKDW
FKDOOHQJHVIRUVRFLDODQGWHFKQLFDOLQQRYDWLRQJOREDOO\,QWKLVFDVHLWKDVFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUDOOGHVLJQSURIHVVLRQV
IURPXUEDQSODQQLQJWRDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQDQGDOVRWRSURGXFWGHVLJQZLWKLWVFRPSOH[LW\WKDWFDQEHDGGUHVVHGDQG
PDQDJHGWKURXJKGHVLJQIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\
6XVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJLVEDVLFDOO\GHILQHGDVPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVWKDWGRQRWFDXVHQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUFXUUHQW
RU IXWXUH JHQHUDWLRQV ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DLP WR SUHVHUYH QDWXUDO
UHVRXUFHVDQGWRUHDFKKXPDQDQGVRFLHWDOZHOOEHLQJ1RWRQO\JRYHUQPHQWVEXWDOVRGHVLJQSURIHVVLRQDOVQHHGWR
FUHDWH GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV IRU FRPPXQLWLHV WKDW FDQ SURYLGH IRU DQ LPSURYHG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH SURWHFWHG HFRV\VWHPV
VRFLDOZHOOEHLQJDQGHFRQRPLFHTXLW\1RPDWWHUZKDWWKHVFDOHLVWKHXOWLPDWHJRDORIVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQDLPVWR
ILQGEHWWHUVROXWLRQVWKDWSURYLGHTXDQWLWDWLYHTXDOLWDWLYH SK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOEHQHILWVWRWKHXVHUV7KHUH
DUH PDQ\ SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU DFKLHYLQJ WKLV GLIILFXOW JRDO DQG PDLQO\ WKUHH SULQFLSOHV RI VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ LQFOXGLQJ
HFRQRP\ RI UHVRXUFHV OLIH F\FOH GHVLJQ DQG VRFLDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH GHVLJQ WKDW SURYLGH D EURDG DZDUHQHVV RI WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHYHU\VFDOHVRIGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQ
8QOLNHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVDOWKRXJKVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQLVLQWHQGHGWRGHYHORSPRUHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\FRQVFLRXV
SURGXFWVDQGSURFHVVHVHQYLURQPHQWDOHIIHFWVKDYHEHHQLJQRUHGWKURXJKGHVLJQDQGSODQQLQJVWDJHVLQGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV,QWKLVFDVHFRQVLGHULQJWKHEHWWHUHQYLURQPHQWDOVROXWLRQVGHULYHGIURPDZDUHQHVVDQGUHODWHGUHJXODWLRQV
E\ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV LW LV FUXFLDO WKDW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQV RI VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ UHTXLUH QHZ ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ DQG
SDUWLFXODUIUDPHZRUNVIRUFRQVLGHULQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHV,QWKLVFDVHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVQHHGWRFRQVLGHUWKHVH
VROXWLRQV IRU FKDOOHQJLQJ WUDGLWLRQDO SURFHGXUHV WKURXJK QHZ ZD\ RI GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 'HVLJQHUV
KDYH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV WR FUHDWH D EHWWHU ZRUOG E\ FRQVLGHULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DQG FUHDWLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO
DZDUHQHVVWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\8QOLNHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVGHVLJQHUVDQGGHVLJQHGXFDWRUVKDYHDOUHDG\VWDUWHG
WR WUDQVODWH ULVLQJ SXEOLF FRQFHUQ LQWR DFWLRQ E\ FKDQJLQJ WKHLU EHKDYLRU WR DFFRPPRGDWH UHF\FOLQJ RU HQHUJ\
HIILFLHQF\DQGE\XVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVDVWKHPDLQFULWHULDRIWKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDVSURIHVVLRQDOV


7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI6XVWDLQDEOH7KLQNLQJWKURXJK'HVLJQ

7RGD\HQYLURQPHQWDOUHJXODWLRQVIRUFHGHVLJQHUVDVZHOODV PDQXIDFWXUHUVWREHFRPHPRUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH
HQYLURQPHQWWKDWUHTXLUHVDQHZDSSURDFKWRGHVLJQ$OWKRXJKWUDGLWLRQDOLVVXHVFRQVLGHUHGLQGHVLJQKDYHUHODWHG
PRVWO\WRIXQFWLRQDSSHDUDQFHDQGILQDQFLDOFRQFHUQVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWGHVLJQHUVQHHGWKHULJKWLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
WRROVWRPLQLPL]HWKHQHJDWLYHHIIHFWRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWUHVXOWVIURPWKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQV.|KQ+LQWHUEHUJHU 
6WUDDWHQ  (QYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQ SHUVSHFWLYH UHTXLUHV QHZ UHJXODWLRQV WR DFKLHYH D QHZ VXVWDLQDEOH
DSSURDFKWKDWLQFOXGHVDOOVWDJHVRILWVOLIHF\FOH
7KH FKDOOHQJH RI HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DQG VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ LV WR DOWHU WUDGLWLRQDO GHVLJQ DQG SODQQLQJ
SURFHGXUHVWRLQFRUSRUDWHHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVHIIHFWLYHO\$OOHQ%RQD]]L *HH
6XVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQQHHGVWRWUDQVODWHJOREDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVLQWRSURGXFWVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV'HVLJQHUVKDYH
DQRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[HUWFRQVLGHUDEOHLQIOXHQFHKRZHYHULWZLOOKDYHWREHVXSSRUWHGE\NQRZOHGJHDQGIOH[LELOLW\
DQG DQ DELOLW\ WR JR RQ OHDUQLQJ VLQFH WKH\ KDYH DQ HVVHQWLDO WRRO LQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ D VXVWDLQDEOH IXWXUH
0DFNHQ]LH
6XVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQLQYROYHVDIUDPHZRUNIRUFRQVLGHULQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVDQGLPSURYLQJWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGV
IRUGHVLJQLQWKHOLJKWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\$VVWDWHGE\/HZLVDQG*HUWVWDNLVVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQFRQVLGHUVQHHG
HTXLW\ DQG HWKLFV DQG VHHNV WR WUDQVODWH JOREDO VRFLRHQYLURQPHQWDO FRQFHUQV LQWR GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV DQG FUHDWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHV 7KHUHIRUH LW LV FUXFLDO WR FUHDWH VXVWDLQDEOH HFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH VROXWLRQV DQG GHVLJQHU
PXVW HQVXUH WKDW E\ SURYLGLQJ VROXWLRQV WR RQH VHW RI HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV WKH\ DUH QRW FUHDWLQJ RU LQFUHDVLQJ
RWKHUV 7KLV FRQFHSW LV YLWDO WR GHVLJQHUV IRU HYHU\ VFDOH IURP SURGXFW WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW %XUDOO HPSKDVL]HV WKDW
72 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79

 GHVLJQHUV QHHG WR VKRZ WKHLU LPDJLQDWLRQ DQG OHDGHUVKLS SLRQHHULQJ WKH ZD\ IRU VROYLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO
SUREOHPV(QYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHUVVKRXOGDLPWRLQFUHDVHHIILFLHQF\LQXVHRIHQHUJ\DQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHVDV
ZHOODVPLQLPL]LQJSROOXWLRQGHULYHVIURPGHVLJQGHFLVLRQV
$OWKRXJK GHVLJQHUV KDYH DQ DELOLW\ WR KHOS FUHDWH HQYLURQPHQWDO SURFHVV DQG GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV D JUHDW GHDO RI
GHVLJQSURIHVVLRQDOVHGXFDWHGZLWKRXWUHIHUHQFHWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRIWKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDQGDFWLYLWLHV
VLQFH GHVLJQ KDV QRW EHHQ WDXJKW LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI LWV VRFLDO DQG HFRORJLFDO LPSDFW ,Q WKLV FDVH PDQ\ GHVLJQHUV
DVVXPHWKDWWKHLUDUHDRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\LVOLPLWHGWRIXQFWLRQDQGDSSHDUDQFHDQGGRQRWVSUHDGWKURXJKWKHOLIHF\FOH
RIWKHLUGHVLJQVQRPDWWHUZKDWWKHLUVFDOHLV5DVVDP)RUPDQ\\HDUVGHVLJQHUVKDYHEHHQGHPRQVWUDWLQJ
WKH SRZHU RI GHVLJQ DV WKH QHZ GHPDQGV RI GHVLJQLQJ IRU PLQLPXP HFRORJLFDO LPSDFW SURYLGH DQ LGHDO SODWIRUP
IURPZKLFKGHVLJQHUVDFNQRZOHGJHWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV0DFNHQ]LH
'HVLJQPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHSLYRWDOSDUWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHWKLQNLQJDQGSURFHVVWKDWLQYROYHVD
ZLGHUDQJHRIRWKHUVNLOOV0DQ\HQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVDUHFDXVHGE\WKHSROOXWLRQWKDWUHVXOWVIURPWKHSURGXFWV
DQGVHUYLFHVIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOVFDOHWRWKHEXLOGLQJDQGSURGXFWV+LHVLQJHU 0DUFXV%HFDXVHPRVW
SURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHVXVHQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVPDQ\RIZKLFKDUHLUUHSODFHDEOH7UDGLWLRQDOGHILQLWLRQVRIJRRGGHVLJQ
DOUHDG\ LQFOXGH FULWHULD VXFK DV SHUIRUPDQFH VDIHW\ VLPSOLFLW\ HIILFLHQF\ DQG DWWUDFWLYH DSSHDUDQFH 3DSDQHN
 'HVLJQLQJ IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ GRHV QRW LJQRUH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO FULWHULD IRU JRRG GHVLJQ EXW LW GHPDQGV QHZ
FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHDOVRWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW%XUDOO
(QYLURQPHQWDO GHYHORSPHQW UHTXLUHV VRPH IXQGDPHQWDO FKDQJHV LQ DSSURDFK E\ GHVLJQHUV 7UDGLWLRQDOO\
GHVLJQHUVKDYHUHVWULFWHGWKHLUZRUNWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDIIHFWLQJMXVWDSDUWRIWKHOLIHF\FOHRIDSURGXFWPHHWLQJWKH
QHHGV RI WKH XVHU DQG WKH\ PRVWO\ LJQRUHG WKH IXQGDPHQWDOV IRU HFRORJLFDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQ (QYLURQPHQWDO GHVLJQ
DQGGHYHORSPHQWH[WHQGVWKHVHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVWRWKHZKROHSURFHVV'HVLJQHUVKDYHDUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUGLUHFWKHDOWK
DQG VDIHW\ FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKHLU ZRUN 7RGD\ WKRVH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DUH H[WHQGHG WR WKH EHQHILW RI WKH JOREDO
HFRORJ\ 3DSDQHN  $FFRUGLQJ WR 3DSDQHN  GHVLJQ LV WKH NH\ LQWHUYHQWLRQ SRLQW IRU PDNLQJ UDGLFDO
LPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOSHUIRUPDQFHRISURGXFWVDQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGHVLJQDQGHFRORJ\LVD
YHU\FORVHRQHDQGPDNHVIRUVRPHXQH[SHFWHGFRPSOH[LWLHVDVZHOO
(QYLURQPHQWDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH GHVLJQ UHTXLUHV D FOHDU SROLF\ D VWUXFWXUHG DSSURDFK DQG UHOLDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ QR
PDWWHU ZKDW WKHLU VFDOH LV 0F&DP\  /LIH F\FOH DVVHVVPHQW LV DERXW PLQLPL]LQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO WURXEOHV
WKURXJKRXW WKH OLIH F\FOH RI D SURGXFW 7KH OLIH F\FOH FRQFHSW LV D µFUDGOH WR JUDYH¶ DSSURDFK WR WKLQNLQJ DERXW
SURGXFWVDVZHOODVSURFHVVHVDQGVHUYLFHV,WUHFRJQL]HVWKDWDOOSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVKDYHHQYLURQPHQWDODQG
HFRQRPLFLPSDFWV)LNVHOH[SODLQVWKDWSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHEHJLQVZLWKWKHILUVWSKDVHVRIGHVLJQDQGSURFHHGV
WKURXJK WKH HQG RI SURGXFWLRQ 5HVHDUFK PDUNHWLQJ DQG VHUYLFH WR VXSSRUW SURGXFWV DUH DOVR LQFOXGHG LQ WKH OLIH
F\FOH +RZHYHU UHWLUHPHQW DQG GLVSRVDO RI SURGXFWV DUH JHQHUDOO\ QRW FRQVLGHUHG 7KH OLIH F\FOH IUDPHZRUN LV D
V\VWHPIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHIXOOHQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIGHVLJQ0F&OHOODQ6RLQ
LWVPRVWFRPSOHWHIRUPOLIHF\FOHGHVLJQHYDOXDWHVWRWDOLQSXWVRXWSXWVDQGHIIHFWVIRUDOOVWDJHVRIWKHOLIHF\FOH
.HROHLDQ 0HQHUH\
,W LV XOWLPDWHO\ WKH GHVLJQHU ZKR JLYHV IRUP DQG PHDQLQJ WR REMHFWV WKDW QRW RQO\ RIIHU XWLOLW\ IXQFWLRQ DQG
FRQYHQLHQFH EXW DOVR HQWHUWDLQPHQW DQG YLVXDO SOHDVXUH +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK D JURZLQJ QXPEHU RI GHVLJQHUV
DFNQRZOHGJHWKDWWKH\ZLVKWREHDSDUWRIWKHVROXWLRQWKDWLVVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWPDQ\GHVLJQHUVDQGRWKHUV
LQYROYHGLQSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWVHHPWRIHHOUHVWUDLQHGIURPKDYLQJDSRVLWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOHIIHFWRQWKHGHVLJQ
SURFHVV =XEH  0RRUH   ,Q WKLV FDVH GHVLJQ IRU WKH HQYLURQPHQW PDLQO\ GLYLGHG LQWR PDLQ SDUDPHWHUV
LQFOXGLQJSURFHVVGHVLJQWKDWIRFXVHVRQUHGXFWLRQRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGSROOXWLRQSURFHVVHV0DWHULDOGHVLJQ
LVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHXVHRIUDZPDWHULDOVWRPLQLPL]HKD]DUGRXVZDVWHV)LQDOO\HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQGHVLJQLVWKH
VHOHFWLRQRISURFHVVHVWKDWUHVXOWVLQDUHGXFWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\UHTXLUHPHQW%\DUV
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR GHVLJQHUV FRQVXPHUV RI WKH IXWXUH VKRXOG H[WUHPHO\ FRQFHUQ DERXW HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DQG
VKRXOGEHPRUHNQRZOHGJHDEOHWKDQPDQ\RIWKHLUHOGHUV0RUULV7KHFKDQJHVUHTXLUHGIRUGHVLJQLQJDQG
PDUNHWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOO\VHQVLWLYHSURGXFWVDQGSURFHVVHV'HVLJQHUVVKRXOGEHDZDUHRIWKDWEHLQJWKHILUVWZLWK
DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LQQRYDWLRQ DOVR EULQJV FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH 2WWPDQ  0HHWLQJ WKH FKDOOHQJHV RI
HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVXPHULVPSUHVHQWVLWVRZQUXOHVIRUFRUSRUDWHSURFHVVHVSURGXFWTXDOLW\DQGSURPRWLRQWKDWDUH
QHHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWIURPWKHYLHZSRLQWRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\5LFKDUGV

 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79 73

0DQ\PDUNHWHUVQRZJURZWKHLUEXVLQHVVHVE\DGGUHVVLQJWKHVSHFLILFHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVPRVWUHOHYDQWWRWKHLU
FRQVXPHUV 1RW RQO\ PDUNHWHUV EXW DOVR GHVLJQHUV XVH WKHVH VWUDWHJLHV WR FUHDWH SURILWDEOH QHZ RU LPSURYHG
VXVWDLQDEOH SURGXFWV DQG SDFNDJHV WKDW EDODQFH FRQVXPHUV¶ QHHGV ZLWK HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 6R IRU WKH
GHVLJQHUWKHDELOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWLPSDFWRIGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVZLOOQRORQJHUEHDQRSWLRQDOH[WUD
EXWUDWKHUDQHVVHQWLDOSDUWRIGHVLJQVNLOOV5DVVDP'HVLJQLQJSURGXFWVLQRUGHUWRPLQLPL]HWKHLULPSDFWRQ
WKH HQYLURQPHQW LVEHFRPLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\ LPSRUWDQW 0DQ\ GHVLJQHUV DUH EHJLQQLQJ WR UHFRJQL]H WKLV IDFW DQG DUH
WKHUHIRUHGHPDQGLQJWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHVWKDWHQDEOHWKHPWRGHVLJQPRUHUHVSRQVLEO\0RRUH 0LOOHU,Q
EXVLQHVVXVHDSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHEHJLQVZLWKWKHILUVWSKDVHVRIGHVLJQDQGSURFHHGVWKURXJKWKHHQGRISURGXFWLRQ
5HVHDUFKPDUNHWLQJDQGVHUYLFHWRVXSSRUWSURGXFWVDUHDOVRLQFOXGHGLQWKHOLIHF\FOH+RZHYHUUHWLUHPHQWDQG
GLVSRVDO RI SURGXFWV DUH JHQHUDOO\ QRW FRQVLGHUHG 7KH OLIH F\FOH IUDPHZRUN LV D V\VWHP IRU DVVHVVLQJ WKH IXOO
HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIGHVLJQ:DQQ6RLQLWVPRVWFRPSOHWHIRUPOLIHF\FOH
GHVLJQ HYDOXDWHV WRWDO LQSXWV RXWSXWV DQG HIIHFWV IRU DOO VWDJHV RI WKH OLIH F\FOH 5H9HOOH  5H9HOOH 
5HGXFLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV DQG ULVNV GHSHQGV RQ GHYHORSLQJ DQG XVLQJ DFFXUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH QHHG IRU
LQIRUPDWLRQ H[WHQGV WKURXJKRXW GHVLJQ *UDHGHO $OOHQE\ ,I WKH SURGXFWHQYLURQPHQW KDYHEHHQSURSHUO\
GHVLJQHGZLWKDFRQFHUQWRPLQLPL]HHQYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHH[WHQGLQJWKHOLIHRIDSURGXFWFDQDOVRGLUHFWO\UHGXFH
HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV9HVLOLQG3HLUFH :HLQHU
&RQVHTXHQWO\ HFRORJLFDO DQG VRFLDO LVVXHV KDYH EHFRPH PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ HYHU EHIRUH DQG GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVKDYHILQDOO\UHDOL]HGWKDWGHVLJQDQGGHVLJQSURIHVVLRQDOVKDYHYLWDOQHZUROHVDVWKHSLRQHHUVRIFUHDWLYH
VXVWDLQDEOH WKLQNLQJ /RRNLQJ DW SURGXFWV FORVHO\ KLJKOLJKWV WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV WKH\ FDXVH ZKLFK
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQHU VKRXOG WDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 6XVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ VLPSO\ GHILQHG DV WKH EHVW IRU
SHRSOH SURILWV DQG WKH JUHHQ SODQHW 3DUN  /HE\V  (QYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DUH FRPSOH[ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO
SUREOHPVPRVWO\FDXVHGE\WKHGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVWDNHQE\GHVLJQHUVZKRKDYHODFNRIDELOLW\DQGNQRZOHGJHRQWKH
HQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVDQGVXVWDLQDEOHSRLQWRIYLHZ


,PSURYLQJ(QYLURQPHQWDO$ZDUHQHVVYLD'HVLJQ(GXFDWLRQ,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\:RUNVKRS

,QWUDGLWLRQDOWHUPVWKHFRQFHUQRIGHVLJQHUVXVXDOO\HQGHGZLWKGHVLJQRISURGXFWVVHUYLFHVDQGHQYLURQPHQWV
+RZHYHUFRQVLGHULQJWKHUHFHQWVWXGLHVIURPGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVLWLVREYLRXVWKDWHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHU
VKRXOG WKLQN DERXW WKH FRPSOHWH OLIH RI WKHLU FUHDWLRQV DQG VROXWLRQV IRU HYHU\ VFDOH RI GHVLJQ ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW D
GHVLJQ ZRUNVKRS QDPHG µ7KLQN 6XVWDLQDEOH¶ KDV EHHQ FRQGXFWHG WR UHDOL]H WKH IXQGDPHQWDOV RI VXVWDLQDEOH
WKLQNLQJDQGWKHREVWDFOHVIRUHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVWKURXJKGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV%HFDXVH
RI GHPDQGLQJ FKDQJHV LQ DWWLWXGH IRU WRGD\ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ FRQVFLRXV GHVLJQHUV KDYH
EHFRPHPRUHGLIILFXOWDQGLPSRUWDQWWKDQHYHUEHIRUH'HVLJQHUVKDYHDOUHDG\QHHGHGWRFRQVLGHUFULWHULDDVSDUWRI
WKHLU GHVLJQ SURFHVV LQFOXGLQJ SURGXFWLRQ ILQDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV HWF +RZHYHU HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGUHVSHFWFRXOGEHHYHQPRUHFRPSOH[FRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVHWUDGLWLRQDOSURFHVVHV
6XVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG VRFLDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH GHVLJQ VWXGLHV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW GHVLJQHUV VKRXOG EH DZDUH RI WKHLU
HQYLURQPHQWDOSHUIRUPDQFHWKDWWKH\FUHDWHYLDGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJWRWKHHQGRISURGXFWOLIHIRU
WKHLU FUHDWLRQV IRU YDULRXV VFDOHV RI GHVLJQ LQFOXGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV EXLOGLQJV WR WKHSURGXFWV,Q RUGHU WR GR WKDW
GHVLJQHUVPXVWWDNHFRQVLGHUDEOHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUDVNLQJULJKWTXHVWLRQVUHFRJQL]LQJWKDWWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKH
HQYLURQPHQWDOSHUIRUPDQFHIRUDQ\SURGXFWGRHVQRWFRPHLQDVLPSOHZD\,QWKLVFDVHLWLVGLIILFXOWWREHDZDUHRI
DOO WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV WKDW VXUURXQG GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV DQG DOVR WR ILQG GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI SURGXFWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WKDW FUHDWHV QHJDWLYH HIIHFWV RQ VXVWDLQDEOH
WKLQNLQJ,QRUGHUWRILQGRXWJURZLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIGHVLJQHUVWKURXJKWKHULVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVWZR
GD\VGHVLJQZRUNVKRSKDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHGHVLJQHUVDQGGHVLJQHGXFDWRUV
7KURXJK WKH ZRUNVKRS SURIHVVLRQDO GHVLJQ HGXFDWRUV DV ZHOO DV DFDGHPLFLDQV IURP YDULHG VFDOHV RI GHVLJQ
GLVFLSOLQHVKDYHFRPHWRJHWKHUWRDQDO\]HWKHREVWDFOHVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGWRILQGRXWWKHIXQGDPHQWDOVRI
VXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJDQGHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVIRUGHVLJQLQJDQGFUHDWLRQSURFHVVHV%HVLGHVSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH
ZRUNVKRSKDYHDOVRGLVFXVVHGWKHGLIILFXOWLHVIRUUHDFKLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOUHJXODWLRQVDQGVROXWLRQVIRUDGMXVWLQJ
WKHVHSURFHVVHVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
74 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79

8QIRUWXQDWHO\PDQ\GHVLJQHUVDQGGHVLJQFRXUVHVFRQWLQXHWRLJQRUHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVWKURXJKWKHLUGHVLJQ
DQGGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQSURFHVVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV+RZHYHUWKLVSDUWLFXODUVWXG\KDVSURYHGWKDWLWLVHVVHQWLDOWR
LQFOXGH GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV DQG WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLSV WR GHVLJQ SURFHVVHV ,Q RUGHU WR
DQWLFLSDWH SUREOHPV DQG GHYLVH LQVSLUHG VROXWLRQV GHVLJQHUV DQG GHVLJQ HGXFDWRUV PXVW EH HTXLSSHG ZLWK DQ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVXEMHFWVWKDWJRHVEH\RQGWKHERXQGDULHVRIWUDGLWLRQDOGHVLJQWHDFKLQJ
$OWKRXJK GHVLJQHUV IURP GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV PRVWO\ KDYH DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR H[HUW FRQVLGHUDEOH LQIOXHQFH
FRQVLGHULQJ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WKH\ XVXDOO\ LJQRUH WKDW EHFDXVH RI ODFN RI HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DQG
NQRZOHGJH,WLVFUXFLDOWKDWWKLVLQIOXHQFHQHHGWREHVXSSRUWHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDONQRZOHGJHDQGDQDELOLW\WRJRRQ
OHDUQLQJDQGFUHDWLQJVXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQVLQWKHILUVWSODFH


 
)LJµ7KLQN6XVWDLQDEOH¶:RUNVKRSWKURXJK'HVLJQ'LVFLSOLQHV

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH RXWSXWV GHULYHG IURP WKH ZRUNVKRS DOWKRXJK PDQ\ RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHVLJQHUV KDYH UHVLVWHG
VSHQGLQJWRRPXFKWLPHDZD\IURPWKHFUHDWLYHSURFHVVPLQRULWLHVRIWKHPKDYHZLVKHGWRVSHQGWKHLUWLPHGHYRWHG
WR LQIRUPDWLRQ FROOHFWLRQ IRU WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFWV RI WKHLU VROXWLRQV 2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ FRQVLGHULQJ GHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV ZLWK LPSURYHG HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV QHZ JHQHUDWLRQV RI GHVLJQ SURIHVVLRQV UHDOL]H WKDW JDLQLQJ
NQRZOHGJHDERXWHQYLURQPHQWDOHIIHFWVRIWKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVVKRXOGEHDSDUWRIWKHLUFUHDWLRQSURFHVVLQRUGHUWR
FUHDWHHQYLURQPHQWDOVROXWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQWKHVHNQRZOHGJHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJDOVRQHHGHGWREHHPEHGGHG
LQWR GHVLJQ VROXWLRQV IRU ORQJWHUP VXFFHVVIXO DQG VXVWDLQDEOH UHVXOWV (QYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQHUV DOVR
HPSKDVL]HWKDWWKH\KDYHWREHZRUNLQJFORVHO\ZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOUHVHDUFKHUVZKRFDQDGYLVHWKHPWKURXJKWKH
GHVLJQSURFHVVWRLGHQWLI\DQ\SRWHQWLDOHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPV
$VRQHRIWKHPDLQREVWDFOHVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWRUHDFKVXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJWKURXJKGHVLJQSURFHVVLWKDV
GHILQHG WKDW GHVLJQHUV KDYH DVVHUWHG WKHLU LQIOXHQFH IRU PDQ\ \HDUV DQG XQGHUHVWLPDWHG WKH SRZHU RI GHVLJQ IRU
HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GLVFXVVLRQV FRQVLGHUHG WKURXJK WKH ZRUNVKRS WKH QHZ GHPDQGV RI
GHVLJQLQJIRUPLQLPXPHFRORJLFDOLPSDFWQHHGWRSURYLGHLGHDOSODWIRUPVIURPZKLFKGHVLJQHUVDFNQRZOHGJHWKHLU
JURZLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV,QWKLVFDVHWKHFUXFLDOTXHVWLRQLVWKDWZK\VKRXOGVRPXFKUHVSRQVLELOLW\IDOOWRGHVLJQHUV
DQGGHVLJQHGXFDWRUVWRDFKLHYHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQVROXWLRQVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHIXWXUH"
'HVLJQ LV DSLYRWDOSDUWRI WKHVXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJ DQG FUHDWLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ FRQVFLRXVGHVLJQSURFHVV LV D
SDUW RI D ZKROH FRPSOLFDWHG ZD\ RI FUHDWLRQ WKDW LQYROYHV D ZLGH UDQJH RI RWKHU VNLOOV &RQVLGHULQJ WKH UHVXOWV
GHULYHG IURP WKH ZRUNVKRS HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ FRQVFLRXV GHVLJQHUV PXVW GHPRQVWUDWH DQ DELOLW\ WR ZLGHO\ FRQVLGHU
WKHVHFRPSOH[HQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVWKDWVXUURXQGGHVLJQLQJIRUPLQLPXPHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV7RGRWKDWQHZ
JHQHUDWLRQVRIGHVLJQHUVDQGGHVLJQHGXFDWRUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVQHHGWRXQGHUWDNHFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQGRYHUDOO
UHVHDUFK EHIRUH VWDUWLQJ WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV DQG DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV WKDW LV HVVHQWLDO IRU
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHUV
 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79 75

  
)LJDE2XWSXWVRIWKHµ7KLQN6XVWDLQDEOH¶'HVLJQ:RUNVKRS

%HVLGHV EDVHG RQ WKH ILQGLQJV GHULYHG IURP WKH ZRUNVKRS LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV
GHVLJQHUV QHHG WR HYDOXDWH ZKLFK GHVLJQ VROXWLRQV DUH EHWWHU IURP DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO SRLQW RI YLHZ WR GHYHORS
SURGXFWVLQDVXVWDLQDEOHZD\,QWKLVFDVHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHUVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDYHDFUXFLDO
HQYLURQPHQWDO UROH WR SOD\ IRU UHDFKLQJ WKH JRDO DQG FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIVKDULQJNQRZOHGJHYLDVXFFHVVIXOFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGSDUWQHUVKLSVWKURXJKYDULHGGLVFLSOLQHV7RGR
WKDWGHVLJQHUVZLOOHQVXUHWKDWHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVFDQEHVXFFHVVIXOO\EXLOWLQWRSURGXFWVDQGSURFHVVHV)LJXUH



)LJ)XQGDPHQWDOVIRU,PSURYLQJ(QYLURQPHQWDO$ZDUHQHVVWKURXJK'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV
76 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79


(QYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DUH QRW RQO\ HQYLURQPHQWDO EXW DOVR HWKLFDO DQG VRFLDO LVVXHV WKDW
QHZJHQHUDWLRQVRIGHVLJQHUVVKRXOGFRQVLGHUWRPLQLPL]HQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRIWKHLUZRUNV%HVLGHVGHVLJQHUVPXVW
KDYH DELOLWLHV WR FUHDWH FRQQHFWLRQ DQG LQWHUIDFH DPRQJ FRQVXPHUV DQG VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ WRROV ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW
GHVLJQHUVZKLFKFRQVLGHUDQGUHVSHFWHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVQHHGWRHYDOXDWHZKLFKGHVLJQVROXWLRQVFUHDWHVEHWWHU
UHVXOWVIURPDQHQYLURQPHQWDOSRLQWRIYLHZWRGHYHORSSURGXFWVLQDVXVWDLQDEOHZD\EHWWHUIRUFRQVXPHUVDQGWKH
HQYLURQPHQW &RQVLGHULQJ WKH FRPSOLFDWHG VWUXFWXUH RI VXVWDLQDEOH WKLQNLQJ GHVLJQHU¶V OLPLWHG UROH IRU WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSURYHPHQWLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVQHHGWREHGHYHORSHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHVWKDW
UHTXLUHVIRUGHVLJQHUVWREHDZDUHRIWKHLULPSRUWDQWUROHWRSOD\IRUVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWDVZHOODVIRUFUHDWLQJ
HVVHQWLDOWRROVLQSODQQLQJDVXVWDLQDEOHIXWXUH
)LQGLQJVRIWKHZRUNVKRSDOVRVWDWHWKDWHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RI GHVLJQ FRQFHSWV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHUH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW QHHG WR FRQVLGHU HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV IURP WKH HDUO\
VWDJH LQ WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV WR WKH ORQJWHUP KDUP WR WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO VRXUFHV ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW HQYLURQPHQWDOO\
FRQVFLRXVGHVLJQHUVKDYHWREHXQGHUVWRRGWKHUHODWLRQVDPRQJGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDQGWKHORQJDVZHOODVVKRUWWHUP
HIIHFWV WR WKHHQYLURQPHQW $V VWDWHG WKDW GLIILFXOW MRE UHTXLUHV FORVHSDUWQHUVKLSVZLWK RWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV WKDW OHDG
GHVLJQHUVWRORRNEH\RQGDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHLUGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWGHFLVLRQVWRPLQLPL]HWKHULVNVFRPLQJIURP
WKHIDLOXUHRIDSURFHVV

)LJ&RPSRQHQWVIRU,PSURYHG6XVWDLQDEOH7KLQNLQJWKURXJK'HVLJQ(GXFDWLRQLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGGHYHORSLQJVXVWDLQDEOHSURGXFWVDQGSURFHVVHVUHTXLUHVHQVLEOHUHVRXUFHXVHHQYLURQPHQWDO
SURWHFWLRQDQGVXVWDLQDEOHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW7RVXSSRUWWKLVWKHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHGWRKDYHDQHQYLURQPHQWDO
DZDUHQHVV DQG UHIOHFW LWV IXQGDPHQWDOV WKURXJK GHVLJQ DQG HGXFDWLRQ SURFHVVHV ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW HQYLURQPHQWDOO\
DZDUHGHVLJQHUVDOVRKDYHFUXFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUFUHDWLQJVXVWDLQDEOHHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOVROXWLRQVWRHQVXUH
WKDWE\SURYLGLQJVROXWLRQVWRRQHVHWRIHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVWKH\DUHQRWFUHDWLQJRULQFUHDVLQJRWKHUV
 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79 77

$OWKRXJKWKHHPHUJHQFHRIHGXFDWLRQIRUVXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJLVUHODWLYHO\QHZFRQFHSWIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
WKHGLVFXVVLRQVDQGUHVXOWVIURPZRUNVKRSKDYHSURYHGWKDWLWKDVWREHLQFOXGHGHQYLURQPHQWDOVRFLDOHFRQRPLF
WKLQNLQJDQGDOVRHFRORJLFDODVSHFWV,QWKLVUHVSHFWHGXFDWLRQIRUVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQSURFHVVHVDQGVROXWLRQVDLPWR
EH WUDQVIRUPDWLYH RQ KXPDQ WKLQNLQJ FROODERUDWLRQ HWKLFV DQG YDOXHV )LJXUH  &RQVHTXHQWO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH
ZRUNVKRS DQG LWV RXWFRPHV LW LV SURYHQ WKDW XQOLNH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQHUV GR QRW HQG ZLWK WKH ODXQFK RI WKH SURGXFWV UHJDUGLQJ WKDW HQYLURQPHQWDOO\
FRQVFLRXVGHVLJQHUVKRXOGFRQVLGHUWKHFRPSOHWHSURFHVVHVIRUSUHYHQWLQJDQ\ORQJWHUPKDUPWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW
,Q RWKHU ZRUGV QHZ DQG GHYHORSHG GHILQLWLRQV RI JRRG GHVLJQ VKRXOG LQFOXGH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DQG
VXVWDLQDEOHZD\RIWKLQNLQJ


&RQFOXVLRQ

6LQFH WKH FRQFHSW RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV KDYH EHFRPH PRUH LPSRUWDQW WRGD\ WKH
FKDOOHQJH RI VXVWDLQDEOH GHVLJQ DQG PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVVHV WR LQFRUSRUDWH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV KDYH
EHFRPHPRUHFUXFLDOWKDWUHTXLUHFKDQJHVLQWKHVHH[LVWLQJSURFHGXUHV&RQVLGHULQJGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVSURGXFWV
DUHQRORQJHUGHVLJQHGZLWKQRUHJDUGIRUWKHORQJWHUPLPSDFWRQQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV+RZHYHUWKLVFRQFHSWDQGWKH
ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ DUH TXLWH QHZ DVSHFWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG WKH UHJXODWLRQV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH IXWXUH KDYH
EHFRPHUHFHQWO\GHYHORSLQJLVVXHVIRUWKHVHFRXQWULHV,QWKLVFDVHLQFUHDVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVLVFUXFLDO
WKURXJKGHVLJQHUVDVZHOODVWKHZKROHFRPPXQLW\
'HVLJQHUV¶ WDNLQJ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV RI WKHLU ZRUNV LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LV TXLWH D QHZ DSSURDFK IRU
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG WKH ILQGLQJV RI WKH ZRUNVKRS KDYH VKRZQ WKDW GHVLJQHUV IURP GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
XUJHQWO\ QHHG WR EH HTXLSSHG WR UHVSRQG WR WKH QHZ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO GHPDQGV ZKLFK ZLOO DULVH IURP WKHVH
FKDQJHV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ LQ WUDGLWLRQDO GHVLJQ HGXFDWLRQ SURFHVV GHVLJQ KDV QRW EHHQ WDXJKW LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI LWV
VRFLDO DQG HFRORJLFDO LPSDFW VR IDU DQG WKXV PDQ\ GHVLJQHUV DVVXPH WKDW WKHLU DUHD RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LV OLPLWHG WR
IXQFWLRQDQGDSSHDUDQFH$OWKRXJKGHVLJQHUVDVPHQWRUVRIGHVLJQQHHGWREHLPPHUVHGLQGHVLJQSURFHVVHVWRPHHW
H[SHFWDWLRQV ZLWKRXW LJQRULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO DVSHFWV WKHVH UHJXODWLRQV RQ SURWHFWLQJ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV
FROODERUDWLRQV ZLWK UHODWHG GLVFLSOLQHV DUH FUXFLDO IDFWRUV IRU VXVWDLQLQJ WKHVH DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU ORQJWHUP DQG
VXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQV,QWKLVFDVHWKHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHGWRUDLVHDZDUHQHVVVWDUWLQJIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUH
GHVLJQHGXFDWLRQIRUGHVLJQHUVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNHUV
,Q GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV PDQ\ RI GHVLJQ SURIHVVLRQDOV HGXFDWHG ZLWKRXW UHIHUHQFH WR HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV RI
WKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVVRIDUWKDWOLPLWVWKHLUDUHDRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\+RZHYHUHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUH
GHVLJQHUVQHHGWROHDGWKHZD\IRUVROYLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVWKURXJKWKHLUGHVLJQV7RGRWKDWWKH\PXVWEH
DZDUHRIWKHLUFUXFLDOUROHIRUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHVHFKDOOHQJLQJLVVXHVIRUPLQLPXPHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVUHVXOWIURP
WKHLU GHFLVLRQV +RZHYHU LW LV QRW HDV\ WR DFKLHYH WKLV JRDO DQG UHTXLUHV DQ DZDUHQHVV WR XQGHUWDNH WKRURXJK WKH
UHVHDUFKEHIRUHVWDUWLQJWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDQGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHV
:RUNLQJ DORQH GHVLJQHUV KDYH OLPLWHG SRZHU WR DFKLHYH DOO WKHVH LPSURYHPHQWV ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W GHVLJQHUV
HPHUJHWKDWFRQIOLFWLQJUDQJHRILVVXHVDQGFRQVLGHUDWLRQVWREXLOGLQWRSURGXFWVDQGSURFHVVHVLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWK
RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV $V VWDWHG PDQ\ GHVLJQHUV DQG GHVLJQ HGXFDWRUV FRQWLQXH WR LJQRUH HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV LQ
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV +RZHYHU LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW HQYLURQPHQW LVVXHV DQG WKHLU
UHODWLRQVKLSV WR WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVVHV LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK ORQJWHUP DQG VXVWDLQDEOH VROXWLRQV %HVLGHV WR DQWLFLSDWH
SUREOHPVDQGGHYLVHLQVSLUHGVROXWLRQVGHVLJQHUVPXVWEHHTXLSSHGZLWKDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIHQYLURQPHQWDOVXEMHFWV
WKDWJRHVIDUEH\RQGWKHERXQGDULHVRIWUDGLWLRQDOGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV5HGXFLQJDQ\KDUPWR
WKHHQYLURQPHQWFDXVHGE\GHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDOVRQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGE\GHVLJQHUVDVGHFLVLRQPDNHUV,QWKLVFDVH
HQYLURQPHQWDO SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQW UHTXLUHV VRPH IXQGDPHQWDO FKDQJHV E\ GHVLJQHUV ZLWKRXW LJQRULQJ WKH
WUDGLWLRQDOFULWHULDIRUJRRGGHVLJQ
'HVLJQHUV KDYH WR EH HGXFDWHG WR GHYHORS DQ DELOLW\ WR WDNH RQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV WR VXUURXQG GHVLJQLQJ IRU
PLQLPXPHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV,QDGGLWLRQGHVLJQLQJDOOQHZSURGXFWVLQDVXVWDLQDEOHZD\LVVLPSO\QRWHQRXJK
WRSUHYHQWSROOXWLRQDQGDOVRUHTXLUHVVRPHUHYLVLRQVIRUH[LVWLQJGHVLJQVDQGGHVLJQVROXWLRQV,QWKLVFDVHWKHUHDUH
VRPHLPSRUWDQWDUHDVRIFRQFHUQIRUHQYLURQPHQWDOO\FRQVFLRXVGHVLJQHUVWKDWWKH\VKRXOGHVWDEOLVKKRZWKH\FRXOG
OLPLWHQYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHVIURPGD\WRGD\6LQFHLWLVGLIILFXOWWRILQGGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDO
78 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79

SHUIRUPDQFHV RI GHVLJQ FRQFHSWV FRQVLGHULQJ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV GHVLJQHUV PXVW WDNH KXJH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU
DVNLQJ ULJKW TXHVWLRQV WR EH DZDUH RI DOO HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV WKDW VXUURXQG GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV $OWKRXJK GHVLJQHUV
FDQQRWEHH[SHFWHGWRKDYHVSHFLDOLVWV¶DQGGHHSNQRZOHGJHWRJDWKHUDOOWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLQIRUPDWLRQWKH\KDYHWR
EH HGXFDWHG DV NQRZLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FROODERUDWLRQ WKURXJK GHVLJQ DQG RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV UHODWHG WR WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKLV JRDO HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ DZDUH GHVLJQHUV KDYH WR ZRUN FORVHO\ ZLWK
HQYLURQPHQWDOUHVHDUFKHUVDQGDOORZWKHPWRUHYLHZWKHLUZRUNVDWFRQFHSWVWDJHWRLGHQWLI\DQ\SRWHQWLDOSUREOHPV
WKURXJKRXWWKHZKROHOLIHF\FOHRISURGXFWV
8QIRUWXQDWHO\ PDQ\ GHVLJQHUV DQG GHVLJQ FRXUVHV FRQWLQXH WR LJQRUH HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVWKDWDUHHVVHQWLDOWRLQFOXGHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWHQYLURQPHQWLVVXHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSVWRGHVLJQSURFHVV
LQ WKH FXUULFXOXP ,Q RUGHU WR FUHDWH LQVSLUHG VROXWLRQV GHVLJQHUV RI DOO VFDOHV PXVW EH HTXLSSHG ZLWK DQ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI VXEMHFWV WKDW UHDFK EH\RQG WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WUDGLWLRQDO GHVLJQ WHDFKLQJ 'HVLJQHUV KDYH
RSSRUWXQLWLHVWRDSSO\FRQVLGHUDEOHLQIOXHQFHVWKDWKDYHWREHVXSSRUWHGE\NQRZOHGJHRQVXVWDLQDEOHWKLQNLQJDQG
HQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVV7KH\PXVWDOVRUHDOL]HWKHEDVLFUHODWLRQVDPRQJGHVLJQGHFLVLRQVDQGWKHLUQHJDWLYHDQG
SRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRQWKHHQYLURQPHQW,QWKLVFDVHQHZJHQHUDWLRQVRIGHVLJQHUVPXVWEHDEOHWRHYDOXDWHZKLFKGHVLJQ
VROXWLRQVDUHEHWWHUIURPDQHQYLURQPHQWDOSRLQWRIYLHZWRGHYHORSSURGXFWVLQDVXVWDLQDEOHZD\
0DQ\HQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVDUHFDXVHGE\WKHSROOXWLRQWKDWUHVXOWVIURPSURGXFWLRQDQGXVHRISURGXFWVDQG
VHUYLFHV'HVLJQHUVZKLFKDUHHGXFDWHGZLWKHQYLURQPHQWDOUHVSHFWDQGDZDUHQHVVFDQKDYHDSRVLWLYHLQIOXHQFHRQ
UHGXFLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHVZKLFKRFFXUVDWHDFKVWDJHRIGHVLJQSURFHVVEHFDXVHPRVWSURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHV
XVH QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV WKDW DUH LUUHSODFHDEOH ,PSURYLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ FRQVXPHUV LV DOVR FUXFLDO
GXW\IRUWKHVHGHVLJQHUVDVPHQWRUVRIGHVLJQGLVFLSOLQHV,QDGGLWLRQWRFRQVLGHUVXVWDLQDELOLW\LVVXHVWKURXJKGHVLJQ
SURFHVVFUHDWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOO\FRQVFLRXVFRQVXPHUVE\UDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVYLDGHVLJQVROXWLRQVDOVRKHOSWRUHDFK
WKLVJRDO5HJDUGLQJWKHVHFUXFLDODVSHFWVHQYLURQPHQWDOO\DZDUHGHVLJQHUVGHYHORSOLIHF\FOHDVVHVVPHQWVWRKHOSWR
PLQLPL]H HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV FDXVHG E\ GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQV WKURXJK WKH ZKROH SURFHVV IRU OLIH F\FOH FRQFHSW
DERXW SURGXFWV SURFHVVHV DQG VHUYLFHV ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW QHZ JHQHUDWLRQV RI GHVLJQHUV ZKLFK DUH HTXLSSHG ZLWK
HQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVDQGNQRZOHGJHWKURXJKWKHLUGHVLJQHGXFDWLRQFDQFUHDWHDQLQWHUIDFHDPRQJFRQVXPHUV
DQGGHVLJQWKDWGHYHORSDZDUHQHVVRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVYLDWKHLUGHVLJQGHFLVLRQV,WPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGWKDW
GHVLJQLQJIRUVXVWDLQDEOHIXWXUHQHYHULQYDOLGDWHVWUDGLWLRQDOFULWHULDIRUJRRGGHVLJQKRZHYHULWGHPDQGVWKDWQHZ
DVSHFWV QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ VLQFH WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV WKURXJK GHVLJQ LV WKH PDLQ
LQWHUYHQWLRQ SRLQW IRU PDNLQJ UDGLFDO LPSURYHPHQWV LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI SURGXFWV V\VWHPV DQG
SURFHVVHVWKDWOHDGVWREHWWHUZD\VIRUHPEUDFLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHV




5HIHUHQFHV

$OOHQ 3 %RQD]]L  &  *HH '   0HWDSKRUV IRU &KDQJH 3DUWQHUVKLSV 7RROV DQG &LYLF $FWLRQ IRU 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ 7KH *UHHQOHDI
3XEOLVKLQJ
%XUDOO3*UHHQ'HVLJQ,VVXHVLQ'HVLJQ7KH'HVLJQ&RXQFLO/RQGRQ
%XUDOO33URGXFW'HYHORSPHQWDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW7KH'HVLJQ&RXQFLO*RZHU3XEOLVKLQJ/WG
%\DUV03URGXFWV,QQRYDWLRQVLQ'HVLJQDQG0DWHULDOV3UR'HVLJQ6HULHV5RWRYLVLRQ:DWVRQ±*XSWLOO
)LNVHO-'HVLJQIRU(QYLURQPHQW&UHDWLQJ(FRHIILFLHQW3URGXFWVDQG3URFHVVHV0F*UDZ+LOO
*UDHGHO7( $OOHQE\%5'HVLJQIRU(QYLURQPHQW3UHQWLFH+DOO8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU1HZ-HUVH\
+LHVLQJHU%$ 0DUFXV+*/DQGPDUNVRI7ZHQWLHWK±&HQWXU\'HVLJQ$Q,OOXVWUDWHG+DQGERRN$EEHYLOOH3UHVV3XEOLVKHUV
-RUGDQ)&&RQVHUYDWLRQ5HSODFLQJ4XDQWLW\ZLWK4XDOLW\DVD*RDOIRU*OREDO0DQDJHPHQW6FKRRORI(FRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI*HRUJLD
-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF
.HROHLDQ*$0HQHUH\'3URGXFW/LIH&\FOH$VVHVPHQWWR5HGXFH+HDOWK5LVNVDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWV1R\HV3XEOLFDWLRQ1HZ
-HUVH\86$
.|KQ-+LQWHUEHUJHU) 6WUDDWHQ-96XVWDLQDELOLW\LQ4XHVWLRQ(GZDUG(OJDU3XEOLVKLQJ86$
/HZLV+ *HUWVDNLV-'HVLJQ(QYLURQPHQW$*OREDO*XLGHWR'HVLJQLQJ*UHHQHU*RRGV50,78QLYHUVLW\0HOERXUQH$XVWUDOLD
0DFNHQ]LH'*UHHQ'HVLJQ'HVLJQIRUWKH(QYLURQPHQW/DXUHQFH.LQJ/WG
0DUJROLQ95DPV' 0DQ]LQL(7KH5ROHRI3URGXFW'HVLJQLQ3RVW±,QGXVWULDO6RFLHW\.HQW,QVWLWXWHRI$UW 'HVLJQ
0F&DP\-/7KH4XDOLW\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW7KH)UHH3UHVV1<&ROOLHU±0DF0LOODQ/LPLWHG/RQGRQ
0F&OHOODQ*63URWHFWLQJ2XU(QYLURQPHQW7KH+::LOVRQ&RPSDQ\1<
 Deniz Deniz / Procedia Environmental Sciences 34 (2016) 70 – 79 79

0RRUH& 0LOOHU$ *UHHQ*ROG-DSRQ*HUPDQ\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGWKH5DFHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO7HFKQRORJ\%RVWRQ%HDFRQ

3UHVV
0RUULV-*UHHQ*RRGV"FRQVXPHUVSURGXFWODEHOVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQW,($6WXGLHVRQWKHHQYLURQPHQW/RQGRQ
2WWPDQ-$*UHHQ0DUNHWLQJ2SSRUWXQLW\IRU,QQRYDWLRQ17&%XVLQHVV%RRNV
3DSDQHN9'HVLJQIRUWKH5HDO:RUOG+XPDQ(FRORJ\DQG6RFLDO&KDQJH$FDGHP\&KLFDJR3XEOLVKHUV
3DSDQHN97KH*UHHQ,PSHUDWLYH(FRORJ\DQG(WKLFVLQ'HVLJQDQG$UFKLWHFWXUH7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ
3DUN 6+  /DE\V :&  ,QGXVWULDO 'HYHORSPHQW DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 'HJUDGDWLRQ $ 6RXUFHERRN RQ WKH 2ULJLQV RI *OREDO 3ROOXWLRQ
(GZDUG(OJDU3XE86$
5DVVDP&'HVLJQDQG&RUSRUDWH6XFFHVV7KH'HVLJQ&RXQFLO*RZHU3XEOLVKLQJ/WG(QJODQG
5H9HOOH& 5H9HOOH36RXUFHERRNRQWKH(QYLURQPHQW7KH6FLHQWLILF3HUVSHFWLYH+RXJKWRQ0LIIOLQ&RPSDQ\
5LFKDUGV'-7KH,QGXVWULDO*UHHQ*DPH,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO'HVLJQDQG0DQDJHPHQW1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\RI(QJLQHHULQJ
1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\3UHVV:DVKLQJWRQ'&
9HVLOLQG3$3HLUFH- :HLQHU)5(QYLURQPHQWDO3ROOXWLRQDQG&RQWURO%XWWHUZRUWK±+HLQHPDQQ,QF
:DQQ''HHS'HVLJQ3DWKZD\VWRD/LYDEOH)XWXUH,VODQG3UHVV
=XEH+( 0RRUH*7$GYDQFHVLQ(QYLURQPHQW%HKDYLRUDQG'HVLJQ3OHQXP3UHVV1<