PHARMACODYNAMICS 2

NAME: NUR IFFAH HANNA BINTI ARIZAN

MATRIC NO: 2219092
SECTION: 1

Bipolar agents: Bipolar agents are a classification of drugs used to treat bipolar disorder, a mental
illness characterized by episodes of mania and depression. These drugs are primarily used to stabilize
mood and reduce the frequency and intensity of mood swings. Eg: Lithium, Valproate

Blood glucose regulators, including insulin and other diabetes medications: Blood glucose
regulators are a classification of drugs used to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.
Insulin and other diabetes medications are the primary agents used in the treatment of diabetes.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels

Blood products, including anticoagulants: Blood products are a classification of drugs derived from
human blood that are used to treat various medical conditions. Anticoagulants, which are drugs that
help prevent blood clots, are a type of blood product. These medications are commonly used to treat
or prevent blood clots in individuals with conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, stroke, or heart attack. Eg, Albumin, Clotting Factors.

Cardiovascular agents, including beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors: Cardiovascular agents are a
classification of drugs used to manage and treat cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension,
angina, and heart failure. Beta-blockers are a class of medications that work by blocking the effect of
the hormone adrenaline, thus slowing heart rate, and reducing blood pressure. ACE inhibitors
(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) are medications that help to lower blood pressure by
blocking the effects of a hormone called angiotensin II, which causes blood vessels to narrow.

Central nervous system agents, including amphetamines: Central nervous system agents are a
classification of drugs that act on the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
These agents are used to treat a variety of conditions related to the nervous system, such as
disorders of mood, attention, behaviour, sleep, etc. Amphetamines are a type of central nervous
system agent that is primarily used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
narcolepsy, a sleep disorder.

Enzyme replacement agent: Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a type of treatment that involves
the administration of artificial enzymes to replace the ones that are deficient or absent in an
individual due to a genetic disorder or disease. These disorders are often referred to as lysosomal
storage disorders, which are caused by defects in the lysosomes - cellular organelles responsible for
breaking down certain substances in the body. Without the necessary enzymes, these substances
accumulate in various tissues and organs, leading to a variety of medical complications.

Gastrointestinal agents, including H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors: Gastrointestinal agents
are a class of drugs used to treat a variety of conditions related to the digestive system, including
heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD). H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are two commonly used types of gastrointestinal
agents.
Genitourinary (genital and urinary tract) agents: Genitourinary agents are a classification of drugs
used to manage and treat a variety of conditions related to the genital and urinary tract. Eg,
Antibiotics, Hormonal Agents.

Hormone suppressant (sex hormones): Hormone suppressants are a classification of drugs used to
inhibit the production and release of sex hormones, such as estrogen or testosterone. eg,
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Inflammatory bowel disease agents: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) agents are a classification of
drugs used to manage and treat the symptoms of IBD. eg, Amino salicylates and Corticosteroids

Ophthalmic (eye) agents: ophthalmic agents are a classification of drugs that are used to treat
various conditions related to the eyes, including conjunctivitis, glaucoma, dry eye, and allergies.
Ophthalmic agents can be administered in several forms, including eye drops, ointments, and gels.
Eg, Antihistamines, Antibiotic.

Otic (ear) agents: Otic agents are a classification of drugs that are used to treat various conditions
related to the ear, such as ear infections, ear wax build-up, and tinnitus. Otic agents can be
administered in several forms, including ear drops and ointments. Eg, antibiotics, acetic acid, and
antifungals.

Respiratory tract agents, including antihistamines and bronchodilators: Respiratory tract agents are
a classification of drugs used to manage and treat various respiratory conditions, such as asthma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and allergic rhinitis. eg, Antihistamines and
bronchodilators

Sedatives and hypnotics: Sedatives and hypnotics are a classification of drugs used to promote
relaxation, improve sleep, and reduce anxiety. These medications work by suppressing the activity of
the central nervous system, leading to feelings of drowsiness and calmness. Eg, Benzodiazepines,
Barbiturates.

Skeletal muscle relaxants: Skeletal muscle relaxants are a classification of drugs used to treat muscle
spasms and other musculoskeletal conditions. These medications work by suppressing nerve
impulses in the brain and spinal cord, which can help to reduce muscle tension and stiffness. Skeletal
muscle relaxants can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including back pain, neck pain, and
muscle spasms. Eg, Baclofen, Tizanidine.