Professional Documents
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Food additives
Points to remember:
Important categories of food additives
• Aroma compounds • Food colours • Preservatives • Stabilizers
• Artificial Sweeteners • Buffers • Antioxidants • Vitamins and
minerals
Na+
-
O
Anionic detergent
Cationic detergent
Pentaerythrityl stearate.
Non-ionic detergent
O O O
-CO2
C O O C C O
Step:2
Propagation step
H C6H5
H C6H5
C C C C
H H H H
Phenyl radical
Styrene Stabilized radical
(monomer)
The stabilized radical attacks another monomer to give an elongated radical. Chain
growth will continue with the successive addition of several thousands of monomer
units.
C6H5
C6H5 CH2 CH
n
Polymer chain
Termination
The above chain reaction can be stopped by stopping the supply of monomer (or) by
coupling of two chains or reaction with an impurity such as oxygen.
200 - 3000C
n CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
1000 atm
(O2) n
Ethene polyethene
(LDPE)
Ethene
n
polyethene
(HDPE)
Uses: It is used for coating articles and preparing non – stick utensils.
How is Orlon (Polyacrylonitrile – PAN) prepared?
Orlon is prepared by the addition polymerisation of vinylcyanide (acrylonitrile) using a
peroxide initiator.
CN CN
D
n H2C CH CH C
n
Acrylo Nitrile Poly Acrylo Nitrile
(PAN-Orlon)
Uses: It is used as a substitute of wool for making blankets, sweaters etc…
What are Condensation polymers? Give an example.
The polymers which are formed by the condensation of two or more monomers with the
elimination of simple molecules like H2O, NH3 etc., are called condensation polymers.
Examples : Terylene, Nylon 6,6 etc.,
How is Terylene (Dacron) prepared?
Terylene is prepared by mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid at 500K in the
presence of zinc acetate and antimony trioxide catalyst.
O O
O CH2 CH2 O C C + (2n-1)H2O
n
Terylene (Dactron)
Uses:
1. Terylene is used in blending with cotton or wool
2. Terylene is used as glass reinforcing materials in safety helmets.
(Polymerisation)
O O
C CH2 C NH CH2 NH
4 6
n
Nylon 6,6
O
O
NH
533K
H2N CH2 COOH NH CH2 C
H2O 5 5
n
Caprolactum -aminocaproic acid Nylon-6
CH2OH
OH OH
CH2OH OH OH OH OH
n + n CH2 CH2 CH2
Novolak
Novolak on further heating with formaldehyde gives a cross linked polymer Bakelite.
OH OH OH
CH2 CH2
OH OH OH
HCHO
CH2 CH2 H2C H2C CH2
Novolak
CH2 CH2
OH OH OH
Bakelite
Uses:
• Navolac is used in paints.
• Soft Bakelite : Glue for binding laminated wooden planks and in varnishes.
• Hard Bakelite : Combs, pens etc..
What are Melamine resins? How are they prepared? Mention their uses.
Melamine formaldehyde resins are obtained by the condensation of melamine and
formaldehyde.
H2C
H H
H2N N NH2 H2N N N HN N N
CH2OH C
H2
N N HCHO N N polymerisation N N
NH2 NH2 NH
H2C
melamine
melamine-formaldehyde
O O O
N CH2 N C N O
N CH2 N C N
CH2
CH2 O
O
O
Urea-Formaldehyde polymer
Natural rubbers
Write a note on vulcanization of rubber
• Natural rubber is a polymer of cis isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene).It is not so
strong (or) elastic.
• The process in which natural rubber is mixed with 3-5% sulphur and heated at 100 −
150℃ is called vulcanisation. It causes cross linking of the cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains
through disulphide (-S- S-) bonds.
• The physical properties of rubber can be altered by controlling the amount of sulphur.
• Vulcanised rubber containing 1 to 3% sulphur is soft and stretchy.
• Vulcanised rubber containing 3 to 10% sulphur hard but flexible.
CN CN
Na
n H2C CH CH CH2 + n CH
2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH
n
Butadiene Acrylonitrile Buna-N
C6H5 C6H5
H2C CH CH CH2 + n CH Na
n
2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH
n
Butadiene Styrene Buna-S
HO CH CH2 COOH
HO CH CH2 COOH CH2
n + n
CH3 CH3
3-hydroxy butanoic acid
3-hydroxy Pentanoic acid
O O
O CH CH2 C O CH CH2 C O
CH3 CH2
n
CH3
PHBV
O O
) ) NH2 NH2
NH2 CH3
66 66
O
*
H
d N
c) * N CH2
NH2 Cl CH3 COOH ) 2
6
O H
6 n
6. Natural rubber has
a) alternate cis- and trans-configuration b) random cis- and trans-configuration
c) all cis-configuration d) all trans-configuration
7. Nylon is an example of
a) polyamide b) polythene
c) polyester d) poly saccharide
8. Terylene is an example of
a) polyamide b) polythene
c) polyester d) polysaccharide