PHARMACOLOGY

Q1: Define Pharmacology.

Ans:PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:

Pharmacology was first introduced by Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921), who studied the
pharmacology of chloroform and chloral hydrate.

DEFINITION:

It is a branch of medical science which deals with the uses, effects and mode of action of drugs.

Q2: Define Pharmacist:

Ans: PHARMACIST

DEFINITION:

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who specialize in the right way to use, store, preserve and
provide medicine.

Q3: Define drug and its types:

Ans: DRUG

DEFINITION:

Drug is a chemical substance used to treat, cure and prevent a disease or to promote well-being or
artificial pleasure.

TYPES OF DRUGS

Drugs can be derived from plants as well as animals. It is classified into the following two categories:

1. Pharmaceutical drugs or Medical drugs.

2. Addictive drugs

1. PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS

Drugs which are used to treat the diseases and make the patient physically normal are called
pharmaceutical.

2. ADDICTIVE DRUGS

Drugs which make the person relaxed by feeling pleasure, acting on the CNS of the person finally the
person become dependent on it are called addictive drugs.

Q4: How drugs can be obtained from natural sources?

Ans: MEDICINAL DRUGS OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES

Medicinal drugs are obtained from various natural sources:

1. Plants
2. Microorganisms

3. Animals

4. Minerals

1. DRUGS FROM PLANTS

There are many plants which contain special substances in their roots, leaves, flower, which can be
used to form drugs in laboratory and may be used directly as herbs.

EXAMPLE:

 Cinchona tree contains quinine is used to prevent or treat malaria.

 Opium is extracted from opium poppy which works as pain killer drug

2. DRUGS FROM MICROORGANISMS

Bacteria and fungi produce such substances which have medicinal value and are used to treat many
diseases.

EXAMPLES:

 Tetracycline is produced by bacteria.

 Lovastatin is produced by fungi.

3. DRUGS FROM ANIMALS

Certain animal parts or animal products are used as drugs for treatment of diseases such as
hormone, enzymes, animal extracts, organs and bile acids.

EXAMPLES:

 Gonadotropin hormones are prepared commercially from the serum of horse or from the
urine of pregnant women. It controls the production of sex hormone in the body.
 Hyaluronidase enzyme produced by microorganisms, found in the heads of leeches, snake
venom and mammalian tests.

4. DRUGS FROM MINERALS

Some drugs are synthesized from minerals or can be given as supplements to cure many diseases.

EXAMPLES:

 Iron is used as supplement to cure iron deficiency (anemia.

 Zinc is used to make zinc paste which is used to cure wounds and eczema.
 Gold salts are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Q5: What are synthetic drugs?

OR
What is source of drugs other than natural resources?

Ans: SYNTHETIC DRUGS

Drugs are which are synthesized or prepared in the laboratory by using manmade chemicals rather
than natural substances are called synthetic drugs.

EXAMPLE:

 Synthetic marijuana

Q6: Explain the usage of important medicinal drugs.

Ans: PRINCIPAL USAGE OF IMPORTANT MEDICINAL DRUGS.

1. PAINKILLERS:

Pain killers reduce the pain by acting on CNS.

EXAMPLES:

Panadol, aspirin and paracetamol etc.

2. VACCINE

It is a biological preparation which is used to prevent microbial diseases in the body and a provides
immunity.

EXAMPLE:

Hepatitis vaccine, rabies vaccine, chickenpox vaccine, covid19 vaccine etc.

3. SEDATIVES

A sedative or tranquillizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

EXAMPLE:

Diazepam (valium), Alprazolam (Xanax), Clonazepam (klonopin)

Q7: Explain the discovery of antiseptic and antibiotics?

Ans: DISCOVERY OF ANTISEPTIC AND ANTIBIOTICS

 JOSEPH LISTER (Discovery of antiseptics)

Joseph Lister is a founder of antiseptic medicine and known as "Father of Antiseptic surgery"
contribution to medicinal world had decreased the death rate from childbirth and surgery
used carbolic acid as disinfectant for hands and instruments. He also used spray of carbolic
to kill air borne germs which are responsible for causing infection.
 ALEXANDER FLEMING (Discovery of antibiotics)
Alexander Fleming is well now for discovering the first antibiotic named 'Penicillin' in 1928
was experiencing with influenza virus in laboratory of the inoculation department at
St.Mary's hospital in London. He left the staphylococcus plate for two weeks. After a couple
of weeks he observed the growth of mold on the plate which inhibits the growth of
staphylococcus, this led to the discovery antibiotic named penicillin.

Q8: Define narcotics and their effects?

Ans: NARCOTICS

DEFINITION:
A drug or other substance that affects mood or behavior and is consumed for non-medical purposes,
especially one sold illegally called narcotic.

ACTIONS OR USES

 Narcotics are painkillers which bind with the receptor cells of central nervous system and
help to reduce the pain.
 Narcotics are used to treat moderate to severe pain.
 It shows short term effect like drowsiness, sedative, pain, relief etc.
 It may be harmful as it is addictive and may cause death due to overdose.

HEROIN:

It is highly addictive drug. It interacts with dopamine level in the brain which leads to burst of
pleasure associated with its use.

MORPHINE:

Morphine is also an addictive drug which helps to relieve moderate to severe pain by acting on
central nervous system. It remains in blood for about 6 hours. Overdose may result in some side
effects such as: nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, sweating.

Q9: Define Hallucinogen and its effects.

Ans: HALLUCINOGEN

DEFINITION

Hallucinogens are a group of drugs that work on the brain to affect the senses and cause
hallucinations.

 Hallucination is a perception which seems real but it is created by your mind.

SIDE EFFECTS:

Side effects of hallucinogens are: increasing heart rate, breathe rate, palpitation, blurred vision etc.

Q10: Discuss Marijuana and its effects:

Ans: MARIJUANA

 Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States.
 It can be obtained from flower, stem and leaves of the Cannabis indica plant.
 People smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes or in pipes or water pipes.
 The intake of this drug produces immediate sensations-increased heart rate, reduce
coordination and balance, and a 'dreamy' unreal state of mind.
 Marijuana also affects brain development.
 When people begin using marijuana as teenagers, the drug may impair thinking, memory,
and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas
necessary for these functions.

Q11: Give some symptoms of addiction.

Ans: SYMPTOMS OF ADDICTION

1. When a person starts using this drug such as nicotine or alcohol it would not be possible for them
to control or to stop its uses.

2. When the level of such chemical or drug goes down after certain time a person may suffer from
short temper, poor focus, craving for drugs, frustration, anger etc.

3. Intake of such drugs may lead to different risky activities like driving fast.

Q12: Why addiction is considered as a harmful condition?

Ans: ADDICTION AS A HARMFUL CONDITION:

 It destroys the person's social life.

 A person may suffer from many health issues and illness.
 Addictive people may easily involve in different crimes such as robbery, stealing, snatching
and law violation etc.
 It may affect as a person's behavior when it does not get its need after sometime. It may
lead to short temper, anger, aggressive, behavior etc.

Q13: Write a short on Antibiotics.

Ans: ANTIBIOTICS

1. ANTIBIOTICS

The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming named penicillin.

DEFINITION:

Antibiotics are the chemical substance which are used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.

PRODUCTION:

Antibiotics may be produced by microorganisms and may be synthesized in laboratory.

EFFECTS:

It may kill or reduce the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics may have two effects.

 Bactericidal means they kill the bacteria cell.

 Bacteriostatic means they inhabit the growth of bacteria.

Q14: Can we get any harm from antibiotics? If so mention them.

Ans: MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics may be harmful if misused and may show the following effects:

 Antibiotics resistance
 Diarrhea
 Upset stomach
 Yellowing teeth

Q15: What is antibiotic resistance?

Ans: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

DEINITION
Antibiotic resistance happens when germs like bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drug
designed to kill them.

CAUSE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

The continuous use of antibiotic may result in resistance against antibiotic in bacteria.

MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE:

Bacteria get resistance genes encoded in chromosome against that antibiotic.

Q16: What is Vaccine?

Ans: VACCINE

INTRODUCTION

Edward Jenner was a British Physician who introduced vaccine in 1796.

DEFINITION
A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provides immunity against one or
several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease.

ACTION

Vaccine is introduced in the body to produce immunity against such infectious diseases such as
polio, small pox, hepatitis etc.

Q17: Define IMMUNIZATION:

Ans: IMMUNIZATION:

Immunization is a process by which an individual's body get immunity to fight against infectious
diseases by administration of vaccine.

Q18: Why antibiotics are not effective against viral infection?

Ans: Viruses are different from bacteria; they have a different way of surviving. Viruses don't have
cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics; instead they are surrounded by protective protein coat.
Unlike bacteria, which attack your body's cells from the outside, viruses actually move into, live in
and make copies of themselves in your body's cells. Viruses can't reproduce on their own, like
bacteria do, instead they attach themselves to healthy cells and reprogram those cells to make new
viruses. It is because of all of these differences that antibiotics don't work on viruses.

Q19: Why the sedative is used for anxiety and sleep disturbance?

Ans: Sedative drugs are used to treat anxiety and sleeping disturbance because they're typically used
to make you feel more relaxed.

Q20: How much vaccine works against pathogen? Explain the process with help of diagram.

Ans: A vaccine works by boosting the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Antigens
(pathogens or certain molecules from the pathogen) must be introduced into the body to activate
immune system. By injecting these molecules, the immune system will safely learn to recognize
them as unfriendly invaders and produce antibodies and remember them for the future attack.