Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is Drugs?
Drug is defined as a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making
medicines which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. The use of
any drugs without an advice or prescription from a physician can be harmful.
Drugs is any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the
central nervous system of man.
A chemical substance that affects the functions of living cells and alters body or
mind processes when taken into the body or applied through the skin.
Is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral
change in a person taking it.
Any chemical substance, other than food, which is intended for used in the
diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention of disease or symptoms
World Health Organization also defines drug as any substance or product that
is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or
pathological states for the benefits of the patient.
The word "drug" is believe to had originated from Old French word "drogue", then later
changed into the term "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels" that
refers to medicinal plants preserved in them. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology
Dictionary, 2000)
2. Drugs have a potential of addiction while medicines (in the general sense) don’t lead
to such.
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4. Drugs are substances that can still cure diseases to some extent but can have
severe adverse effects if used more than what’s necessary.
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GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had
a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or
euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years.
Wine was used at least from the time of early Egyptians, narcotics from 4000 B.C. and
medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C in china.
As time went by, Home Remedies were discovered and used to alleviate aches,
pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots, mushrooms or
fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to achieve the
desired effect.
One of the oldest records of such medicinal recommendations is found in the
writing of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who lived in 2735 BC. He compiled
a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that listed all the
then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For
example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in treating fevers; Ch’ang Shan is
antimalarial in Chinese medicine and It has emetic effects.
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once common in Asia and from there spread to the West, peaking in the 19 th century,
Opium dens flourished.
Regarding marijuana, another notable herb that has its hallucinogenic effect,
historians credited it [Cannabis Sativa] as the world‘s oldest cultivated plant started
by the Incas of Peru.
GENERAL DRUG CATEGORY
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CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
1. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow its
purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight
and height and should not be taken by anyone else.
3. UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
These are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects but
are not usually considered as drugs. These substances are not generally
regulated by the law except insofar as standards of sanitation and purity
is required.
4. ILLICIT DRUGS
These are drugs whose sale, purchase, use or manufacture is generally
prohibited by law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators of these
laws.
Drugs work in our body in a varied ways. They interfere with microorganisms
(germs) that invade our body, destroy abnormal cells that cause illness, replace
deficient substances (such as hormones or vitamins), or change the way that cells
work in our body. Most drugs act within our cell. Similar to common body
chemicals, drugs enters on cell and participates in the normal sequence of a cellular
process. Thus, drug may later, interfere on the established cellular life cycle, hopefully
for the betterment of the person. The actual action of a particular drug depends on its
chemical makeup.
When two drugs are taken together or taken within a few hours of each
other, they have the tendency to interact with each other a d may yield an un-expected
result. This is one of the reasons why a physician always asked the names of drugs
the patient is using.
DOSE
A dose of drug refers to the amount taken by the patient at one time. The dose
taken becomes extremely important part of developing drug abuse. There are many
factors taken into consideration when deciding a dose of drug - including age of the
patient, weight, sex, ethnicity, liver and kidney function and whether the patient
smokes or drinks alcohol. Other medicines may also affect the drug dose.
1. Minimal dose – The amount needed to treat or heal that is, the smallest amount
of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
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2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic
effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by
the individual who improperly uses it.
Methods of Administering Drugs- Drugs may be introduced into the body in several
ways, each method serving a specific purpose.
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d. INTRAVENOUS— The drug is introduced directly into the
vein. Example: Intravenous fluids
e. INTRATHECAL OR INTRASPINAL- — The drug is introduced into
the subarachnoid space of the spinal column. Example: Procaine
hydrochloride.
3. INHALATION— this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are
inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the cappillary system of the respiratory
tract. It is probably the second most commonly-used route of drug
administration.
4. TOPICAL— this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as
the skin and the mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by
the use of special type of electric current for local effect.
7. Buccal- The drug is administered by placing them into the buccal cavity just
under the lips and the active ingredients of the drug will be absorbed into the
bloodstream through the soft tissues lining the mouth.
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DANGEROUS DRUGS
1. Depressant – These are drug that has the effect of depressing the central
nervous system. They decrease or depress body function and nerve activity.
Depressants drugs include sedative, hypnotics and tranquilizers.
2. Stimulant – These are drug having the effect of stimulating the central nervous
system. These are drugs that produce a feeling of well-being. Cocaine and
amphetamine are the most common stimulant.
3. Hallucinogens – These are drug that is considered as mind altering drugs and
gives general effects of mood distortion. These drugs are capable of provoking
change in sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.
4. Inhalants – Although not a drug but these are household and industrial
chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases are concentrated and
breathed in via the nose or mouth and produces intoxication, in a manner not
intended by the manufacturer.
DEPRESSANT (downer)
These are drugs that suppresses the vital body function especially those of the
brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment,
hearing, speech, and muscular coordination. They dull minds, slow down the body
reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and/or suicides usually happen.
LEGAL DEPRESSANTS
Alcohol – Alcohol is the most general legal depressant. There are different types of
alcohol such as beer, wine and liquor. Alcohol acts a psychoactive drug that weakens
attention and reduces reaction speed. Alcohol overdose affects the brain resulting in
slurred speech, clumsiness and delayed reflexes. Other physiological impacts include
altered insight of space and time, weakened psychomotor skills, affecting balance.
Instant effects of alcohol intoxication include slurred speech, sleep problems, nausea
and vomiting. Even when you consume low doses, alcohol impairs judgment and
coordination considerably.
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Benzodiazephine – This is a prescriptive drug used to treat anxiety problems, alcohol
withdrawal signs or muscle spasm. It is at times applied with other medicines to cure
seizures. The most common Benzoz include xanax, activan and valium.
Benzodiazephine overdose can be dangerous. It can be very addictive.
ILLEGAL DEPRESSANTS
Opium – narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsule of the opium
popy, papaver somniferum. Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and
Afghanistan
Street name: weed, pot, dope, grass, reefer, herb, nuggets, blaze, rope etc.
Morphine – most commonly used and best used opiate. It is effective as painkiller six
times potent than opium, with a high dependence producing potential, morphine
exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes and mental
clouding.
Heroin – it is derive from morphine. It is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium derivative. With
continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days. It is the most powerful opium
derivative.
Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first sensitized in Germany in 1943, when
an opiate analgesic was not available because of war, it was first called “Dolophine”
after Adolf Hitler. Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while methadone
is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin depends since it relieves
the physical craving for heroin.
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STIMULANT (uppers)
These are drugs that produced excitation, alertness and wakefulness, intense
feeling of “highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in blood pressure and
respiration.
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Cocaine- Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub, which grows in the
mountain regions of South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. In
Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia, the most common form of cocaine is a
white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed
therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local
anesthetic, in particular in ophthalmology.
Street name: blanca, crack, flake, gold dust, haven dust, line
HALLUCINOGEN (psychedelics)
Resin – Producing – (female MJ) – THC is found most abundantly in upper leaves,
barks and flowers of the resin – producing plant.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – this drug was first synthesized by Dr. Albert
Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel from the ergot plant – a fungus that parasites rye and
other grains and diethylamide portion.
Peyote – This drug was derived from a small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a
nauseating odor and its user is commonly those who suffer from nausea. The drug
causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal symptoms.
-
Mescaline – this is the active ingredient of peyote cactus.
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Morning Glory Seed – known as lysergic acid amide. Hallucinogenic affect may last
for 4-5 hours and later may be followed by depression, laziness, and complete loss of
time and space perception.
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SEVEN ADDITIONAL SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF DANGEROUS
DRUGS (PDEA, 2016)
Street Name: Apache, Good fella, Jackpot, TNT, Murder 8 and Tango and
Cash.
Recreational use of MT-45 has been associated with hearing loss and
unconsciousness.
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Jargon Meaning
“opiate” - narcotic
“on the nod/ nodding” - the state produced by opiates like being suspended
on the edge of sleep
“juni” - heroin
“speed” - amphetamines
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“joint” - an MJ cigar
Terms to ponder:
Drug Dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug
administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use
While Drug Addiction is a distinct concept of Drug Dependence, is defined as
compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.
Peer pressure - Peer pressure affect young people because they place a high value on
what their friends think and do and they desire to ‘fit in’ with their peer group. Which
then, if that group takes drugs, or smokes cigarettes or enjoys drinking then the
pressure is there to do the same.
Stress – Working for longer hours to provide a decent standard of living without
finding time to relax. Going for a few drinks after work is one way of relaxing as is
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taking drugs such as cocaine at parties. Many individuals use this way of coping with
stress which eventually turn into habits, and that habituation may turn into
addiction.
Environment - Being exposed to addictive substances at young age may increases the
risk of an individual towards drug addiction. Another related factor is a chaotic
childhood and abuse. Those who suffered abuse in their childhood have a stronger
trigger towards addiction.
Use of highly potent drugs - Some drugs is much more addictive than others, for
example cocaine, heroin and amphetamines can cause addiction after just one use.
Other drugs require several sessions before they result in an addiction.
Availability of drugs - If a drug is easier to get hold it will show higher rates of
addiction than something which is difficult to obtain. The availability of the illicit
drugs increases the tendency of individuals residing on that area to use drugs.
Addiction had taken over a person already if these followings are present;
2. Tolerance – This refers to the tendency of the user to increase the dose of the
drug to produce the same effect as to that of the original effect.
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as a result of discontinuing or dosage reduction of some types of medications
and recreational drugs. The risk of withdrawal syndrome increases with dosage
and length of use.
The symptoms of drug abuse will vary depending upon the substance, the
individual’s genetic makeup, the length of abuse, and the frequency of abuse. Some of
the common symptoms of drug abuse may include
WHAT TO OBSERVE?
1. Change in interest – Users may lose interest in their studies and in their work,
They may fail in school, shift from one course to another, transfer of school of
lower standards until eventually drop out.
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A drug user under the influence of drugs may be observed to manifest the
following changes on behavior;
a. Lack of ambition, reduced attention span, poor quality of school work, and
impaired communication skills.
b. Less care for the feeling of the others, lessening of accustomed family warmth
c. Secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuable from the
house.
a. Neglect of persons appearance and hygiene, pale face, red eyes, dilation or
constricted pupils, and wearing sunglasses at wrong place.
1. OBSERVATION
Carefully observe the signs and symptoms of drug abuse such as but not
limited to;
a) Instant change in interest
b) Frequent shifting of mood
c) Sudden change in behavior
d) Changes in physical appearance
2. BACKGROUND CHECK
Information relative to drug use must be collected to determine whether
the suspected individual is indeed a drug user, it must be done through the
following means
Interview
The best information is from the patient himself, if not possible the
parent or close relative or close friend would be a good alternative to furnish
useful details that has a significant contribution to the possible cause of the
patient drug use.
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3. LABORATORY EXAMINATION
If a person is suspected to have been involved in illegal drug use, he
must be subjected to drug test, for those person apprehended violating the law
on drugs must be submitted for drug testing in accordance with the provision of
Republic Act 9165 which read as follows;
Sec. 38. Any person apprehended or arrested for violating the provisions
of RA 9165 shall be subjected to screening laboratory examination or test
within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending or arresting officer has
reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested,
on account of physical signs or symptoms or other visible or outward
manifestation, is under the influence of dangerous drugs. If found to be
positive, the results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall
be challenged within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the result through a
confirmatory test conducted in any accredited analytical laboratory
equipment with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry equipment or
some such modern and accepted method, if confirmed the same shall be
prima facie evidence that such person has used dangerous drugs, which
is without prejudice for the prosecution for other violations of the
provisions of this Act: Provided, That a positive screening laboratory test
must be confirmed for it to be valid in a court of law.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION (Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)
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Place of residence: Urban (specifically NCR 43.89%)
DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE:
*Residential Facilities
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Skin infection and skin rushes – often times the drug abuser neglects his
personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needle and syringes that result in skin
infection or even ulceration at the sites of the needle puncture. Skin rushes
even may occur as a side effect of sensitivity reaction to certain drug abuse.
Accidents
Unintentional injuries
Cardiovascular complications
Seizures
Strokes
Heart attacks
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Addiction
Tolerance
Impaired decision-making
Withdrawal forgetfulness
The drug abuser may also experience social malfunction such as the
following:
Commission of crime
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Effects of Drug use to the mental health of the Drug Addict
The drug abuser can experience adverse effect of the central nervous
system. Regular use or injection of large doses of substance reduces the activity
of the brain and depresses the central nervous system. The drug dependent
then manifest changes in his mind and behavior that are undesirable by people
in his environment.
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Drug trafficking refers to the global illicit drug trade involving that involves
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to
drug prohibition laws. At current levels, world heroin consumption (340 tons) and
seizures represent an annual flow of 430-450 tons of heroin into the global heroin
market. Of that total, opium from Myanmar and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
yields some 50 tons, while the rest, some 380 tons of heroin and morphine, is
produced exclusively from Afghan opium. These drugs are commonly trafficked
worldwide via routes flowing into and through the countries neighboring Afghanistan.
The Balkan and northern routes are the main heroin trafficking corridors
linking Afghanistan to the huge markets of the Russian Federation and Western
Europe. The Balkan route traverses the Islamic Republic of Iran (often via Pakistan),
Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria across South-East Europe to the Western European
market. While the northern route runs mainly through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (or
Uzbekistan or Turkmenistan) to Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.
In 2008, global heroin seizures reached a record level of 73.7 metric tons. Most
of the heroin was seized in the near and Middle East and South-West Asia, South-East
Europe and Western and Central Europe. The global increase in heroin seizures over
the period 2006-2008 was driven mainly by continued increasing seizures in the
Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey.
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In 2007 and 2008, cocaine was used by some 16 to 17 million people
worldwide. North America accounted for more than 40 per cent of global cocaine
consumption, while the 27 European Union and four European Free Trade Association
countries accounted for more than a quarter of total consumption.
For the North American market, cocaine is typically transported from Colombia
to Mexico or Central America by sea and then onwards by land to the United States
and Canada. Cocaine is trafficked to Europe mostly by sea, often in container
shipments. Colombia remains the main source of the cocaine found in Europe, but
direct shipments from Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are far more
common than in the United States market.
The prevalence of illegal drug use in the Philippines is lower than the global
average, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), two of
the most used and valuable illegal drugs in the country are methamphetamine
hydrochloride known for its common name “shabu” and marijuana. In 2012, the
United Nations reported that the Philippines had the highest rate of
methamphetamine use in East Asia, and according to a U.S. State Department report,
2.1 percent of Filipinos aged 16 to 64 uses the drug. On the other hand Ecstasy is
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reported to be the third most abused drug that is next to cannabis and
methamphetamine. Other drugs are also at the verge of being abuse, for minors
Inhalants are commonly abused, especially street children. The involvement of the
minors is not only limited to consumption, other drug syndicates also use them as
drug pushers and couriers.
Aside from the illegal drug production and manufacture, Illegal drug trafficking
is still the most pervasive drug activity in the Philippines. Drug traffickers never stop
formulating new ways to hide their illegal activities. In year 2013, PDEA observed
some common modus operandi adopted by illegal drug traffickers such as using milk
boxes, Chinese tea bags, slippers and cellphone charger, mail and parcel courier, or by
ingesting the drug itself in order to smuggle the drug into the country. What makes it
hard for the authority to suppress the illegal drug trafficking in our country is the
involvement of drug cartels, the role of drug syndicates in the manufacture and
distribution of illegal drugs is very significant in illicit drug trafficking business. They
serve as the foundation of the illegal drug trade. In the Philippines, international drug
trafficking organizations were identified to have been operating in the country, such as
the Sinaloa Drug Cartel, African Drug Syndicates and Filipino – Chinese Drug
Syndicates, what is more alarming were the incidents reported on some occasions that
these drug syndicate were working side by side.
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HISTORICAL DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
This heroin’s produced by the Golden triangle passes through nearby countries
in relatively small quantities through air transport while through land transit to the
United States and European countries.
South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the principal
sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to the robust production of the
coca plants.
India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to the rapid addiction
among its people.
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Hong Kong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
Japan – became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United
States and Europe.
The SINALOA CARTEL, Mexico - The biggest gang in Mexico right now is the Sinaloa,
whose leader, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, known as "El Chapo" or "Shorty", is considered
the most powerful drug lord in the world. The Sinaloa smuggles cocaine, marijuana,
methamphetamine and heroin by land or through tunnels into the US, often via
Arizona.
The 'NDRANGHETA, Italy - The 'Ndrangheta from Calabria has now eclipsed the
nearby Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Neapolitan Camorra syndicates to become one of
the biggest drug gangs in the world. Its annual income from cocaine importation and
other businesses is estimated in the tens of billions of dollars.
ABERGIL FAMILY, Israel - The Abergils have been one of the world's largest exporters
of ecstasy, into the US and elsewhere, and prolific in gambling and embezzlement too.
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DRUG CARTELS IN PHILIPPINES
Drug trafficking in the Philippines are still dominated by the Mexican, African,
and Chinese Illicit Drug Traffickers. There has been a shift into the mode of operation
of drug traffickers, today the importation of illicit drugs into the country had been
decreasing due to the strict monitoring and security provided by the coast guards and
other responsible agencies. The most common way of smuggling drugs are transit
through air then dropped on the shorelines then the local members who acts as a
fisherman’s will collect them and deliver it to local drug groups for distributions to the
consumers.
“Shabu” or Methamphetamine Hydrochloride is still the most widely abused
drugs in the country followed by marijuana, due to this, the demand for “shabu”
continue to increase and the smuggled drugs could not sustain such demand so it
gave rise to the construction of “shabu” laboratories. These drug syndicates have been
producing methamphetamine in small-scale and kitchen-type laboratories to avoid
detection. Usually, drug syndicates rent warehouses for use as drug laboratories.
These syndicates have moved towards renting houses in private subdivisions,
condominiums and apartments to be used as bases for their illegal drug production.
Private properties are becoming more favorable to drug syndicates as sites of illegal
drug production.
Drug Syndicate in the Philippines
The Binondo based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad
society, the Bamboo gang is Taiwan and 14k based on Hong Kong. The Bamboo gang
is influenced of the green gang of the Chinese Triad while the 14k is the newest among
the Triad families established only in 1947.
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PDEA Academy
Shall be established either in Baguio or Tagaytay, and in such other places as
may be necessary.
responsible in the recruitment and training of all PDEA agents and personnel
Recruits must be at least 21 years of age, with proven integrity and honesty and
a Baccalaureate degree holder.
The graduates of the Academy shall later comprise the operating units of the
PDEA after the termination of the transition period of five years during which all
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the intelligence network and standard operating procedure of the PDEA has
been set up and operationalized.
The Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent, with the rank of Director.
He /she shall be appointed by the PDEA Director General.
The Narcotics Group of the PNP, the Narcotics Divisions of the NBI and the
customs narcotics Interdiction Unit are hereby abolished.
POWER AND DUTIES OF PDEA
Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control
strategy,
Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure
and confiscation of dangerous drugs,
Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum relative to the
conduct of investigation involving the violations of RA 9165;
Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of properties and other assets of persons
and/or corporations found to be violating the provisions of RA 9165 and in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of
2001
Establish forensic laboratories,
Filing of appropriate drug cases,
Conduct eradication programs,
Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.
DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)
Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as Dangerous Drug
Act of 1972 subsequently repealed by RA 9165.
The policy-making & strategy-formulating body in the planning & formulation of
policies & programs on drug prevention & control.
It shall develop and adopt comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced
national drug abuse prevention and control strategy.
POWER AND DUTIES OF DDB
Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,
Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act,
Conduct policy studies and researches,
Develop educational programs and info drive,
Conduct continuing seminars and consultations,
Design special training,
Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
Maintain international networking,
COMPOSITION
DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are permanent members, the
other 12 members are ex- officio capacity and 2 regular members.
THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS
At least 7 years of training and experience in the field of the ff: fields in law,
medicine, criminology, psychology or social work.
Appointed by the president.
One designated as the Chairman with the rank of Secretary and the two other
regular members as undersecretary. (with the term of 6 years)
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TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS
Secretary or representative of the following Department:
DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd,
Chairman CHED, NYC
Director General - PDEA
TERMS TO PONDER
Administer – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any
person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or
other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person
in administering a dangerous drug to him/her unless administered by a duly
licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.
Deliver– Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally
or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.
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Dispense – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any
dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
Sell – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.
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Controlled Delivery – the investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or
suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia or property believed to be
derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of
the country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to
gathering evidence
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N. Any public officer or employee, who misappropriates, misapplies or fails to
account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources
of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals,
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the
proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts. ( Sec. 27)
PENALTY - Life imprisonment and fine ranging from Php 400K to 500K
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50 grams or more of shabu
500 grams or more of marijuana
10 grams or more for any Dangerous Drugs
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Authorized drug testing shall be done by any government forensic laboratory or by any
of the drug testing laboratories accredited and monitored by the DOH to safeguard the
quality of test results.
The drug testing shall employ, among others, two (2) testing methods.
Drug test certificates issued by accredited drug testing centers shall be valid
for a one- year period from the date of issue which may be used for other
purposes.
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PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN VIOLATION OF RA 9165
Regional Trial Court (RTC)- Holds the Jurisdiction of Violations of RA 9165
30 days- Conduct of Preliminary Investigation
24 hours- filling of information
48 hours- Filling of information of the MTC judge who conduct PI to the
proper prosecutor.
15 days-Termination of the reinvestigation when prosecutor disagree to the
MTC judge.
60 days- Trial period of the case
15 days- Decision shall be rendered
15 days- If no appeal was taken the decision shall become final.
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If the powder is not soluble in water. The material may consist of explosives,
which may explode when they come into contact with the liquid in the test kit.
If there is a very small quantity of material, i.e. trace quantities.
If the suspected drugs are in liquid form
Drug laboratories
Extreme caution must be taken in connection with operations against illegal
drug laboratories, since the following may be present:
Booby traps
Persons who are armed
Persons who use chemicals as weapons
Corrosive, flammable, hazardous (toxic) and explosive substances
Air that is polluted by solvents and chemicals
Hydrogen gas, which forms explosive mixtures with air – do not switch on the
lights.
The chemicals that are handled in illegal drug laboratories occur in various
mixtures, in ongoing processes, in open vessels or in any form other than in closed
original packages. As a result, such substances/chemicals may be or become
explosive, flammable, corrosive or hazardous. In the event of any uncertainty, seek
assistance of experts.
Checklist for investigations in connection with production of illegal drugs
Find out as much as possible about the accident both before going to the scene
and upon arrival.
Decide whether you need help. Always contact the PDEA before action is taken
against a drug laboratory.
Start keeping an action log.
Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
Carry out a security check. Wearing appropriate protective clothing, scene-of-
crime officers are to check for traps, after which the chemist assesses the risks
associated with the handling of chemicals.
Turn off the heat for the still, hot plate etc. NB: Do not turn off the water or
cooling and ventilation fans.
Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the crime scene.
Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene with a video
camera.
Pause for thought and start planning.
Make a sketch. Mark the places where evidence and reference samples are
collected.
Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc. that are
relevant to the crime investigation.
Write a continuous seizure report.
Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted. Make sure that you have not
forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports. A suspect may
enter the crime scene area after the cordon has been lifted, and this must not
be allowed to destroy the value of the evidence collected.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
Seize any documents that indicate the extent of production, perpetrators or
buyers. Look for receipts, bills, delivery notes etc.
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Where drug production is suspected, take samples from the various stages of
the production process. Samples of ventilation ducts, fans and water seals may
be useful. Wipe any waste chemicals/drugs with a cotton compress soaked in
an alcohol mixture (about 80%).
Seize packaging material, e.g. bags, rolls of plastic bags and tape. These can
then be used to compare with corresponding materials from other seizures and
used as a basis for calculation of the amounts produced
CONCEPT OF VICES
VICE
Any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity,
wickedness and corruption of the minds and body.
It comes from the Latin word vitium, meaning "failing or defect.
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I. ALCOHOLISM
TERMS TO PONDER
Alcoholism – state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating
liquors excessively and with habitual frequency. (State vs. Savage, 89 Ala. 17
LBA 426, 7 South, Rep. 183). It is a condition wherein a person is under the
influence or intoxicated with alcohol.
Alcoholic Liquor – is any beverages or compound, whether distilled, fermented,
or otherwise, which will produce intoxication or which contains in excess of one
percentum of alcohol and is used as a beverage. (State vs. Oliver, 133 S.C. 125,
130 S.S. Rep. 213).
DRUNKNESS AS A CRIME
In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may
drink to excess in the privacy of his home or in the party and commit no crime
at all.
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It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs,
endangers, or injured others, that he became an offender and therefore, subject
to arrest and punishment.
Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor, as
provided in the election law.
Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is prohibited.
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Very drunk – the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in speech
and marked motor incoordination and often walking is impossible.
Coma – the subject is stuperous or in comatous condition. Sometimes it is
difficult to differentiate this condition with other conditions having coma.
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Urine examination to determine blood alcohol contents gives an acceptable
result to the court although the use of this chemical test is not yet widespread in our
jurisdiction. Sample of urine must not be taken at one time only because urinary
excretion of alcohol varies with time. Excretion is less during the early stage of
absorption and may be more than that in the blood during the later stage.
METHODS OF THERAPY ON ALCOHOLISM
A. The Aversion Treatment
This treatment seeks to create an aversion from alcohol by the administration of
a Nauseating drug to be followed by a drink of liquor, and thus develops a
dislike of alcohol.
The method maybe rather costly since hospitalization maybe required.
Moreover, the effect is not always lasting and treatment must be repeated.
Yet, it is said that this method has proven effective in more than half of the
cases.
B. The Psychotherapy Method
This cure depends upon showing that the real problem of the alcoholic is not
the
Alcoholitself but the emotional problem that led the alcoholics to drink.
This method therefore, aims to eliminate these emotional tensions.
Through therapeutic interviews, it undertakes to make the alcoholics aware of
why he drinks and to provide him with the strength necessary to combat his
problems.
C. The Program of Alcoholics Anonymous
This method is based on conversion and fellowship.
It emphasizes that alcoholics understand alcoholism better than anyone else
man is dependent upon God and must turn to Him for help; that the alcoholic
must sincerely desire to stop drinking
He must admit that he is an alcoholic and cannot drink in moderation.
II. GAMBLING
TERMS TO PONDER
GAMBLING Wagering of money or something of material value on an event with
an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money
and/or material goods.
Chance or Hazard – is the uncertainty of the result of the game or when the
outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason, foresight,
sagacity or design.
WAGER – is the bet or consideration placed on gambling games.
PRIZE – is the unequal amount due to the winner.
ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME Any form of illegal gambling activity which uses
numbers or combination as factors in giving out jackpots.
JUETENG illegal numbers game that involves the combination of numbers as a
form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination .
MASIAO illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from
the results of the last game of Jai Alai or the Special Llave portion
LAST TWO - Illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived
from the last two numbers of the first prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket.
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BETTOR (Mananaya) Any person, who places bets for himself/herself or in
behalf of another person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal
numbers game operation.
COLLECTOR or AGENT (Cabo, Cobrador) Any person who collects, solicits or
produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game who
is usually in possession of gambling paraphernalia
MAINTAINER, MANAGER OR OPERATOR Any person who maintains,
manages, or operates any illegal number game in a specific area.
FINANCIERS OR CAPITALIST Any person who finances the operations of any
illegal numbers game.
PROTECTOR OR CODDLER Any person who lends or provides protection, or
receives benefits in any manner in the operation of any illegal numbers game.
GULLIBLE PERSON – person who easily deceived especially in crooked
gambling.
CONDUCTOR – is the person who manages or carries the gambling game.
BANKER – is the person who keeps the money from which the winner is to be
paid.
PAGCOR (Philippine Amusement and Gambling Corporation) – office that
controls/regulates gambling games.
CLASSIFICATION OF GAMBLING GAMES
1. Those who are absolutely or per se prohibited
Under Art. 195, RPC – monte, jueteng, other form of lottery, policy, banking or
percentage game and dog races;
Faro and roulette is absolutely prohibited by the Gambling Law.
2. Those which are regulated by law. These games are regulated in the sense
that the law allows the same to be played except on certain specified of the day.
Cockfighting under Art. 199, Revised Penal Code
Horse Racing under Art. 198, Revised Penal Code
Panguingue, cuajo, domino, mahjong, entre cuatro, and other under Sec. 828,
Revised Ordinances of the City of Manila
REQUISITES/ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME OF GAMBLING
That money or other consideration of value is at stake
That the result of the games depends wholly or chiefly upon chance or hazrd
In cases of lottery, there must be:
consideration;
chance, and;
prize or the inequal amount due to the winner
NOTE: Lottery becomes punishable only when the participants buys ticket only for
purposes of participating in the lottery but not when the participation is only
incidental to buying a certain good wherein the participation entitles the buyer an
equal value of his money’s worth.
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Article 195 of RPC. The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine not exceeding two
hundred pesos, and, in case of recidivism, the penalty of arresto mayor or a fine
ranging from two hundred or six thousand pesos,
The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum degree shall be imposed
upon the maintainer, conductor, or banker in a game of jueteng or any similar
game.
Article 196 (RPC)
Penalizing any person who shall import into the Philippine Islands from any
foreign place or port any lottery ticket or advertisement, or in connivance
with the importer, shall sell or distribute the same.
The penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in
its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the
discretion of the court
Article 197 (RPC). Betting in sports Contest
Penalizing any person who shall bet money or any object or article of value or
representative of value upon the result of any boxing or other sports contest.
The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,
Article 198 (RPC). Illegal betting on horse races
Penalizing any person who, except during the periods allowed by law, shall bet
on horse races.
The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both,
Article 199 (RPC). Illegal cockfighting –
Penalizing any person who directly or indirectly participates in cockfights, at a
place other than a licensed cockpit.
The penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, in the
discretion of the court
RA 3063 – Approved June 17, 1961
authorizing licensed race tracks and racing clubs and their authorized agent to
offer, take or arrange bets outside the place, enclosure of track where the races
held.
Penalty - fine of not less than one thousand pesos not more than two thousand
pesos or by imprisonment for not less than one month or more than six
months, or both, in the discretion of the court. If the offender is a partnership,
corporation or association, the criminal liability shall devolve upon its
president, director, or any other official responsible for the violation.
PD 449 – Cockfighting Law of 1974 – Approved May 9, 1974.
PD 483 - Penalizing Betting, Game-fixing or point shaving and Machinations in Sports
Contents. Approved on June 13, 1974.
PD 1602 – Approved June 11, 1978. prescribing stiffer penalties on illegal gambling.
RA 9287 – Approved 2, 2004An Act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers
games, amending certain provisions of P.D. 1602, and for other purposes.
III. SMOKING
Is a practice in which a substance is burned and the result smoke breathed in
to be tasted and absorbed into the blood stream.
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TOBACCO
The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant
grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects.
Tobacco is considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical Nicotine.
Sniffing and chewing tobacco originated in North America and Europe
Tobacco Chemicals
The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette smoke
are:
1. Nicotine – it is the most common important active ingredient in controlled
doses. It is an extremely toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1 – 2 mg
of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg from each cigarette is filtered or not
depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and frequency of
inhalation and the length of the butt.
2. Carbon Monoxide – a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a
car’s exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate
amounts of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the
shortness of breath among smokers.
3. Tar – the brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer – causing
component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth, and tongue of
the smoker. Along with the other noxious substances in cigarette smoking, it
can lead to lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Forms of Smoking
1. Tobacco smoking- this refers to the act of burning the tobacco leaves and inhaling
the smoke. The Frenchmen Jean Nicot, from whose name the word Nicotine was
based. Similar to other intoxicating substances like coffee, tea and even opium,
tobacco was initially used as kind of medicine.
Methods of Tobacco Smoking
a. CIGARETTE- the word cigarette means “small cigar” in French. Perhaps, this
is the most commonly used type of tobacco product finely cut and cured tobacco
leaves sometimes combined with additives, which are rolled into slim, cylinder shaped
paper tubes.
b. PIPE SMOKING- in the old times, pipe smoking used to be more popular.
Here, shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the pipe chamber and then ignited.
The smoke is inhaled through a pipe that is connected to the chamber.
c. CIGARS- larger than cigarettes, cigars are tightly rolled bundles of fermented
and dried that are ignited in one tip so that the smoker can draw out the smoke from
the other tip using one mouth .
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e. ELECTRONIC CIGARRETE (E- CIGARRETE)- is a handheld electronic
device that stimulates the feeling of smoking. It works by heating a liquid to generate
an aerosol commonly called vapor that the user inhales. Using cigarette is commonly
referred to as “vaping”. The liquid in the e-cigarette called e-liquid or e juice is
usually made of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin and flavorings, but not all liquids
contain nicotine.
f. PASSIVE SMOKING- this refers to involuntary consumption of smoked
tobacco generated around the passive smoker.
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1. With in 20 minutes, the blood pressures and pulse rate drop to normal, the
body temperature of the hands and feet returns to normal.
2. With in 8 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the blood drops to normal and
the oxygen level in the blood increases to normal.
3. With in 24 hours, the risk of sudden heart attack decreases.
4. With in 48 hours, the nerve ending begin to regenerate and a person’s ability to
smell and taste begin to return to normal
5. With in 2 weeks to 3 weeks, blood circulation improves and lung function
increase to 30 percent.
6. Within 1 – 9 months, over all energy increases – signs and symptoms of
coughing, nasal congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are remarkably
reduced. Natural cleansing mechanism of the respiratory tract returns to
normal so that the body is able to handle mucus, clean the respiratory tract,
and prevent respiratory infections.
7. With in 1 year, risk of coronary heart disease is reduced by 50%.
8. With in 5 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer is reduced by 50%.
9. With in 10 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer, stroke and heart attack is
as that of a non – smoker.
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