DRUG EDUCATION & VICE CONTROL

Drug education is teaching and communicating to help people avoid harm caused by the abuse of various
drugs.

Drug is a chemical substance that affects the way you feel and function. It is a substance used as a medicine
or in making medicines, which affects the body and mind and has potential for abuse. For a physician, drugs
are agents that cure or prevent illness by altering or enhancing some physiological processes.

Drug abuse generally refers to chronic, excessive and inconsistent use of a drug, such that physical or other
personal harm is very likely to occur. It is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of drug.

Drug misuse refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for the purpose other than, those
prescribed by a physician. It is taking of a drug by a person for the purpose other than that for which it was
medically intended. Borrowing a friend’s prescription for a certain drug when you have fever is an example
of drug misuse.

Deviant drug use is the use of drugs that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved by the
majority, causing members of the group to take some corrective action when it occurs.

Addiction is uncontrolled compulsion to use drugs. It is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power
of self-control in respect to a drug. It is also characterized by physical dependence, tolerance and withdrawal
syndrome.

Drug addiction refers to a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of
a drug. A person is addicted if he or she is unable to stop craving for using a drug.

Dependency may be physical or physiological.

Physical dependence occurs when the user’s physiological functioning is altered. The body becomes sick,
inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of the drug.

Physiological dependence occurs when emotional and mental discomfort exists in the individual. The drug
user feels he cannot do his task without using the drug. Consequently if he does not take the drug, his mental
processes are affected. He cannot carry out his work efficiently.

Tolerance is the failure of the drugs to cause the usual effect or the need for a higher dose to bring about the
desired effect.

Withdrawal consists of a variety of physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an accustomed dose
level of a drug is abruptly cut off. The nature and magnitude of withdrawal vary with the drug and the user.

Self medication is another term found in users and would-be users of drugs whose sources of information are
people or literature other than physicians, pharmacists, and health workers.

Routes of Administration
A. Enteral
1. Oral: Giving a drug by mouth is the most common route of administration. It is the most convenient
and economical route whenever possible. However, drugs taken orally don’t reach the bloodstream as
quickly as drugs introduced by other means.
2. Sublingual: Placement under the tongue allows the drug to diffuse into the capillaries and enters the
blood circulation directly.
3. Rectal: This includes the placement of the drug via the anus to be absorbed at the rectal mucosa. The
rectal route is useful if the drug induces vomiting when given orally or if the patient is already
vomiting.

B. Parenteral

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 1. Intravenous injection: It is the most common parenteral route. It makes use of the needle or other
device to deliver directly the drug into the veins. Intravenous injection gets the drug into the
bloodstream immediately (within seconds in most cases).
2. Intramuscular injection: Drugs are injected directly into the muscle tissue, which is richly supplied
with blood vessels. Intramuscular injection is moderately fast (within a few minutes).
3. Subcutaneous Injection: Drugs are injected directly beneath the skin. This route of administration
works more slowly (within 10 minutes).

C. Others
1. Inhalation: This route of administration is used for gases or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol.
Inhalation provides the rapid delivery of a drug, producing an effect almost as rapidly as the
intravenous route.
2. Intranasal: This involves the introduction of the drug via the nasal mucosa. The abused drug
cocaine is generally taken by sniffing.
3. Intrathecal/Intraventricular: Introduction of drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
4. Topical: This refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the
mucous membrane. Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug is desired.
5. Transdermal: Application of drug to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. This route is most
often used for the sustained delivery of drugs.
6. Iontophoresis: The introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type
of electric current for local effect.
Dosage
 Minimal dose – the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will
produce a therapeutic effect.
 Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without
any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
 Toxic dose – the amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
 Abusive dose – the amount needed to produce the side effects and the action desired by an individual
who improperly uses it.
 Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause death.

Individual Differences: Each person responds differently to different drugs, depending on circumstances or
setting.
OTC Drugs: Drugs available at the counter anytime and without a doctor’s prescription are called the OTC-
drugs.
Prescription Drugs: These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They
are prescribed according to the individual’s sex, age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone
else.
The Placebo Effect: Drug experts have learned that many people can experience typical drug effects when
they believe they have taken a drug but actually have not.

Medical Uses of Drugs:

1. Analgesic – are drugs that can relieve pain. However, they may produce the opposite effects on
somebody who suffers from ulcer or gastric irritation.
2. Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control infectious organisms. Ingesting the same drug for a
long time can result in allergic reaction and cause resistance to drugs.
3. Antipyretics – those drugs that can lower the body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines – those drugs that control or combat allergic reactions. A person who is on
antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicle since these drugs can cause drowsiness.
5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meting of the sperm cell and the egg cell or prevent the ovary
from releasing the egg cells. Pregnant women must not take birth control pills to avoid congenital
abnormalities.
6. Decongestants – drugs that can relieve congestion of the nasal passages. Prolonged use of these
decongestants might include nasal congestion upon withdrawal.
7. Expectorants – those that ease the expulsion of mucous and phlegm from the lungs and throat. They
are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does not know to cough the phlegm out.
8. Laxatives – drugs that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movements. These drugs should
not be given to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal obstructions. Taking purgatives
(stronger laxatives) unnecessarily might result in the rupture of the intestines or appendix if there is an
obstruction. Constant use might make the intestine sluggish.
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 9. Sedatives and Tranquilizers – drugs that can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind. Precautions must be taken in the use of tranquilizers
since they can cause impairment of judgment and dexterity.
10. Vitamins – substance necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of the
body. Proper dosage must be considered in taking vitamins. Excessive dosage can be harmful to the
body health.

DRUG ABUSE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Book of Genesis recounts Noah’s drunkenness shortly after emerging from the ark. Alcohol use has been
part of most civilizations since ancient times.

The Book of Judges of the Old Testament revealed that the mighty Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by
means of a drug-laced wine before cutting his hair, the source of his strength, and subsequently gouged his
eyes before the feasting Philistines already “high spirited” with narcotics mixed with intoxicants. There are
also many allusions of drug abuse in the old cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which might have led to the
widespread adultery, bestiality, and incest.

DANGEROUS DRUGS AND THEIR ORIGIN

Marijuana –( Cannabis Sativa Lima)World’s oldest cultivated plants being a source of dangerous
drugs(more than 9000BC).Known as the Sacred Tree by the Assyrians.Historians credited that marijuana
(Cannabis Sativa Lima) is the world’s oldest cultivated plant started by the term marijuana is a Spanish-
Mexican term used to refer to the Indian Hemp plant that can grow in a tropical region and attain an
approximate height of 1.8 meter or 6 feet.
Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops also known scientifically as Cannabis Sativa
Lima, smoked or eaten for its pleasure-giving effects. Its leaves formed a finger-like look-odd in numbers
from 3 up to 5 fingerlike leaves. The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is
concentrated in the flowering tops; hashish, a drug prepared from the plant resin, is about eight times stronger
than plain marijuana.
Opiates
Opium Poppy – Papaver Somniferum
Opium – a principal drug in narcotics category
Morphine – derived from opium discovered by Frederich Serturner of Germany in 1806
Opiate drugs have derived from the name morphium after Morpheus – the god of dreams
Codiene – (Greek word for poppy head) second important alkaloid of opium discovered in 1832.
Heroin – the most potent among opiates developed in 1874 and placed on the market in the year 1898 by
Bayer Laboratories.
Opium Wars – It began when Chinese government stop the illegal importation of opium by British
merchants.
First Opium War (1839-1843) – It started in 1839 when the Chinese government confiscated opium
warehouses in Guangzhou (Canton). The Great Britain responded by sending an expedition of warships to the
city in February 1840. The British won and the conflict ended by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) on August
29, 1842. The treaty was finalized on October 8, 1843 and China cede Hong Kong to Great Britain.
Second Opium War (1856-1860) – In October 1856, Guangzhou police boarded the British ship Arrow and
charged its crew with smuggling. Eager to gain more trading rights, the British used the incident to launch
another offensive, precipitating the Second Opium War. British forces, aided by the French, won another
quick military victory in 1857. When the Chinese government refused to ratify the Treaty of Tientsin, which
had been signed in 1858, the hostilities resumed. In 1860, after British and French troops had occupied
Beijing and burned the Summer Palace, the Chinese agreed to ratify the treaty. The treaty opened additional
trading ports, allowed foreign emissaries to reside in Beijing, admitted Christian missionaries into China, and
opened travel to the Chinese interior. Later negotiations legalized the importation of opium.

Coca Bush – Erythroxylon Coca

Cocaine or Cocaine Hydrochloride – The most potent stimulant drugs. 500kg of coca leaves = 1kg of
cocaine
Crack or Rock – cocaine is mixed with some household chemicals including baking soda and then drying it
resulted in a lump of cocaine in a smokable form.

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Coca Paste – coca leaves are mixed with organic solvent, such as kerosene or gasoline. After thorough
soaking, mixing and mashing, the excess liquid is filtered out to form a paste often mixed with tobacco and
smoked.

Ephedra – (Ma Huang – Chinese Herbs)

Ephedrine – the active ingredients of Ma Huang. It is use to dilate the bronchial passage in asthma patients.

Amphetamine – (Speed) drugs synthesized by researchers in 1920 and patented in 1932 having similar
structure to ephedrine. The first use of amphetamine was a replacement for ephedrine in the treatment of
asthma. Branded as BENZEDRINE inhaler, it was introduced as an OTC drugs in 1932 for treating the stuffy
noses caused by colds. Amphetamine was used for the treatment of narcolepsy in 1935.

Narcolepsy is a condition in which the individual spontaneously falls asleep more than five times daily.
Soldiers Disease – It was also noted that soldiers at times of war used amphetamine and became addicted to
it.

In 1989, methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals or ICE/shabu (street name) was claimed by most media
men as the next drug epidemic. Along with the scare of potential new menace came the unsubstantiated report
that Ice or shabu produced effects lasting for a day or more.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – Developed by Dr. Albert Hoffman, it is the most potent hallucinogen
drugs derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps Purpurea), a molds that grows on grain especially rye. Eating
infected grain results in illness called ergotism.

Psilocybin – derived from the psilocybe mushroom, the magic mushroom of Mexico that have a long history
of religious and ceremonial uses. The real breakthrough of psilocybin was in 1955 when a New York banker-
turned-ethno-botanist and his wife established rapport with a native group still using mushrooms in religious
ceremonies. Gordon Wasson became the first outsider to participate in the ceremony and to eat of the magic
mushroom. According to Wasson, “it permits you to travel backward and forward in time, to enter other
planes of existence even (as the Indians say), to know God….”

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) – Another substance considered the most important naturally occurring
hallucinogen compound. It is an active agent in Cohoba snuff, which is used by some South American and
Caribbean Indians in hunting rituals. DMT was synthesized in 1930s. Its discovery as the active ingredient in
cohoba first led to human examination of its psychoactive properties in 1956.

Peyote – a small spineless, carrot-shaped cactus, Lophophora williamsii Lemaire, grows wild in the Rio
Grande Valley and southward.
Mescaline – the primary active agent of peyote.
Peyotism – it is the major religious cult of most Indians in the United States between the Rocky
Mountains and Mississppi in 1960.

Drugs related chemically to amphetamine are large groups of synthetic hallucinogens known as
amphetamine derivatives. They are also known as designer drugs.

DOM is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. It was called in the 1960s and 70s as STP in street talk. It
can cause euphoria with a total dose of 1 to 3 mg., and a 6- to 8-hour hallucinogenic period with 3 to 5 mg
dosage taken.
MDA is another amphetamine derivative which is somewhat more potent than mescaline, and was seen to
have some recreational use through illicit manufacture.
MDMA is similar to MDA but is apparently quite different from the other hallucinogens. In 1985, the DEA
temporarily placed the drug on Schedule I (drugs with high potential for abuse) of the list of controlled
substances.

Phencyclidine or PCP, also known as angel dust was developed by the Parke, Davis & Company in the
search for an efficient intravenous anesthetic way back in 1950. In 1958, the first report was established on the
use of PCP (brand name Sernyl) for surgical anesthesia in 64 humans.

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PHILIPPINE DRUG SCENARIO: The early Filipinos during the pre-Spanish era were already using and
producing intoxicants and stimulants like the “tuba” a fermented coconut wine and the masticatory
preparation called “nga-nga” in vernacular. They were already using coffee out of “roasted rice” called by the
natives as “sara-sara”, others were smoking dried duhat leaves.

1521 – The Spanish colonialization gave birth to the use of opium in the country.
1780 – the Spanish colonial government prohibited the Filipinos to use opium except the Chinese residents
particularly in Manila.
1844 – the Spanish government imported opium and sold it to the Chinese community forbidding its use by
the Indians and Filipinos. The importation temporarily stopped during the period of revolt and insurrection.
1908 – the American government ordered the total ban of opium.
1953 – Republic Act 953 was enacted to provide for the registration, collection, and the imposition of fixed
and special taxes upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute or give
away opium, marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs which may be declared as habit
forming.
1955 – Marijuana plant is said to have been introduced in the country in the vicinity of San Juan and Donada
Streets, Pasay City.
January 8, 1959 – The first seizure of marijuana was made during a raid conducted among marijuana addicts
in Pasay City led by then Major Teodoro C. Natividad. In this year, the war against drugs had begun.
1963 – heroin is started to abuse in Manila. The use of opium among Filipinos increased.
March 30, 1972 – Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 was
promulgated. This strengthened the war against drugs. In the same year, heroin baron Lim Seng was executed
which put an end to heroin abuse and production in the Philippines.
1980 – the use of marijuana became geographically widespread including the use of pharmaceutical products
like cough syrups. The inhalation of solvents, like rugby, added to the problem. Cultivation of marijuana
increased and in 1985 it was the most widely abused drugs. The Philippines produces $1.4 billion worth of
marijuana making it the second biggest source of banned narcotic after Mexico. This appalling estimate was
disclosed by former Senator Ernesto Herrera, chairman of the Citizens’ Drug Watch Foundation, INC.
1982 – Batasang Pambansa Bilang 179 effected another procedural amendment to RA 6425. The law itemized
prohibited drugs and their derivatives. Narcotic preparations such as opiates, opium poppy straw, leaves or
wrapping, whether prepared for use or not were classified as dangerous drugs.
1986 – methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu emerged as a popular drug in Metro Manila and other major
cities.
1987 – Cocaine laboratory and plantation of coca shrubs were also discovered by Narcotics raiding team in
Agho Island, San Rafael, Iloilo.
1999 – the Senate committee on public order and illegal drugs began deliberating on a bill which seeks to
create a super drug enforcement agency patterned after the Drug Enforcement Agency of the United States.
Committee chairman Sen.  Robert Barbers said Senate Bill 363, or the act creating the Presidential Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA), will address the growing drug abuse and drug trafficking problem in the
country. June 7, 2002 – President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed Republic Act 9165, or the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, and it took effect on July 4, 2002. R.A. 9165 defines more concrete courses of
action for the national anti-drug campaign and imposes heavier penalties to offenders. Its mission is to
implement the new anti-drug law; eliminate the supply and demand of illegal drugs; prevent and control drug-
related crimes; and provide a drug-free community for Filipinos.

May 2005 – the PDEA Academy was established and officially opened in Silang, Cavite.

In February 2006 – joint force of PDEA, PNP, NBI and PAF dismantled a “shabu tiangge”, the one-stop
shabu shop in Pasig City. The task force secured a search warrant last Feb. 9 and raided the compound along
F. Soriano St., Barangay Palatiw in Pasig City which openly sold shabu with prepared drug paraphernalia,
equipment and apparatus. Narrow cubicles were also made available for rent.

CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

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Philosophy of Drug Abuse: Drug abuse is the innocent, illiterate and indiscriminate use of drug or chemical
substance which may seriously damage the individual’s total well being and the ability to functions normally
and actively in the society. It results to a complex psychosocial problem, which prevent the socio-economic
development of a country and even threatens its national security.

Causes of Drug Abuse: Drug abuse started from the innocence and curiosity of people in the proper use of
drugs aggravated by multifaceted problem. There are always more than one reason that influences young
people to abuse drugs. The following are the factors that may influence young people to abuse drug:

Biological Factors
1. Individual health conditions – there are several diseases or illness that easily makes a person become a
drug abuser. Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia and discomfort. Drugs are used to prevent
these conditions.
2. It is a belief that a drug has special action to prevent diseases and to increase sexual capacity.
3. The use of drugs makes the body cells work or function actively. People use drugs to condition the body.
Psychological Factors: There are a number of psychological conditions that could easily induce and
influence the innocence of young people to abuse drug:
a. Low self-esteem and poor self-image
b. Need of acceptance or belonging
c. Feeling of more freedom and autonomy
d. Escape
e. Mental problem
f. Envy

Parental Negligence: There are some untoward potential relations that are critical to the basic foundation of
children that resulted to a poor parent-children relationship:
1. Over-domineering parents;
2. Lack of parents concern and closeness;
3. Parental permissiveness;
4. Rejection and Abuse of parents;
5. Family instability and disorganization;
6. Harsh physical punishment.

The parents therefore are the best influence to their children. It is in the home where education started.
Children with poor relationship and guidance from their parents easily join peer groups to find shoulders to
carry and to assert their independence.

Sociological and Community Factor:

a. Availability of over-the-counter prescription drugs available to anybody anytime;
b. Impact of an affluent or prominent lifestyle or high unemployment problem;
c. Influence of media advertisement message that all ailments can be cured through the use of drugs;
d. Modeling
e. The collapse of religious values;
f. Feeling of powerlessness;
g. Lower value on academic achievement;
h. Easy access to drug in an affluent society.

Ineffectiveness of Drug Abuse Preventive Education Program in Schools: The school has the
responsibility to give proper education regarding the proper use of drugs and to give proper information about
the effect of dangerous drugs to individual mental and physical health conditions as well as to the community
as a whole.

Corruption in Law Enforcement, other Government Agencies, Policy Makers and Poor Implementation
of Law: The law enforcement agencies must seriously abide by their mission in safeguarding the people
against dangerous drugs that destroy the future of the youth.

Maladministration, Inequality and Double Standard of Justice: Balanced and fair delivery of justice to the
poor and affluent members of the society most especially for those who can afford to pay or bribe the justice
system.

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The Primary Causes of Drug Abuse: Any of the seven deadly sins could be the primary cause why people
tend to abuse drugs despite knowledge of the dangerous effects of drugs.
1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem and sense of self-importance;
2. Anger – unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, friends or the society in general;
3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse;
4. Gluttony – “food trip”;
5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art, such as
musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse;
6. Envy – to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest. Envy is the major cause of drug abuse;
7. Sloth – “I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve is the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom
coupled with poor self-image.

THE DRUG ABUSER

Group Classification of Drug Abuser

1. Situational User – those who take drugs in order to develop self-confidence (when going to a party) and
to have extra energy (playing or working under pressure).
2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous daring experience, or as a
means of fun.
3. Hard Core Addict – those abuser whose activities revolve most entirely in taking and securing supplies of
drugs.
4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

PERSONALITY PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSER

1. They are of average or above average intelligent;
2. They are witty, manipulative and have low frustration tolerance;
3. They have negative attitude, they demonstrate hostile feelings to the world or to anybody who does not
want to conform with what they want;
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish, and excessively dependent;
5. They want immediate gratification of their needs and desires;
6. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatic, persuasive and musical;
7. They are pleasure seeker, rebellious, pathological liars and have impulsive behavior;
8. They love to join anti-social groups/delinquent groups and have difficulty in solving a problem.

Epidemiological Profile of Drug Abuser

1. Majority of drug abusers are between 15 to 24 years old with a mean or average of 19 years old;
2. The vulnerable groups are third year and fourth year high school and first year and 2nd year college;
3. Mostly are male, single, jobless and school dropouts;
4. As to birth order, the user is usually the eldest or the youngest in the family;
5. Majority have poor relationship with their parents or products of broken families.

General Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuser

1. Sudden changes in school activities or work attendance, quality of work, school grades, discipline and work output;
2. Unusual outbreak of temper, and withdrawal from responsibilities;
3. Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate time and place to hide the condition of the eyes;
4. Wearing of long sleeves to hide injection marks;
5. Deterioration of physical appearance;
6. Association with known drug user;
7. Unusual borrowings of money from parents and friends;
8. Stealing of items from home, school or employer;
9. Frequent stay in storage room, toilet, basement room and isolated places;
10. Odor or smell of the substance being used.
Specific Signs and Symptoms of Dangerous Drug Abuser
A. Volatile Solvents
1. Odor or smell of substance on breath and clothing;
2. Excessive nasal secretions, watering of eyes and poor muscular control;
3. Preference for being with a group rather than being alone;
4. Plastic or paper bags or rags containing dry plastic cement or other solvent, found at home, school locker or at work;
5. Obvious slurred speech.

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B. Depressant Drug User such as Barbiturates and Tranquilizers
1. Symptoms of alcohol intoxication without odor, smell or breath;
2. Staggering or Stumbling;
3. Falling asleep unexplainably;
4. Drowsiness and disorientation;
5. Lack of interest in school and family activities.

C. Stimulant Drug Abuser such as Amphetamines, Cocaine, Speed or Uppers.

1. Pupil of the eyes dilated;
2. Mouth and nose are dry and bad breath;
3. Goes for long period without eating or sleeping, always feels nervous;
4. Chain smoking;
5. If injecting drug, user may have hidden eyedroppers, needles and other injection paraphernalia;
6. Produce elevation of mood, heightened alertness and increased energy;
7. Abuser becomes anxious, irritable or loquacious;
8. Decreased appetite and develop insomnia.

D. Narcotic Drug Abuser such as Heroine, Morphine or Opium

1. Lethargy and drowsiness;
2. Pupils are constricted and fail to respond to light;
3. Traces of white powder around nostrils causing nostrils irritation;
4. If injecting, scars are found usually in the inner surface of the arms and elbows;
5. The user scratches self frequently, loss of appetite, sniffles, runny nose, red watery eyes and coughing
which disappear when user gets a “fix”.

E. Marijuana Abuser (HALLUCINOGEN)

1. May appear animated with rapid, loud talking and burst of laughter;
2. Sleepy and stuporous;
3. Pupils are dilated;
4. Odor (similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath;
5. Remnants of marijuana either loose or in a partially smoked “joints” in clothing or possessions;
6. In early stage, users are in-group.

F. LSD/STP/DMT Abuser (HALLUCINOGEN)

1. User usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance-like state;
2. User may become fearful and experience a degree of terror that makes him attempt to escape from his
group;
3. Sense of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted;
4. Mood and behavior are affected, the manner depending upon emotional and environmental condition of the user.

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

General Classification of Drugs
A. According to effects
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens
B. According to medical pharmacology
1. Depressants 3. Narcotics 5. Tranquilizers
2. Stimulants 4. Hallucinogens 6. Solvents/inhalants
C. Legal Categories – pursuant to R. A. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972,
the drugs are classified as follows;

1. Prohibited drugs
a. Narcotics 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens
2. Regulated drugs
a. Barbiturates 2. Hypnotics 3. Amphetamines
3. Volatile substances (PD 1619): These are liquid, solid or mixed substances having the
property of releasing vapor or fumes which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduce into
the body and can produced the condition of intoxication, excitement or dulling of the brain or
nervous system. Examples of these are glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint thinner, lacquer, etc.

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DEPRESSANT DRUGS: These are drugs that suppress the vital body functions especially those of the brain
or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular
coordination.
1. Narcotics – drugs that can relieve pain.
2. Opium – derived from opium poppy plant.
3. Morphine – effective painkiller six times stronger than opium.
4. Heroin – Painkiller five times stronger than morphine.
5. Codeine – derivative of morphine commonly available in cough syrup.
6. Paregoric – it is a tincture of opium combined with camphor used for treatment of diarrhea and
abdominal pain.
7. Demerol and methadone – Demerol is used as painkiller in childbirth while methadone is the
drug used in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependent.
8. Barbiturates – drug used to induce sleep.
9. Seconal – commonly used among hospitality girls.
10. Tranquilizer – drugs that can calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
11. Volatile solvents – it is a gaseous substance popularly known as gas or tear drops.
12. Alcohol – it is known as the king of all drugs with high potential for abuse. It is also considered
as the oldest intoxicant known to man.

STIMULANT DRUGS: These drugs increase mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a
feeling of well-being.
1. Amphetamines – widely prescribed for weight control. Speed up physical and mental processes,
heighten alertness and confidence.
2. Cocaine – taken from a coca bush plant. Produce a feeling of vigor, euphoria, or an intense
feeling of highness.
3. Caffeine – it is present in tea and coffee and can be also in chocolates, cola drinks and some
wake-up pills.
4. Shabu – it is a white crystalline powder also known as “ poor man’s cocaine”. Chemically
known as methamphetamine hydrochloride.
5. Nicotine – it is an active component of tobacco. A drop of nicotine can easily kill a person.

HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS: It is a mind-altering drug. It produces distortion of reality, thinking and

perception of time, sound, space and sensation.
1. Marijuana – it is the most commonly abused drugs in the Philippines and widely used for
relaxation at the first time.
2. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) – the most powerful among the psychedelics obtained from
ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD is 1000 stronger than marijuana.
3. Peyote – it is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus.
4. Mescaline – it is extracted from the peyote cactus.
5. STP – it is a take-off on the motor oil addictives.
6. Psilocybin – an alkaloid taken from a small Mexican mushroom.
7. Morning glory seeds – the black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory.
8. Phencyclidine (PCP) – otherwise known as “angel dust”. It is in a form of tablet, capsule, or
crystal-like powder.

DANGEROUS DRUGS AND THEIR STREET NAMES

Marijuana – Pot, Grass, Weed, Reefer, Dope, Mary Jane, Sinsemilia, Acapulco, Gold, Thai Sticks, “Damo”,
Basura.
Tetrahydrocannabinol – THC
Hashish – Hash
Hashish Oil – Hash Oil
Nitrous Oxide – Laughing gas, Whippets
Amyl Nitrite – Peppers, Snappers
Butyl Nitrite – Rush, Bolt, Locker room, Bullet, Climax
Chlorohydrocarbon – Aerosol sprays
Hydrocarbon – Solvents
Cocaine – Coke, Snow flake, White blow, Nose candy, Big C, Snow bird, Lady, Crack, Freebase rocks,
Rock.
Amphetamine – Speed, Uppers, Ups, Black pep pills, Co-pilot, Bumblebees, Heart, Footballs
Methamphetamine – Crank, Crystal meth, Poor Man’s Cocaine, Methedrine, Speed, “Shabu”

9
Barbiturates – Barbs, Blue devil, Red devil, Yellow Jackets, Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal, Tuinal, Downer.
Methaqualone – Qualides, Ludes, Soppers, Mandrakes
Tranquilizers – Valium, Librim, Equanil, Miltow, Serax, Tranxene
Phencyclidine – PCP, Angel dust, Hog, Loveboat, Killer weed, Lovely, Cyclone, Dead on Arrival (DOA)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide – LSD, Acid, Green or Red Dragon, White lightning, Blue heaven, Sugar cubes
Mescaline and Peyote – Mesc, Buttons, Cactus
Psilocybin – Magic mushrooms, Mushrooms
Heroin – Smoke, Horse, Brown sugar, Junk, Mud, Big H, Black tar
Methadone – Dolly, Dolophine, Methadose, Amidone
Morphine – Pectoral syrup, Sweet morpheus
Codeine – Empirin
Meperidine – Pethidine, Demerol, Mepergen
Opium – Paregoric, Dakers powder, Parapectolin
Other narcotics – Percocet, Percodan, Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Taluin, Lomotil
Designer Drugs:
Analog of Fentanyl (Narcotic) – Synthetic heroin, China white
Analog of Meperidine (Narcotic) - Synthetic heroin, MPTP (New heroin). MPPP, PEPAP
Analog of Amphetamine – MDMA, ECSTACY, XTC, ADAM,ESSENCE
Analog of Methamphetamines - MDM, (DMA, STP, PMA, TMA, DOM.
Analog of Phencyclidine (PCP), (Hallucinogen) – PCPY, PCE,TCP

PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION OF REPUBLIC ACT 9165

Punishable Acts Penalty Range Provision

Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 4.
Controlled Precursors and Essential ranging from Five hundred thousand
Chemicals. pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)
Importation of any controlled precursor and twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Par.2 ,
essential chemical. twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Section 4.
One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
Importation of any dangerous drug and/or Par. 3,
controlled precursor and essential chemical Maximum penalty Section 4.
through the use of a diplomatic passport and
diplomatic facilities
Act as financier for the importation of Maximum penalty Par. 4,
dangerous drugs Section 4.
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty Par. 4,
"Protector/coddler" of any violator of the (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging Section 4.
provisions under Section 4, R.A. 9165. from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Sale, Trading, Administration, life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 5
Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and ranging from Five hundred thousand
Transportation of Dangerous Drugs pesos (P500,000.00) to (P10,000,000.00)
Sale, Trading, Administration, twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Par. 2,
Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Section 5.
Transportation of Controlled Precursors and One hundred thousand pesos
Essential Chemicals. (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
sale, trading, administration, dispensation, Par. 3,
delivery, distribution or transportation of section 5
any dangerous drug and/or controlled Maximum penalty
precursor and essential chemical transpires
within one hundred (100) meters from the
school
Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort Life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 6
where dangerous drugs is used or sold ranging from Five hundred thousand

10

Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort
where controlled precursor and essential
chemical is used or sold
Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or
Resort.
Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs.
Manufacture any controlled precursor and
essential chemical.
Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled
Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment,
Instrument, Apparatus, and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals.
Injection, ingestion, inhalation or otherwise
introduction of dangerous drugs into the
body.
Possession of Dangerous Drugs.
10 grams or more of opium; morphine; heroin;
cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride; marijuana
resin or marijuana resin oil; ecstasy, PMA, LSD
or GHB.
50 grams or more of methamphetamine
hydrochloride or "shabu";
500 grams or more of marijuana.
ten (10) grams or more but less than fifty
(50) grams of shabu
three hundred (300) grams or more but less
than five (hundred) 500) grams of marijuana
five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10)
grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine
or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or
marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine
hydrochloride or "shabu", or other
dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD,
GHB
less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil,
pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Par. 2,
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Section 6.
One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Section 7.
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 8.
ranging Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty Par. 2,
(20) years and a fine ranging from One Section 8.
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty Section 9.
(20) years and a fine ranging from One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Section 10.
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
(6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years Par. 2,
and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos Section 10.
(P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000.00)
life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging Section 11.
Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to
Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
Life imprisonment and a fine ranging Par. 2,
from Four hundred thousand pesos Section 11.
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00)
Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) Par. 3,
day to life imprisonment and a fine ranging section 11
from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and Par. 3,
one (1) day to life imprisonment and a Section 11.
fine ranging from Four hundred thousand
pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Par. 4,
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from section 11
Three hundred thousand pesos
11
 methamphetamine hydrochloride or (P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand
"shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, pesos (P400,000.00)
but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy",
PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB
Less than three hundred (300) grams of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to Par. 4,
marijuana. twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from section 11
Three hundred thousand pesos
(P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand
pesos (P400,000.00)
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) Section 12.
Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for years and a fine ranging from Ten
Dangerous Drugs. thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00)

Possession of Dangerous Drugs During maximum penalties provided for in Section 13

Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings. Section 11 of R.A. 9165
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Maximum penalty Section 14
Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for
Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social
Gatherings or Meetings.

Positive for use of any dangerous drug (first six (6) months rehabilitation in a Section 15
offense) government center for the first offense,
subject to the provisions of Article VIII of
R.A. 9165

Positive for use of any dangerous drug
(second offense)
Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified
as Dangerous Drugs (marijuana/opium
poppy)
Failure to comply with the maintenance and
keeping of the original records of
transactions on any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical.
Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs
Six (6) months rehabilitation in a Section 15
government center for the first offense,
subject to the provisions of Article VIII of
this Act.
life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 16
ranging from Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)
one (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) Section 17,
years and a fine ranging from Ten par. 1 and 2
thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00),
revocation of the license to practice
his/her profession
life imprisonment to death and a fine Section 18
ranging from Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

I. Effects to the person or to the user
a. Physical Effects
1. Malnutrition;
2. Weakness and muscle twitching;
3. Infection especially to injection drug abuser;
4. Digestive system diseases such as ulcer, gastritis and hepatitis;
5. Respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer.
b. Social and Personality Deterioration
1. Self-centered, witty and manipulative;
2. Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict with authority;
3. Absence of good manners and right conduct.
4. Social maladjustment : loss of desire to work, study and participate in activities or to face
challenges;
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 5. Non – trustworthy.
c. Psychological Effects
1. Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation;
2. Impairment of adequate mental function;
3. Loss of drive and ambition;
4. Development of psychosis and depression
5. Loss of interest to study;
6. Laziness, lethargy boredom and depression;
7. Irritable rebellious attitude;
8. Withdrawn forgetfulness.
d. Mental Effects
1. Adverse effect on central nervous system;
2. Reduce the activity of the brain and depress the central nervous system;
3. The drug abuser becomes irritable, irresponsible, psychotic and suffering from nervous balance;
4. The user becomes weak and inadequate in coping with his problems.
e. Spiritual Deterioration
1. Loss of spiritual obligation;
2. Loss of good manners or right conduct;
3. User doesn’t believe in God or doesn’t know about God when under the influence of drug.
II. Effect to the Family
1. Possible cause of husband and wife separation;
2. Give shame or stigma to the whole family;
3. Losses of valuable things from home.
III. Effect to the Community
1. Increase of crime commission ranging from minor offenses to serious offenses.
2. Disturbance of peace and order.

IV. Effect to the Economy

1. A person becomes unable to hold a job;
2. Dependent on family resources;
3. Causes of traffic accidents;
4. Draining of funds or money from the pocket of the government, NGO and private individuals in
combating drug syndicate;
5. Aggravate the unemployment problem in a country;
6. Economic growth is slow;
7. Massive corruption of public and private officials.

V. Effect to the Law Enforcement

It destroys the image and integrity of our law enforcement because of involvement of some law enforcers in
corruption, protection, and other forms of illegal relationship with the members of the narcotics drug
syndicate.

VI. Effect to the Judiciary: The public allegation that there are existing hoodlums in robes that destroys the
image and integrity of our judicial body.
1. Corruption of the court and one-sided criminal justice system;
2. Corruption of some judicial personnel;
3. Mal-administration in the disposition of narcotic cases;
4. Coddling of drug abusers and violators of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002
(R.A. 9165);
5. Delay in instituting justice regarding drug abuse;
6. Losses of trust, confidence, and integrity of our judicial system by the general public.
VII. Threat to National Security
If drug trafficking has reached an uncontrollable level , our sovereign government will collapse. Best
example is Panama when it was invaded by the US government due to manufacture and exportation of
cocaine. President Manuel Noriega was captured, charged in court, and convicted in Miami, Florida.

Manuel Antonio Noriega,former dictator of Panama was found guilty of drug trafficking, racketeering,
and money laundering by a United States jury. He was born in Panama City. After studying on a
scholarship at the Chorrillos Military Academy in Lima, Peru, Noriega returned to Panama and was
commissioned a sub lieutenant in the National Guard. Close to the important military figure Omar

13
 Torrijos, Noriega advanced quickly and was appointed chief of military intelligence when Torrijos seized
power in 1969. In that position, Noriega became the most feared man in the country. After the death of
Torrijos in an aeroplane crash in 1981, Noriega became chief of staff to General Dario Paredes, head of
the National Guard. Succeeding him in 1983, Noriega promoted himself to general and gained effective
control of Panama's government.

In 1986 charges were made of Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking, money laundering, and as a
double agent for both the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Cuba's intelligence
agency. He was also suspected of involvement in the murder of one of his opponents, Hugo Spadafora.
When he responded by cracking down on civil liberties in 1987, the US Senate urged the government of
Panama to remove Noriega from office and to investigate his activities. In 1988 Noriega was indicted by a
federal grand jury in Florida for violating racketeering and drug laws, and for money laundering. In
December 1989 US forces invaded Panama and arrested him. He was transferred to Florida to stand trial.
The trial began in 1991, with Noriega's defence relying on his former connection with the CIA.

In April 1992 Noriega was found guilty of eight counts of cocaine trafficking, racketeering, and money
laundering, the first time in history that a US jury convicted a foreign head of state on criminal charges.
He was sentenced to two concurrent 20-year terms, five concurrent 15-year terms, and one 5-year term—a
total of 40 years’ imprisonment. In April 1999 Panama applied for Noriega's extradition for executing
army officers who had attempted a coup against his rule in 1989. The application came a month after his
sentence had been reduced by 10 years—Noriega could be released on parole as early as 2007.

TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENT

Treatment refers to the broad range of services, including identification, brief intervention, assessment,
diagnosis, counseling, medical services, psychiatric services, social services, and follow up for persons with
drug problems.

Rehabilitation is the outcome of treatment that refers to the reinstatement or recovery of a previous level of
functioning-social, emotional, physical and economic aspects of a drug dependent.

The most widespread view of addiction is that it is a disease. Addiction models were therefore presented to
view the different causes and treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse.

The disease concept or medical model maintains that addiction is a biological trait, probably inherited, that
gets progressively worse. The affected user has no control over the condition: He or she is neither responsible
for its development nor able to recover on his or her own.

The moral model considers the addict to be responsible for both the development of the problem and its
solution or elimination. Recovery is achieved by motivation and willpower.

In the compensatory model, people are not considered responsible for the development of a problem, but they
can take personal responsibility to change their behavior. Treatment approaches that utilize behavior
modification are based on the compensatory model.

The enlightenment model assumes that people are responsible for the origin and development of problems,
but they cannot overcome them on their own.
The public health model, which points to interactions between the individual, the drug, and the environment,
and models based on social learning theory and classical or operant conditioning.

Different Approaches to the Treatment and Rehabilitation of a Drug Abuser

Supervisory-Deterrent Model – This model involves law enforcement. The concept that once people have
been returned to physiological normality, they really have one of the two alternatives: either they can remain
drug free and stay out of jail; or, they can continue to use drugs and end up in jail again.
Medical-Distributive Model – This model is based on the philosophy that if the medical profession finds a
person who has a disorder that cannot be treated, the medical profession is bound to make the person as
comfortable as possible. Notice that cure is not the goal. The goal is to improve that person’s quality of life
while at the same time minimizing the social and medical consequences of drug dependence.

14
Drug Free Model – In this model, abstinence is an overriding goal, and reinforcement of that behavior is
considered to occur best in peer group settings.

Therapeutic Communities is the best known drug free approaches.

Primary Strategies of Therapeutic Communities:

1. The addict lives for an extended period (usually 2 to 24 months) in a drug-free environment with firm
norms for behavior (particularly no to drug use).
2. Through group and individual psychotherapy, there is much honest confrontation of dysfunctional
feelings and behaviors such as blame, resentment, and hostility.
3. Clients are expected to carry out routine responsibilities (enhanced by specific rewards and punishments)
intended to inculcate social responsibility and normal habits and values.
4. Clients participate in a 12-step program such as Narcotics Anonymous.
5. The longer a client resides in a therapeutic community, the more he or she assumes a staff role, with the
responsibility for helping newer clients to recover.
The Minnesota Model – This model is the usual format applied for the typical 28-day treatment program.
The most typical component includes the following: 1) a one-week detoxification program to rid the client’s
body of the drug abuse; 2) a three-week in-patient rehabilitation program; and, 3) aftercare that is designed to
last a year or more and that usually involves self-help group participation, family therapy, individual and
group counseling, and short-term residence in a halfway house.

The California Social Model – This treatment’s perspective is that addiction is caused by social relationships
and the environment as well as by individual problems and characteristics. This model put special emphasis
on self-help, and also includes placing clients in temporary drug-free living, such as a halfway house, and
helping them form social attachments that reinforce a drug- and alcohol-free lifestyle. This model lacks the
doctor-patient relationship, therapist-client, or other power relationships. Recovery is lifelong and
experiential in nature. Participants both receive and give assistance. An extended family style between
participants and staff is exhibited. Decision making of recovering addicts is guided by their experiential
knowledge from the therapy obtained.

Self –Help and Mutual Support Groups – It includes Alcoholics Anonymous and other drug abuse recovery
support groups such as Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous and others. The twelve-steps groups
have several components: 1) New initiates are encouraged to attend “90 meetings in 90 days” providing
significant fellowship and informal support; 2) the 12 steps are studied and applied; 3) tokens are awarded at
meetings as a reminder of their achievements; and, 4) members relate to sponsors, who are group members
with more time in recovery. Members are expected eventually to take on the role of sponsor to someone else;
this is considered an important part of their own recovery program.
The 12 Traditions of Narcotics Anonymous (NA)
1. Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends upon NA unity.
2. For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority-a loving God as He may express Himself in our
group conscience. Our leaders are but trusted servants, they do not govern.
3. The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop using drugs.
4. Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or NA as a whole.
5. Each group has one but primary purpose-to carry the message to the addict who still suffers.
6. An NA group ought never to endorse, finance or lend the NA name to any related facility or outside
enterprise, lest problems of money, property or prestige divert us from our primary purpose.
7. Every NA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions.
8. Narcotics Anonymous should remain forever nonprofessional, but our service centers may employ special
workers.
9. NA, as such, ought never to be organized, but we may create service boards or committees directly
responsible to those they serve.
10. Narcotics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues; hence the NA name ought never to be drawn into
public controversy.
11. Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always to maintain
personal anonymity at the level of press, radio and films.
12. Anonymity is the spiritual foundation of our traditions, ever reminding us to place principles before
personalities.

Aversion Therapy – It is based on classical conditioning and is usually done by a counselor with an
individual client. The goal is to associate alcohol or other drug use with an unpleasant sensation such as

15
nausea, or an undesirable consequence such as an auto accident. Drinking or drug use is paired with
something unpleasant or fear-arousing. Over a period of about four weeks, the client is led in imaging escape
and avoidance of drinking or drug use and its undesirable consequences.

Crisis Intervention – refers to the medical or non-medical management of emergencies that present some
acute hazards to the drug abuser. These crises most often fall in the area of acute adverse drug reactions,
treatment for overdose, or adverse psychological states associated with a drug experience.

Multimodality Approach – The plan was predicated on the following principles:

1. A crash program must be avoided.
2. The drug population is heterogeneous. People are addicted to many different drugs; their entry routes were
different, their motivations were different, and their needs were different.
3. There was lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness or superiority of any existing treatment modality.
4. Dependency is the result of a complex interaction among the individual, the environment, and the
treatment program over time that the relationship might change.

Methadone Maintenance – This programs assess the addict at the time of program entrance and determine
the necessary dose of methadone. Over a period of time, the methadone dose is gradually decreased until no
more of the drug is given. The typical methadone program varies in length from about 21 days to several
months; duration of treatment sometimes follows a standardized timetable. Methadone maintenance may be
done in an in-patient hospital, but is usually done in outpatient basis. If the program is outpatient, clients are
expected periodically to submit urine samples that are tested for heroin and other drugs. Some programs test
weekly; others, monthly. Most methadone programs have the objective of eliminating use of illicit drugs, as
well as methadone.

Key Factors That Influence the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Abuser:
1. The success of the methadone maintenance program.
2. The apparent and continued success of self-help societies and their offshoots for other drug abusers were
responsible for the proliferation of therapeutic communities as treatment alternatives.
3. Understanding that there are some individuals, who for various reasons are not candidates for continued
treatment but whose continued experimentation and use of drugs is sometimes accompanied with acute
episodes of potential harm, i.e. suicide, psychotic reactions, anti-social behavior to self or others.
4. Stop concentrating on the drug and its actions and be able to see that the person being treated for drug
dependence has more needs that can be satisfied by relieving the physical discomfort that accompanies the
withdrawal process.
5. There is support for the notion that population of drug abusers is a heterogeneous one and, therefore, no
single approach will be helpful to all of them.

Distinct Group of Individuals to Determine Success of Rehabilitation Program:

1. Individuals who have succeeded in maintaining a drug-free lifestyle but their conditions have not
improved in any other manner.
2. Individuals who have shown improvement in some other facets of their lives.
3. Individuals that have shown some improvement in their lifestyle, but this improvement is not necessarily
related to their drug-taking behaviors.
4. Individuals who improve their lives, but are still drug abusers.
5. Individuals that are still drug abusers yet have not shown any improvement in their lives.

Characteristics that Enhance Potential Success of Treatment

1. A dependent on a drug following the teen years is more likely to succeed in treatment.
2. Individuals who have access to an intact family group and the kinds of support available from intact
families are more likely to succeed in treatment.
3. A person who begun taking the drug of choice for recreational or experimental reason is less likely to
succeed in treatment than someone who is forced into it.
4. An addict who has reached a sufficient level of self-disgust and who wants help is more likely to succeed
in treatment than someone who is forced into it.

Valid Advices Regarding Treatment and Rehabilitation of Abuser

1. For increased success, we need a clearer understanding of what the goals of treatment should be.

16
2. More research is needed to identify the characteristics of the addict population relevant to treatment
success.
3. Avoidance of a single-diagnosis and single-treatment modality is essential.
4. Only properly conducted evaluations can shed more light on the reasons for success as well as the
numbers themselves.

STRATEGIES IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

National Strategies in Drug Abuse Prevention Program
 Basic preventive drug education from elementary and high school levels
 Demand reduction by law enforcement techniques
 Treat and Rehabilitation Program
 Community information and dissemination of Drug Abuse Prevention Program.

DRUG TRAFFICKING: Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few
countries but it is a clear and present global danger.

First Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation and harvest
↓
Turkey – preparation for distribution
↓
Europe – manufacture, synthesis and refinery
↓
United States – marketing and distribution of illicit drugs

Second Major Drug Traffic Route

Golden Triangle – Burma/Myanmar, Laos and Thailand: In the Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle”
approximately produces 60% of opium in the world, 90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is
also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.

Heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and passes through nearby countries in relatively small quantities
through air transport while in transit to the United States and European countries.

Golden Crescent – Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India: In Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the
major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85%
to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.

Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon
has also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets.
Spain – It is known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe – and
became “the paradise of drug users in Europe”

Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama (South America) – It is the principal sources of all cocaine supply
in the world due to the robust production of the coca plants-source of the cocaine drug.

Mexico- It is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana (cannabis sativa).

Philippines – second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also became the major transshipment
point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South
America. It is also noted that Philippines today is known as the “drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.”

India- It is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.

Indonesia - Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia is an
important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – It is the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden
Triangle” and other parts of Asia.

17
China – It is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong Kong. It is also the country
where the “epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the principal chemical for producing
the drug shabu.

Hong Kong – It is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

Japan- became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.

The Organized Crime Groups behind Global Drug Scene

The Colombian Medellin Cartel – Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lord in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug boss Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and
the Ochoa Brothers.

The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The Colombian
government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of
the people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel.

The Cali Cartel – The downfall of the Colombian Medellin Cartel gave rise to the emergence of the new
cocaine monopoly the Cali Cartel. Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known as Don Chepe – “the chess
player” heads the syndicated. Under him, the Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
organization in the world.

The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called the best and the brightest of
the modern underworld. “They are professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and
nearly impenetrable” – US – Drug Enforcement Agency.

The Chinese Triad – The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle” with international
connections on drug trafficking.

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

Bamboo Gang – It the influence of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad based in Taiwan.
14K Gang – It is the newest among the triad families based in Hong Kong established only in 1947.

The Filipino – Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into the country. Most drug
couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their embarkation point for the Philippines. And recently, intelligence
reports reveals that large quantities of shabu are smuggled in the country directly from Mainland China
through commercial airlines and sea vessels.

The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing fishermen along Philippines seas,
particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their
loads of shabu to shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation
and other drug smuggling including drug manufacture.

Previous Operational Plans Against the Drug Problem

1. Oplan Thunderbolt I – NARCOM’s operation to create impact in the underworld.

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II – NARCOM’s operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories.
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III – operations for the neutralization of big time drug pushers, drug dealers and
drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg – Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get rid of illegal
drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter-NARCOM’s operations against suspected military and police personnel who are
engaged in illegal drug activities.
6. Oplan Mercurio-Operations against drug stores which are violating existing regulations on the sale
of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB/DOH and BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado-Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
8. Oplan Green Gold-NARCOM’s nationwide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the local
governments and NGO’s.

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 9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit- a civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices to help
eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduits.
10. Oplan Banat-the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay level in
cooperation with barangay officials.
11. Oplan Athena- operation conducted to neutralize the 14k,the Bamboo gang and other organized
crimes groups involved in illegal drug trafficking.
12. Oplan Cyclops- operation against Chinese triad members involved in illegal drug operations
particularly Methamphetamine Hydrochloride.

Dangerous Drugs Board – The Board shall be the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the
planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. It shall develop and adopt
a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and control strategy. It shall
be under the Office of the President.

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency – The PDEA serves as the implementing arm of the dangerous
Drug Board and shall be responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical as provided in R.A. 9165.

Vision: " We are committed to be a professional and world-class agency geared towards the achievement of a
drug-free Philippines."

Mission : To implement the new anti-drug law; eliminate the supply and demand of illegal drugs; prevent and
control drug-related crimes; and provide a drug-free community for Filipinos.

In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly considered:

1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art. 2, Phil. Constitution)
2. Respect for right of people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3. Phil. Constitution)
3. Respect for right of people against unreasonable searches and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution)
4. Respect for right of people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation (RA 7438), (Sec.
12, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation under RA 7438.

Principles of Drug Operations

1. Knowledge of circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art 11, Chapter 3, RPC).
2. Knowledge of the statutory provision on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S. 436)
5. Warrantless Search and Seizure incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules on Criminal Procedure).

Rules and Procedure In Narcotics Operations:

1. Only specially trained and competent drug enforcement personnel shall conduct drug enforcement
and prevention operations.
2. All drug enforcement and prevention operations shall be covered by a Pre-Operations report.
3. All step taken before, during, and after the conduct of the operation must be documented and
properly authenticated.
4. Operating units shall promptly submit written report after the operation.
5. No apprehendee or seized item shall be released without authorization from the duly designated
authority.
6. All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with the proper Evidence Custodian for
safekeeping and proper handling.
7. Each participating element must be given clear and do able task.

Stages in the Conduct of Narcotics Operations:

Phase I – Initial stage
 Planning and preparations, which include surveillance, casing, reconnaissance and other preliminary
activities.
 Conduct the operation

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Phase II – Action and post-action stage
 Tactical Interrogation (follow-up operation)
 Post operation
 Custodial Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial
 Resolution

Selecting the Target: Due to the immensity of the drug abuse problem, it is logical to assume that just about
anybody can be suspected as a drug user or dealer in any given community. Moreover, restriction in
manpower and money make it impossible for law enforcement agencies to investigate all suspected drug
dealers in a particular area. It is therefore the responsibility of the investigating officer to make a
determination as to the specific type of investigation. It should be emphasized that the target regardless of
what or who it is, should be a specific one. Such a determination is based on several factors, including:
1. the size of the enforcement unit;
2. the availability of the equipment and money;
3. agency jurisdiction; and
4. target input from the community (public pressure, informants, anonymous tips, etc.).

Priorities for the target selection should include the type of drug involved, the weight of drugs (grams, ounces,
or kilos), and the level of the violator (street dealer, wholesaler, etc.).
The initiation phase of drug investigation involves locating and identifying leads that the investigator can
follow-up. The key word is information. Information patterns of illicit drugs activity. The making of a drug
case involves several distinct stages within the initiation phase, each of this might supply the investigator with
dependable investigative leads at the onset.

Buy-Bust Operations: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of

apprehending a criminal in the act of the commission of the offence. Entrapment has received judicial
sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and legal safeguards.

The operation must be preceded by an intensive surveillance, casing, or other intelligence operations and
gathering, evaluation and timely dissemination. Intelligence must be evidence-based and shall be supported
by documents such as summaries of info, maps, sketches, affidavits and sworn statements.

The buy-bust procedure is to purchase drugs from a suspect and immediately place him or her under arrest.
Because of the necessary physical proximity between the suspect and the officer, this is considered one of the
most hazardous duties performed by drug enforcement officers. It is because of this eminent danger that all
busts must be meticulously planned and arrangements should be made in anticipation of any possible
problems.

In buy-bust operations, it is also necessary for the undercover officer to make early arrangements with backup
officers regarding when the arrest will take place. In most drug buys, an actual delivery of the drug might be
required to successfully prosecute the suspect, so backup officers must need to time their arrival on the scene
right after the undercover officers gave the signal. This will give the undercover officer enough time to follow
through with the needed elements of the transactions. Once the transaction is complete, the signal is given.
This can be a visual signal or an audio signal.Things to Consider in the Conduct of Buy-Bust Operations:
 Never let the suspect establish the location for the transaction: it could be a set up for a rip-off.
 Never let an informant establish the location for the transaction without the prior knowledge and approval
of the informer’s control officer.
 Never change location for a drug transaction during a drug deal. If a change of location is necessary, the
undercover officer should call off the transaction and arrange it for a later time after support officer have
been informed.
 Beware of drug transaction at the suspect residence. In case of an altercation, support officer may have
difficult time entering the residence to assist the undercover officer.
 Never agree to conduct a transaction where more suspects than undercover officers are present. If this
occurs, the deal should be called off and arranged at a later time.
 Always be aware of innocent bystanders. In case of altercation with the suspect, have a plan.
 Always be cautious during big-money drug transactions.

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THE POLICE RAID – it is a surprise invasion of a building or area. It is an attack on small scale of a limited
territory.
The raiders must be armed with a valid search warrant.
Purpose of Raid:
1. To effect an apprehension.
2. To obtain evidence of illegal activity in flagrante delicto.
3. To recover stolen property.

THE PLANNING OF A RAID – A successful raid depends upon intelligent planning and understanding of its
nature. It must be performed surreptitiously and with speed. There must be superiority of manpower and
equipment, effectively implemented by intelligent coordination.

The situation must be estimated. The mission should be clearly stated, the extent of the opposition
should be carefully calculated. The terrain and buildings should be subjected to close study. A plan should be
evolved for the achievement of the objectives with efficiency and with minimum of personal injury and
property damage.

The participants should be informed by the raid commander of the precise mission of the operation;
the probable identity of the expected opposition; the arrest that should be made, and the additional evidence
which may be presented or which is necessary for the investigation.

A planned raid must be preceded by a superficial reconnaissance of the place. This includes the study of the
following:
a. Building – the structure should be studied to learn the location of the doors, common exits, fire escapes,
communication facilities, windows, roof layouts, etc.
b. Persons – occupants and visitors of the building should be noted. The frequency and time of their visits is
of importance in planning the raid. The number of persons inhabiting the building at various times of the
day should be learned.
c. Neighborhood – the neighboring building may also be studied. Occupants of the larger building may be
associated with adjacent building. The danger of counter attack from sympathetic neighbors must be
anticipated. Approach and access to the target building should be studied.
d. Topography – the broad surrounding area must be entered into an intelligent plan. The number of lanes,
the direction of the streets, traffic lights and the volume of traffic at a given time should be studied.
Avenue of escape, point of road blocks and other physical obstacle of the terrain must be noted.

Duties of the Raiding Personnel:

Raid Commander – supervises all the functions and operations
Assistant Raid Commander – similar to the raid commander. He usually relay the instructions of the raid
commander to the personnel.
Other Personnel – the personnel should be selected for their good judgment and resourcefulness. Their
experience should be the basis for key positions.

VICE CONTROL
Vice refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness and
corruption of the mind and body.

Commercialized vices are organized vice operations which run similarly to a legitimate business enterprise.
They branch out to the legal undertaking or business as a front or cover-up to illegal activities and launder
their illegally amassed wealth. The headman or the operator is normally unidentified. Their business are
interwoven with each other ranging from prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling and sale of liquors catering
to various forms of clientele and customers mostly criminals, pleasure-seekers, addict, gamblers, and
alcoholics.

ALCOHOLISM
Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man starting from the early era of civilization. The
commercial use of wine dates back as early as the Code of Hammurabi of Babylonia (2380 BC). In the
Philippines, the use of alcohol dates back even before the discovery of the island. Ever since there has been
continuous efforts everywhere to control its consumption because of its devastating effects on human life.
Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.

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Drunkard – refers to a person who habitually takes or uses any intoxicating alcoholic liquor and while under
the influence of such, or in consequence of the effect thereof, is either dangerous to himself or to others, or is
a cause of harm or serious annoyance to his family or his affairs, or of ordinary proper conduct. He possesses
lesser resistance to the effect of alcohol.

Chronic alcoholism is a condition where a person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic
beverage, develops physical and psycho-changes and dependence to alcohol.

Nature and Property - Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless, clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It has a
pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol
is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is
a depressant, not a stimulant.
There are two kinds of alcohol:
Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but used in some industries.
Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks which are made by breweries.
Fermented brews and spirits contain different amounts of alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other
drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different countries.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

Beers – They contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, i.e. beer, ale, stout.
Wines – They contain about 10 percent alcohol, i.e. champagne, hock.
Fortified Wines – Liquors that contains 10 to 20 percent alcohol, i.e. port-sherry, others.
Spirits – liquors that contain 40 to 60 percent alcohol, i.e. whiskey, brandy, rum, gin.

Types of Drinkers
1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a few
drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or
occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually come from cultural background
where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker may
not become alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to the
exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.

Usual Motives for Drinking

1. Traditional – social and religious functions.
2. Status – symbol of success and prestige.
3. Dietary – dining is incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of “gracious living”.
4. Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another’s company.
5. Shortcut to Adulthood  user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself.
6. Ritual  fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toast made to brides, wishes for good health.
7. Path of least Resistance  doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain so drinker goes along with
everyone else.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRINKER

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system. The following are the general effects of
alcohol as to proper order.
1. Euphoria – feeling of well-being, increased confidence, temporary relief from fatigue, pain or depression.
2. Muscular incoordination – depression of motor function and causes greater dulling of the brain that
controls inhibitions. The person may become hilarious, morose, irritable, or excitable without proper cause.
He may suffer from slurred speech and staggering gait.
3. Respiratory Paralysis – If more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the respiratory centers sets in. The
person may suffer from complete in coordination of muscles, torturous breathing, sleep, coma, and death.

However, these effects vary from person to person and depending on the factors of absorption, tolerance,
concentration of alcohol, and the number of hours of drinking. Other general effects include:
1. Fatal dose – the fatal dose of liquor to an ordinary person is about 200 to 500 ml of absolute alcohol
(for adults) and about 50 ml onward for children.

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 2. Fatal Period  the fatal effects of alcohol may appear within 10 to 24 hours. But in some cases, death
may take place only after a number of days.
3. Alcoholic allergy – some persons are allergic to alcoholic drinks. The drinks may cause them to be
mad and behave like maniacs under the influence of liquor.

Kinds of Intoxication:
 Involuntary – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of the beverage he has
taken.
 Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to obtain
mitigation or to find the liquor as a stimulant to commit a crime.
 Habitual – when the person finds that drinking is a constant necessity and the vice ultimately takes holds
of him.

Degree of Intoxication:
Slight Inebriation – it is manifested by reddening of the face. In this condition there is no impairment, lack of
coordination, and difficulty of speech.
Moderate Inebriation – in this stage, the person is argumentative and overconfident. There is slight
impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, loss of coordination of finer movements. The face
is flushed with dilated eyeball. He is reckless and shows little motor coordination. The person may be certified
by a physician as being under the influence of liquor.
Drunk – in this stage the mind of the person becomes confused, his/her behavior is irregular and the
movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and not coordinated. The behavior may be described as
uncontrollable.
Very Drunk – at this stage, the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in speech and marked
poor motor coordination. For a very drunk person walking may be hard to undertake.
Coma – in this condition, the subject is in stupor or in coma.

ROMBERG’S TEST: Is a physical test which may be used to determine drunkenness and is valuable to law
enforcement officers in determining whether a person is under the influence of liquor or not.
The Blood Alcohol Test: This examination is regarded as the most widely accepted and direct method of
determining the concentration of alcohol in the blood. If there is 0.05 percent or less by weight of alcohol in a
person’s blood, it is presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

If there is 0.16 percent or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it is presumed that he is under the
influence of intoxicating liquor.

The Urine–alcohol Test: Urine examination is undertaken to determine blood alcohol contents and provides
an acceptable result to the court although the use of this chemical test is not yet widespread in our jurisdiction.
Sample of urine must not be taken at one time only because urinary excretion of alcohol varies with time.
Excretion is less during the early stage of absorption and may increase during the later stage.

PROSTITUTION – It is an act or practice of a woman, man or child who engage in sexual intercourse for
purpose of money or profit. Prostitution is often called the “oldest profession” and records of prostitution
exist since the beginning of man’s recorded history.It is a vice that causes so much suffering to mankind.
There is no country in the world that is free of prostitution. In some other territory it is legal, in the Philippines
it is prohibited.

Prostitution must be repressed to:

1. Control the spread of venereal diseases or STD’s;
2. Prevent organized crime.

Causes of Prostitution:
 Poverty;
 Lack of education;
 Previous sexual experience;
 Contact with persons in prostitution;
 Love for money and luxury;
 Lack of restraining checks from neighbors, social environments, and laxity of social control;
 Influence of contraceptives and preventive treatment of venereal diseases;
 Maintenance of other vices such as drug addiction and alcoholism;
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  Unwilling victims of white slavery or trafficking;
 Ineffectiveness of law enforcement in safeguarding the virtues of women and lack of courage
of the victim of white slavery to pursue cases against the perpetrators;
 Social causes like broken homes, and anonymity in the city.

Classification of Prostitutes on the Basis of Operation

1. Call Girls – they are part-time prostitutes. Mostly they have legitimate professions but work as
prostitutes to increase their income. They make contact with customers and make arrangements to
meet them at designated places. She may work alone or in partnership with an intermediary or pimp
with whom she may share her earnings.
2. Hustler – they are professional prostitutes known as bar or tavern “pick-ups” or “street walkers”. The
bar or tavern pick-up goes to places where liquor is being sold, most the time operating with the
consent and knowledge of the management. The streetwalker is the oldest and the most common type
of prostitute. Her usual clients are tourists, gambler, criminals, addicts, and others.
3. Door Knocker – they are selective or the occasional type of prostitute. Usually a new comer in the
business of flesh trade. They are most of the time motivated by extreme need of money due to poverty
or to support their other vices.
4. Factory Girls – they are the real professional type of prostitutes, who works in the regular houses of
prostitution commonly known as brothels. They accept all customers and do not intervene in selecting
and soliciting the customer. They work in the regular hours or tour of duty under the direct
supervision of the operator or madam of the prostitution house. They gain profit by getting a share of
the total earnings or on commission basis per customer.

Types of Prostitution House

1. Disorderly House – it is controlled by organized crime syndicate. It usually lodges several factory
girls. It is maintained by a madam and supporting staff composed of cashier, room boy, watchmen,
pimps and bouncers who act as security guards.
2. Furnished Room House – typically a kind of room for rent used by call girls who is paid on a per
customer basis. Usually managed by a madam.
3. Call Houses – this is where the customer calls and the madam makes an arrangement sending the girl
by a transporter to the place agreed upon.
4. Massage Clinics – these houses are managed under a permit or license to operate by the local
government unit but act as fronts for prostitution. They operate along with hairdressers, manicurists,
attendants and masseuses who while serving their customers can make arrangement for other services
such as sex with the prostitutes or themselves.

GAMBLING
Gambling is usually defined as wagering on games or events in which chance largely determines the outcome.
Gambling is a vice that is difficult to control. Although the behavior pattern known as pathological or
compulsive gambling does not involve chemically addictive substance, still it is considered as an addictive
behavior because of the personality attributes that tends to characterize the individual and similar treatment of
problems involved

Reasons for Controlling Gambling

Gambling should be controlled for the following reasons:
1. It is a crime against public morals.
2. It promotes broken family and bad neighborhood.
3. It causes poverty, dishonesty, fraud and deceit.
4. It strengthens organized crimes.
5. To prevent, reduce, or control crimes connected with it.

Classification of Gambling Games:

1. Those which are absolutely or per se prohibited;
a. faro and roulette
b. under Art. 195, RPC – monte, jueteng, other form of lottery, banking or percentage game and dog
racing.
2. Those which are regulated by law. These games are regulated in the sense that the law allows the same to
be played except on certain specified days;

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  Horse racing under Art. 198, RPC;
 Cockfighting under Art. 199, RPC
 Cuajo, panguinge, domino, mahjong, entre kuatro, and others under sec. 828, Revised Ordinance of the
City of Manila.

Acts Punishable in Gambling

1. In cases of gambling, games absolutely prohibited under Article 195, Revised Penal Code:
 Taking part directly or indirectly in gambling;
 Knowingly permitting any form of gambling to be carried on in any place owned or controlled by
the offender;
 Being a maintainer, conductor or banker.

2. In cases of lottery under ARTICLE 196, or banker.

 Possession of lottery lists which pertains to, or used in the game;
 Importation, selling, or distribution in connivance with the importer of lottery tickets;
 Selling or distribution without connivance with importer.

3. In cases of horse racing under Article 198, Revised Penal Code:

 Betting on horse races during the periods or days not allowed by law such as:
1. Ordinary working days, but not legal holidays and those allowed by the Games and
Amusement Board.
2. July 4 (now June 12, Independence Day) under Republic Act No. 137.
3. December 30th of each year commonly known as Jose Rizal Day under Republic Act No.
229.
4. Any registration or voting days under Republic Act No. 180, as amended (Revised
Election Code).
5. Holy Thursday and Good Friday under Republic Act No. 946.

 Maintaining or employing a totalizer or other device or scheme for betting on races or realizing
profit therefrom.
 Under Republic Act No. 3063, the operation and maintenance of “bookie joints” not authorized
by the Games and Amusement Board and acting as “collector” or “solicitor” of bets on horses
races for the bookie joints are prohibited.

4. In cases of illegal cockfighting under Article 199, Revised Penal Code:

 Betting money or other valuables and organizing such cockfights at which bets are made on a day
other than that permitted by law.
 Betting money or other valuables and organizing such cockfights in a place other than a licensed
cockpit.

5. And finally, making bets which are offered and accepted upon the result of a boxing or other sports
contest is punishable by Article 187, Revised Penal Code and Section 830, Revised Ordinances of the
City of Manila.

NOTE: Mere presence in a gambling house where illegal gambling takes place is punishable. A mere
bystander or spectator in a gambling game is not criminally liable, because he does not take part therein,
directly or indirectly.

Laws pertinent to gambling:

 Art 195-199, RPC: Forms of gambling and betting;
 PD 1602: Prescribing Stiffer penalties on illegal gambling;
 PD 510: Law on Slot Machines
 PD 449: Illegal Cockfighting
 PD 483: Game Fixing in Sport Contest
 PD 1306: Jai-Alai bookies
 PD 1869: Prohibition of government officials to enter and gamble in casinos
 Sec 823, R.O.: Gambling Dens (Maintainer/Operator)
 Sec 824, R.O.: Gambling Devices, Possession of Pin balls
 Sec 827, R.O.: Gambling (Players)
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  Sec 828, R.O.: Mahjong, Regulated Games
 Sec 830, R.O.: Betting in Athletic Contest
 Sec 831, R.O.: Illegal Cockfighting (Tupada)
 RA 3063: Horse Racing Bookie
 LOI No. 816: Exclusion of certain prohibited games under PD 1602
 Rule 111, Sec 21, PNP Rules and Regulations (PD 765) GAMBLING No member of the PNP shall
engage in any form of gambling prohibited by law.

On January 4, 1977, Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1067A was passed creating the Philippine Amusement
and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR). The decree was aimed to tap potential sources of funds to finance the
government’s infrastructure and socio-civic development projects, facilitate the growth of the tourist industry,
and prevent the proliferation of illegal casinos or clubs conducting games of chance. Shortly thereafter, PD
1067 –B was passed granting PAGCOR a 25–year franchise (renewable for another 25 years) to establish,
operate and maintain, among others, gambling casinos in the country. Several other decrees were
subsequently promulgated to further regulate and centralize through appropriate institutions all games of
chance. On July 11, 1983 PD No. 1869 was brought about to consolidate all previous decrees to enhance
enforcement and reorganize PAGCOR to become more dynamic and effective.

Legal Control: The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines punishes gambling. Article 195 of this law
penalizes any person who, in any manner shall directly or indirectly take part at any game of scheme, the
result of which depend wholly or chiefly upon chance with money or articles of monetary value at stake.
Likewise, the law also punishes any person who knowingly permits any form of gambling to be carried out in
any place, building or vessels or other means of transportation owned or controlled by the accused.
Furthermore, the law punishes maintainers, conductors, or bankers in the game of jueteng or any similar
game.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 9287

An act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers games, amending certain provisions of PD 1602, and for
other Purposes.

Section 1. Declaration of Policy. - It is the policy of the State to promote a just and dynamic social order that
will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies
that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved
quality of life for all. It is likewise the policy of the State that the promotion of social justice shall include the
commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
Hence, the State hereby condemns the existence of illegal gambling activities such as illegal numbers games
as this has become an influential factor in an individual's disregard for the value of dignified work,
perseverance and thrift since instant monetary gains from it are being equated to success, thereby becoming a
widespread social menace and a source of corruption.
Towards this end, the State shall therefore adopt more stringent measures to stop and eradicate the existence
of illegal numbers games in any part of the country.

Sec. 2. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:
a) Illegal Numbers Game. - Any form illegal gambling activity which uses numbers or combinations thereof
as factors in giving out jackpots.
b) Jueteng. - An illegal numbers game that involves the combination of thirty-seven (37) numbers against
thirty-seven (37) numbers from number one (1) to thirty seven (37) or the combination of thirty-eight (38)
numbers in some areas, serving as a form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination,
and its variants.
c) Masiao. - An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the results of the last
game of Jai Alai or the Special Llave portion or any result thereof based on any fictitious Jai Alai game
consisting of ten (10) players pitted against one another, and its variants.
d) Last Two. - An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two (2)
numbers of the first prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket which comes out during the weekly draw of the
Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and its variants.
e) Bettor ("Mananaya", "Tayador" or variants thereof). - Any person who places bets for himself/herself or
in behalf of another person, or any person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal numbers game
operation.
f) Personnel or Staff of Illegal Numbers Game Operation. - Any person, who acts in the interest of the
maintainer, manager or operator, such as, but not limited to, an accountant, cashier, checker, guard, runner,
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table manager, usher, watcher, or any other personnel performing such similar functions in a building
structure, vessel, vehicle, or any other place where an illegal numbers game is operated or conducted.
g) Collector or Agent ("Cabo", "Cobrador", "Coriador" or variants thereof). - Any person who collects,
solicits or produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game who is usually in
possession of gambling paraphernalia.
h) Coordinator, Controller or Supervisor ("Encargado" or variants thereof). - Any person who exercises
control and supervision over the collector or agent.
i) Maintainer, Manager or Operator. - Any person who maintains, manages or operates any illegal number
game in a specific area from whom the coordinator, controller or supervisor, and collector or agent take
orders.
j) Financiers or Capitalist. - Any person who finances the operations of any illegal numbers game.
k) Protector or Coddler. - Any person who lends or provides protection, or receives benefits in any manner in
the operation of any illegal numbers game.

Sec. 3. Punishable Acts. - Any person who participates in any illegal numbers game shall suffer the following
penalties:
a) The penalty of imprisonment from thirty (30) days to ninety (90) days, if such person acts as a
bettor;
b) The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) years and one (1) day to eight (8) years, if such person
acts as a personnel or staff of an illegal numbers game operation;
The same penalty shall likewise be imposed to any person who allows his vehicle, house, building or
land to be used in the operation of the illegal numbers games.
c) The penalty of imprisonment from eight (8) years and one (1) day to ten (10) years, if such person
acts as a collector or agent;
d) The penalty of imprisonment from ten (10) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years, if such
person acts as a coordinator, controller or supervisor;
e) The penalty of imprisonment from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to ten (10) fourteen (14)
years, if such person acts as a maintainer, manager or operator; and
f) The penalty of imprisonment from fourteen (14) years and one (1) day to sixteen (16) years, if such
person acts as a financier or capitalist;
g) The penalty of imprisonment from sixteen (16) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years, if such
person acts as protector or coddler.

Sec. 4. Possession of Gambling Paraphernalia or Materials. - The possession of any gambling paraphernalia
and other materials used in the illegal numbers game operation shall be deemed prima facie evidence of any
offense covered by this Act.

Sec. 5. Liability of Government Employees and/or Public Officials. - a) If the collector, agent, coordinator,
controller, supervisor, maintainer, manager, operator, financier or capitalist of any illegal numbers game is a
government employee and/or public official, whether elected or appointed shall suffer the penalty of twelve
(12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three million pesos (P3,000,000.00)
to Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00) and perpetual absolute disqualification from public office.
In addition to the penalty provided in the immediately preceding section, the accessory penalty of perpetual
disqualification from public office shall be imposed upon any local government official who, having
knowledge of the existence of the operation of any illegal numbers game in his/her jurisdiction, fails to abate
or to take action, or tolerates the same in connection therewith.
b) In the case of failure to apprehend perpetrators of any illegal numbers game, any law enforcer shall suffer
an administrative penalty of suspension or dismissal, as the case may be, to be imposed by the appropriate
authority.

Sec. 6. Liability of Parents/Guardians. - The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) months and one (1) day to
one (1) year or fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) shall be imposed upon any parent, guardian or person exercising moral authority or ascendancy
over a minor, ward or incapacitated person, and not otherwise falling under any of the foregoing subsections,
who induces or causes such minor, ward or incapacitated person to commit any of the offenses punishable in
this Act. Upon conviction, the parent, guardian or person exercising moral authority or ascendancy over the
minor, ward or incapacitated person shall be deprived of his/her authority over such person in addition to the
penalty imposed.

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Sec. 7. Recidivism. - The penalty next higher in degree as provided for under Section 3 hereof shall be
imposed upon a recidivist who commits any of the offenses punishable in this Act.

Sec. 8. Immunity from Prosecution. - Any person who serves as a witness for the government or provides
evidence in a criminal case involving any violation of this Act, or who voluntarily or by virtue of a subpoena
testificandum or duces tecum, produces, identifies, or gives testimony shall be immune from any criminal
prosecution, subject to the compliance with the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1732, otherwise known
as Decree Providing Immunity from Criminal Prosecution to Government Witnesses and the pertinent
provisions of the Rules of Court.

Sec. 9. Prosecution, Judgment and Forfeiture of Property. - Any person may be charged with or convicted of
the offenses covered by this Act without prejudice to the prosecution of any act or acts penalized under the
Revised Penal Code or existing laws. During the pendency of the case, no property or income used or derived
therefrom which may be confiscated and forfeited shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same
shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted for the release of the same.The trial prosecutors shall
avail of provisional remedies provided for under the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure.
Upon conviction, all proceeds, gambling paraphernalia and other instruments of the crime including
any real or personal property used in any illegal numbers game operation shall be confiscated and forfeited in
favor of the State. All assets and properties of the accused either owned or held by him/her in his/her name or
in the name of another person found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income shall be
prima facie presumed to be proceeds of the offense and shall likewise be confiscated and forfeited in favor of
the State.

Sec. 10. Witness Protection. - Any person who provides material information, whether testimonial or
documentary, necessary for the investigation or prosecution of individuals committing any of the offenses
under Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 herein shall be placed under the Witness Protection Program pursuant to Republic
Act. No. 6981.

Sec. 11. Informer's Reward. - Any person who, having knowledge or information of any offense committed
under this Act and who shall disclose the same which may lead to the arrest and final conviction of the
offender, may be rewarded a certain percentage of the cash money or articles of value confiscated or forfeited
in favor of the government, which shall be determined through a policy guideline promulgated by the
Department of Justice (DOJ) in coordination with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
and the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
The DILG, the NAPOLCOM and the DOJ shall provide for a system of rewards and incentives for law
enforcement officers and for local government official for the effective implementation of this Act.

Sec. 12. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - Within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, the
DILG, DOJ, NAPOLCOM, and other concerned government agencies shall jointly promulgate the
implementing rules and regulations, as may be necessary to ensure the efficient and effective implementation
of the provisions of this Act.

Sec. 13. Separability Clause. - If for any reason any section or provision of this Act, or any portion thereof, or
the application of such section, provision or portion thereof to any person, group or circumstance is declared
invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining provisions of this Act shall not be affected by such declaration and
shall remain in force and effect.

Sec. 14. Amendatory Clause. - The pertinent provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1602, in so far as they are
inconsistent herewith, are hereby expressly amended or modified accordingly.

Sec. 15. Repealing Clause. - The provisions of other laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations
inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.

Sec. 16. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in at least two (2) national
newspapers of general circulation.

Important things to remember

1. Administer. – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without
his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of

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 indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless
administered by a duly licensed practitioner for purposes of medication.
2. Centers. - Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents referred to in Section 34,
Article VIII of this Act.
3. Chemical Diversion. – The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit,
manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in
concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall
include packaging, repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud,
destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud.
4. Clandestine Laboratory. – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical.
5. Confirmatory Test. – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or
physical principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.
6. Controlled Delivery. – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or
property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the
country under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any
person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense.
7. Cultivate or Culture. – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting,
growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.
8. Dangerous Drugs. – Include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single
Convention on Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex which is an integral part of
this Act.
9. Deliver. – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any
means, with or without consideration.
10. Den, Dive or Resort. – A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.
11. Dispense. – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or
without the use of prescription.
12. Drug Dependence. – As based on the World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of
physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive
drug takes on a high priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to
take the substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset,
termination, or levels of use.
13. Drug Syndicate. – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the
intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.
14. Employee of Den, Dive or Resort. – The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons
working in the den, dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, distributed,
sold or used, with or without compensation, in connection with the operation thereof.
15. Financier. – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal
activities prescribed under this Act.
16. Illegal Trafficking. – The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,
sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
17. Instrument. – Anything that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of illegal
drug trafficking or related offenses.
18. Laboratory Equipment. – The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for
use or designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory
funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas generator, or their substitute.
19. Manufacture. – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances
of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and
chemical synthesis, and shall include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or
configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include
the preparation, compounding, packaging or labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized
practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or dispensation of such drug or substance in the course

29
 of his/her professional practice including research, teaching and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs or
such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other purpose.
20. Cannabis or commonly known as "Marijuana" or "Indian Hemp" or by its any other name. –
Embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis sativa L. including, but not limited to,
Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and
character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or
portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin, extract,
tincture or in any form whatsoever.
21. Opium. – Refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and embraces
every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same;
narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or any alkaloid of opium; preparations in which
opium, morphine or any alkaloid of opium enters as an ingredient; opium poppy; opium poppy straw; and
leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.
22. Opium Poppy. – Refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver
setigerum DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas, which includes the seeds,
straws, branches, leaves or any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral, decorative
and culinary purposes.
23. Planting of Evidence. – The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting,
placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in
the immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing
the commission of any violation of this Act.
24. Protector/Coddler. – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for
in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating
the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated
the provisions of this Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
25. Pusher. – Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on any
terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a
broker in any of such transactions, in violation of this Act.
26. Sell. – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical
whether for money or any other consideration.
27. Trading. – Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors
and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile
or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of
such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
28. Use. – Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking,
sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body,
and of the dangerous drugs.

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