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4. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are
called enzymes
5. Functions of enzymes:
(i) The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a chemical
reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate molecule in a suitable
position, so that it can be attacked by the reagent effectively
(ii) The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will
attack the substrate and carry out chemical reaction
(a) Competitive Inhibition: Competitive Inhibitors are the drugs that compete
with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites of enzymes
Receptors show selectivity for one chemical messenger over the other
because their binding sites have different shape, structure and amino acid
composition.
Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called
antagonists. These are useful when blocking of message is required. Drugs
that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called
agonists. These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.
(iii) Neurologically Active Drugs: Drugs which have a neurological effect i.e.
affects the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor
(a) Tranquilizers: Chemical substances used for the treatment of stress and
mild or severe mental diseases
Examples: Derivatives of barbituric acids like veronal, amytal, nembutal,
luminal, seconal
(b) Analgesics: Chemical substances used to relieve pain without causing any
disturbances in the nervous system like impairment of consciousness, mental
confusion, incoordination or paralysis etc.
Classification of Analgesics:
Non-narcotic Narcotic analgesics:
analgesics:
9. Food additives are the substances added to food to preserve its flavour or
improve its taste and appearance
Butylated Hydroxy
Anisole (BHA)
10. Soaps:
(i)Soap: It is a sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids like
stearic, oleic and palmitic acid.
Detergents
(iii)Types of soaps
No. Descriptions
2. Medicated soaps: These soaps are the soft soaps containing substances
with medicinal properties. Neem soap, carbolic soaps are some
common examples of medicated soaps.
5. Floating soaps: These soaps float in water and are prepared by beating
tiny air bubbles into the product before it hardens
6. Soap chips: These are prepared by running a thin sheet of melted soap
onto a cool cylinder and scrapping off the soaps in small broken pieces
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(iv) Advantages of using soaps: Soap is a good cleansing agent and is 100%
biodegradable i.e., micro- organisms present in sewage water can completely
oxidize soap. Therefore, soaps do not cause any pollution problems
These precipitates stick to the fibres of the cloth as gummy mass and
block the ability of soaps to remove oil and grease from fabrics.
Therefore, it interferes with the cleansing ability of the soap and makes
the cleansing process difficult.
11. Detergents:
(i)Detergents are sodium salts of long chain of alkyl benzene sulphonic acids
or sodium salts of long chain of alkyl hydrogen sulphates
(ii)Classification of detergents:
(a)Anionic detergents:
Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or
hydrocarbons. Alkyl hydrogensulphates formed by treating long chain alcohols
with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised with alkali to form anionic
detergents. Similarly alkyl benzene sulphonates are obtained by neutralising
alkyl benzene sulphonic acids with alkali
Example:
Uses: They are used in household cleaning like dishwasher liquids, laundry
liquid detergents, laundry powdered detergents etc.
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Advantage: They are effective in slightly acidic solutions where soaps do not
work efficiently
Example:
Use: Since they possess germicidal properties, they are used as germicides
(c) Non- ionic detergents: They do not contain any ion in their constitution.
They are like esters of high molecular mass.
Example: Detergent formed by condensation reaction between stearic acid
reacts and polyethyleneglycol
Advantage: They have effective H- bonding groups at one end of the alkyl
chain which make them freely water soluble.
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