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6MW solar plant integration feasibility study: Bonaire island case study

Conference Paper · June 2016

DOI: 10.1109/COMPEL.2016.7556725

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 6MW Solar Plant Integration Feasibility Study:
Bonaire Island Case Study
Yin Sun Vladimir Cuk
Erik de Jong Sjef Cobben
Electrical Energy System Electrical Energy System
Technical University Eindhoven Technical University Eindhoven
Eindhoven, the Netherlands Eindhoven, the Netherlands
y.sun@tue.nl v.cuk@tue.nl

Abstract—The power supply on Bonaire is characterized by a high

penetration of wind energy. Currently 5 diesel generators (total
capacity 14MW) and 12 wind turbines (total capacity 10.8MW)
operated by ContourGlobal generate electricity for Water and
Electricity Bonaire (WEB). To meet future power demand increase,
WEB has the ambition to connect a 6MW centralized solar plant to
their system, thereby further increasing their renewable power
generation in the island’s energy mix. This paper studies the system
impact of adding a 6MW centralized solar plant on the existing
system and highlights the associated operational constraints.

Index Terms—Island Grid; Solar; Storage; Wind; Sustainable;

I. INTRODUCTION
Bonaire Island, part of the Netherlands Antilles, is located off the
north coast of South America near the western part of Venezuela.
The power supply on Bonaire is characterized by a high penetration
of wind energy. The contribution on a yearly average is more than
40% and on the peak days the contribution rises up to even 70% of
the total generated energy. Currently 5 diesel generators (total
capacity 14MW) and 12 wind turbines (total capacity 10.8MW) of
ContourGlobal generate electricity for WEB. The peak load is
approximately 14MW. As shown in Fig. 1 the Diesel power plant
as well as the battery energy storage system (BESS) are located at
the Northwest coast of Bonaire island while the wind farms
Morotin 1 and 2 are installed at the Northern coast. The 30kV
distribution backbone is shown as the thick black line, extending to
the load center distribution substations at DEN LAMAN, STAD,
INDUSTRIAL TERRAIN and WEB NOBO. The load is
increasing and additional generation capacity is required. WEB is
considering the option of adding solar power. Fig. 1. Bonaire Island Power System Overview
In order to prove that it is feasible to add 6MW of solar power into
the existing grid, a preliminary study is considered imperative to II. SOLAR PLANT LOCATION AND SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
examine the potential risk in the grid operational constraints. First,
The ideal location of the solar power plant is mainly dictated by the
a suitable solar park location is evaluated. Secondly, a small scale available solar resource as a function of solar irradiance and
PSCAD® Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) equivalent model is associated cell temperature, land space and grid connection. In this
made based on the existing Powerfactory® Root Mean Square section, the aforementioned influencing factors are discussed one
(RMS) dynamic system model. Here, the modular based solar by one.
power plant model - elaborated in Section IV - will be added to the
equivalent PSCAD small system model. Lastly, a preliminary A. Solar Irradiance and Cell Temperature
dynamic frequency stability study is performed using the small The following annual average value of solar irradiance can be
PSCAD model and conclusions are drawn. derived from the yearly satellite data (Fig. 2and Fig. 3

978-1-5090-1815-4/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

• Specific Irradiation onto Horizontal: 2125 [kWh/m2] time constant is large and the temperature hardly varies in the time
frame of primary response. The irradiance however has been made
• Specific Irradiation minus Reflection: 2076 [kWh/m2] a time varying input value to the solar array model to mimic the
• Wind Speed at Height of 10m: 6.0 [m/s] cloud cover effects on the solar panels.

• Ambient Temperature: 29.0 [° C] B. Land Space

• Module/Cell Temperature: 35.0 [° C] In December 2014, a pilot solar project consisting of 792 solar
panels was constructed at a site near Barcadera, on the island’s
1.4
Bonaire Yearly Solar Irradiance Measurement northern coast. With this pilot solar installation, WEB intends to
Solar Irradiance
examine the return on investment and its impact on the power grid.
1.2 In fact the available land space on this site allows “for further
extension to a 6MW solar park in the case favorable measurement
Solar Irradiance (kWh/m2)

1
results from the pilot project are obtained. For the rest of this paper,
0.8
the pilot site is used for 6MW solar power plant integration
feasibility study.
0.6

C. Network Constraints
0.4
With regards regards network constraints, load flow and short
0.2 circuit calculation have been performed to check the system
constraints as a result of the 6MW solar integration.
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Time For the network constraints, the worst case is when the solar power
plant is feeding 6MW to the network. Based on the load flow
Fig. 2. Hourly Solar Irradiance Satellite Data on Bonaire Island Following calculation, not only will the voltage at the solar power plant point
MeteoNorm 6 of common coupling (PCC) increase as a result of active power
flow over the cable impedance (high R/X ratio), but also the
In the case of Bonaire Island, a high amount of solar energy is existing 12.2kV cable will exceed its thermal capacity limit. A load
available throughout the year (Fig. 2) thanks to its tropical climate. flow heat map of the 6MW of solar power being delivered to the
Based on the hourly satellite data shown in Fig. 2, there is no 12.2kV network of WEB Bonaire (at pilot project location) is
distinctive seasonal fluctuation with regards to the solar irradiance shown in Fig. 4.
on Bonaire island, hence the solar power plant output would also

L_Bario Sta Rosa

be averaged around 800W/m2 throughout the year. For the purpose

T_Bario Sta Rosa

T_Fam De Jong

40.8
15.4
6MW Solar Integration L_Fam De Jong
EV_Hill Side_1

T_Kaya Eva
of this paper, 800W/m2 will be fed into the solar array model as a

T_DWD
27.5

27.7

Side_1

L_Hill Side
T_Bona Bista 3
RNWO_Xiria

3.5 EV_Term_Hill Sid..

Coupler_EV_Hill
L_Bona Bista 3

L_Kaya Eva

0.0
L_DWD

T_Hill Side
20.8
T_Bona Bista 2
13.0
1.07

6.9
4.3

L_Bona Bista 2

L_Bon Macho

T_Finca Verde
RNWO_PV Plant_T1
95.7

17.4
1.05
37.1
0.4

PE_PV-1

L_Kaya Sioux
100.0
-986.7

1000.0

1000.0
0.044

1.381

1.381
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Bona Bista 1

constant.
EV_Term_Bona Bista 1..
9.2
EV_Bona Bista 1_1
L_Bona Bista 1

RNWO_PV Plant_T2

T_Kaya Bernadette
Coupler_EV_Bona Bista 1_1

T_Kaya Jolanda
95.7

T_Bario Sileisi
1.05
37.1

T_Bon Macho
0.4

PE_PV-2
1000.0

1000.0

100.0
-986.7

15.4

27.7

27.7

27.7
0.044

1.381

1.381
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Kaya Sioux
0.0

L_Finca Verde

15.4
~

RNWO_PV Plant_T3 T_Kaya Constancia

L_Kaya Constancia
95.7 27.7
1.05
37.1
0.4

PE_PV-3
100.0
-986.7

1000.0

1000.0
0.044

1.381

1.381
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

L_Bario Sileisi L_Kaya Bernadette L_Kaya Jolanda

RNWO_PV Plant_T4
L_BuurtcentrumNRDSalinja L_Mentor
T_San Bernardo

95.7
1.05
37.1
0.4

PE_PV-4
100.0
-986.7

1000.0

1000.0
0.044

1.381

1.381

22.6

T_San Bartola
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Cellular One
12.7
L_Cellular One

17.0

T_BuurtcentrumNRDSalinja
RNWO_PV Plant_T5 T_Kaya Amalia
95.7 27.7
1.05
37.1
0.4

T_Mentor
PE_PV-5
100.0
-986.7

1000.0

1000.0

20.4

33.9
0.044

1.381

1.381
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

L_Rinconweg
L_San Bernardo
RNWO_PV Plant_T6
95.7
1.05
37.1
0.4

L_San Bartola
PE_PV-6

L_Kaya Robeki
1000.0

1000.0

100.0
-986.7

0.044

1.381

1.381
48.9

-0.0

-0.0

~
RNWO_400V

L_Kaya Mulatu

EV_Kaya Bulado_1
T_Rinconweg

L_Kaya Amalia
33.9

T_Kaya Robeki T_Kaya Bayena

27.7 23.1
L_Firgos
1.08
34.3

Coupler_EV_Kaya Bulado_1
0.4

T_Telbocel T_Kaya Bulado 0.0

T_Kaya Mulatu
8.5 23.3
3 RNWO 2 CAT RNWO 1

L_Telbocel

~
27.7

L_Kaya Bulado
SG
~

EV_Term_Kaya Bulado_..
T_Firgos
23.1
RNWO_T1_1
1.8 L_Kaya Colorado L_Progreso Supermarket
SG

L_Kaya Bayena
~

T_Kaya Turkesa T_Kaya Opal T_Supermarket Korona

L_Kaya Turkesa

33.5 33.5 20.5

CAT

L_Kaya Opal

L_Kaya Caribe
L_RNWO_400V CAT RNWO 4 CAT RNWO

SG
~

RNWO_T1_2 T_Peking
1.8 25.7
T_Progreso Supermarket T_Buurt Centrum Antriol

T_Kaya Colorado
3.7 27.7
13.0
1.07
4.3

L_Club Estrellas

27.7
SG

T_Kaya Caribe
~

T_Flamingo Garden
23.1
3.7

L_Supermarket Korona

T_Club Estrellas

L_Papa Cornes School

23.1 T_Papa Cornes School
23.1
L_Peking
L_Kaya Plata
L_Buurt Centrum Antriol

T_D146
12.1
L_Flamingo Garden
L_Kaya Diamante_75

T_Kaya Diamante_75
L_D146

5.2
T_Kaya Plata
11.6

L_Kaya Siminole

T_Bon Car..
L_Bon Carr. Club

31.1
T_Kaya Unix
8.5
L_Kaya Unix

T_Kaya Amsterdam

L_Kaya Amsterdam
23.1
T_Kaya Siminole

T_Kaya Dawari (FCB)

23.1

23.1
T_Republiek
L_Kompleho Boezem

12.7
L_Republiek

12.6
1.04
2.5
L_Kaya Dawari (FCB)
12.4
1.01
0.5

T_Kompleho Boezem
23.0
T_Kaya Platina
11.6
T_Kaya Diamante_50
T_CrownWestPark1

L_Apollinario
T_Kaya Alexandril
T_Crown Ridge 2

T_Kaya Kristolito

T_Kaya Heru
T_Terrace 6

T_Terrace 5

T_Terrace 3

T_Terrace1

T_Villas
12.4

12.4

12.4

12.4

39.2

39.2

39.0

12.7

12.7
5.2

7.8

T_Kaya Oro
11.6
T_Terrace 4
12.5

T_Apollinario
L_Liseo Bonariano

24.2
L_Kaya Platina
T_shores2

T_CrownWestPark2

L_Hato Zuid Fase 1_2

39.2

L_Terrace 6 L_Terrace 3 L_Terrace 1 L_Villas L_Crown Ridge 2 L_Kaya Alexandril

L_Kaya Kristolito
L_Kaya Diamante_50
L_Kaya Heru T_Liseo Bonariano
L_Hato Zuid Fase 1_1 21.3 L_RNWO
12.4

L_Kaya Oro
L_Crown West Park 1
L_Terrace 5
L_Terrace 4
T_Kaya Alkmaar

T_Hato Zuid Fase 1_2

39.4

T_Hato Zuid Fase 1_1

L_Bonaire Super Store

L_Verk Hato Zuid_1

L_shores 2 L_CrownWestPark2

T_RNWO
5.9

15.5
T_Court 2

5.9
T_CrownRidge1
T_CrownKeys1

T_CrownKeys2
39.1
T_shores1

T_Court 1

L_VS3
39.2

39.2

39.2

39.1

39.1

L_Kaya Alkmaar T_Verk Hato Zuid T_VS3 T_Bonaire Super Store

12.6 0.4 25.0
L_Kaya Breda

L_Court 2

L_shores1 L_Court 1 L_CrownKeys1 L_CrownKeys2 L_CrownRidge1

T_Bon Bida

T_Kaya Breda
T_Deepak

T_TWR

11.6
20.5

22.8

15.5

Coupler_EV_Bon Bida_1
0.0
T_MCB 2
17.2

EV_Term_Bon Bida_..
T_Medical School

T_Bonaire Exclusive

T_Perrla Bonariano
T_Kaya Den Haag

T_Flats Winklaar
39.8

T_Hato Noord

L_Bon Bida L_Deepak L_TWR

T_Kas Palu(Hamlet)
39.8

39.8

16.9

14.3
T_Telbo Hato

5.8

~
T_Kaya Groningen

31.3

11.6
T_BONAIRE DIVERSION

T_Zhung Kong
39.8

EV_Bon Bida_1
25.1

L_MCB 2
39.9

L_Medical School
T_Kaya Gov. Debrot

12.1
0.99
-0.6

L_Hato Noord L_Kaya Den Haag L_Flats Winklaar L_Bonaire Exclusive L_Perrla Bonariano
T_Bon Oil
39.8

11.7

L_Telbo Hato L_Kas Palu(Hamlet)

Coupler_EV_Kaya Gov. Debrot_1

L_Kaya Groningen

L_Zhung Kong
0.0

L_BONAIRE DIVERSION
EV_Term_Kaya Gov. Debrot..

DSS-C/DSS-C
L_Kaya Gov. Debrot L_Bon Oil

EV_Kaya Gov. Debrot_1 Connection to WEB Transport

10Breaker/S..
AKE/10AKE_DENLAMAN

DSS-B/DSS-B
0.0
10AKE/10AKD_DENLAMAN

Breaker/S..
0.0
CentralizedEVSupport

EV3-HATO EV2-HATO EV1-HATO

~

Centali zedEVsupp..

Connection to WEB Transport and Industrial Terrian

DSS-A/DSS-A
Breaker/S..
0.0

Single Busb ar/CENTRALE Hato

Breaker/S..
0.0
T_Caribbean Blue Bonaire

T_Elegancia Del Caribe

T_Kantoor App Jacobs

T_Den Laman

T_Dutch Rooster

T_Playa Lechi
10.2

Coupler_EV_Den Laman_1
10.2

10.2

10.1
8.0

8.1
Coupler_EV_Caribbean Blue Bonaire_1

0.0
Coupler_EV_Elegancia Del Caribe_1

Coupler_EV_Playa Lechi_1

EV_Term_Den Laman_1
0.0

0.0

0.0

EV_Term_Pl aya Lechi ..

T_Lions Dive
T_Bonaire Del Sol
T_Hamlet 2

LV EV_Term_Cari bbean Blue Bonai .. EV_Term_Elegancia Del Cari..

T_Sand Dollar 2

T_Sand Dollar 1
T_Hamlet 1

T_Habitat
31.5

38.1
31.5

40.6

34.6

36.7

33.5

~ L_Dutch Rooster L_Elegancia Del Caribe L_Playa Lechi ~ L_Kantoor App Jacobs
Coupler_EV_Sand Dollar 2_1
Coupler_EV_Bonaire Del Sol_1

L_Den Laman L_Caribbean Blue Bonaire

EV_Coupler_Habitat_1

~
Coupler_EV_Lions Dive_1
Coupler_EV_Hamlet2_1

Coupler_EV_Sand Dollar 1_1

EV_Den Laman_1 EV_Playa Lechi_1

~
L_Sand Dollar 1
0.0

0.0

EV_Elegancia Del Caribe_1 T_Jacht Haven

0.0

0.0

0.0

EV_Term_Habitat_.. 12.8
L_Jacht Haven
0.0

EV_Term_Hamlet2_.. EV_Term_B onai re Del So..

L_Hamlet 1 L_Habitat
EV_Term_Li ons Dive..
L_Sand Dollar 2
EV_Caribbean Blue Bonaire_1
EV_Term_Sand Dollar .. EV_Term_Sand Dol lar ..
L_Hamlet 2 L_Lions Dive

L_Bonaire Del Sol ~

~ ~ ~

EV_Habitat_1
~ ~

EV_Hamlet2_1
EV_Bonaire Del Sol_1 EV_Lions Dive_1
EV_Sand Dollar
EV_Sand
2_1 Dollar 1_1
T_Techno Consult 2

T_Techno Consult
T_Eden Beach

Coupler_EV_Eden Beach_1
12.8

12.6

12.6

0.0

EV_Term_Eden Beach_1

~ L_Eden Beach L_Techno Consult 2 L_Techno Consult 1

EV_Eden Beach_1

Fig. 3. Hourly Ambient Temperature (Red) and Cell Temperature (Blue) Fig. 4. Bonaire Island Load Flow Heat Map Including 6MW Solar
Satellite Data on Bonaire Island Following MeteoNorm 6 Integration: Green (Healthy) and Red (Unhealthy)

Ambient temperature as well as the temperature of the solar module
is another key factor, which greatly influences the solar power plant
output. A steady average ambient temperature and average solar
cell temperature can be seen from Fig. 3 despite the frequent spikes
in the cell temperature.
For the purpose of this paper, the annual average module/cell
temperature (35.0 [° C]) will be fed into the solar array model as a
constant. This is deemed a valid assumption because the thermal
The green color indicates healthy thermal loading (below 80% of
nominal rating) and voltage profile (close to 1 p.u.) while the red
color indicates unhealthy thermal loading (equal to or above 100%
of nominal rating) and unhealthy voltage profile (equal to or above
1.1 p.u.). Orange and yellow are intermediate colors between green
and red. From the load flow calculation, integrating the 6MW solar
power plant will overload several 12.2kV cable systems with a
thermal capacity of 160A. The voltage at the 12.2kV PCC is 1.07
p.u., which is above the allowed 5% voltage deviation under frequency and voltage response following a three-phase fault at the
continuous operation as per WEB Bonaire voltage regulation 12.2kV feeder. In this incident, a frequency drop has caused the
requirement. activation of the under frequency relay after 400ms, as a
consequence approximately 3233kW of load was shed.

L_Bario Sta Rosa

T_Bario Sta Rosa
57.0

DIgSILENT
T_Fam De Jong

40.7
15.4
6MW Solar Integration L_Fam De Jong
EV_Hill Side_1

T_Kaya Eva
T_DWD
27.4

27.7

Coupler_EV_Hill Side_1

L_Hill Side
T_Bona Bista 3
RNWO_Xiria

3.5 EV_Term_Hill Sid..

L_Bona Bista 3

L_Kaya Eva

0.0
L_DWD

T_Hill Side
[Hz]

20.7
T_Bona Bista 2
12.6
1.04

L_Bona Bista 2
2.0

6.9

L_Bon Macho

T_Finca Verde
RNWO_PV Plant_T1
98.6

17.4
1.01
35.0
0.4

PE_PV-1

L_Kaya Sioux
100.0
-986.1

1000.0

1000.0
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Bona Bista 1

EV_Term_Bona Bista 1..

EV_Bona Bista 1_1
9.2

L_Bona Bista 1
RNWO_PV Plant_T2

T_Kaya Bernadette
Coupler_EV_Bona Bista 1_1

T_Kaya Jolanda
98.6

T_Bario Sileisi
1.01
35.0

T_Bon Macho
0.4

PE_PV-2
100.0
-986.1

1000.0

1000.0

15.4

27.6

27.6

27.6
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Kaya Sioux
0.0
L_Finca Verde

15.4
~
RNWO_PV Plant_T3 T_Kaya Constancia

L_Kaya Constancia
98.6 27.6
1.01
35.0
0.4

PE_PV-3
-986.1

1000.0

1000.0

100.0
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

L_Bario Sileisi L_Kaya Bernadette L_Kaya Jolanda

RNWO_PV Plant_T4
L_BuurtcentrumNRDSalinja L_Mentor

T_San Bernardo
98.6
1.01
35.0
0.4

55.0
PE_PV-4
100.0
-986.1

1000.0

1000.0

22.5

T_San Bartola
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

T_Cellular One
12.7
L_Cellular One

16.9

T_BuurtcentrumNRDSalinja
RNWO_PV Plant_T5 T_Kaya Amalia
98.6 27.6
1.01
35.0
0.4

T_Mentor
PE_PV-5
100.0
-986.1

1000.0

1000.0

20.4

33.9
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

L_Rinconweg
L_San Bernardo
RNWO_PV Plant_T6
98.6
1.01
35.0
0.4

L_San Bartola
PE_PV-6

L_Kaya Robeki
1000.0

1000.0

100.0
-986.1
0.045

1.423

1.423
51.9

-0.0

-0.0

~
RNWO_400V

L_Kaya Mulatu

EV_Kaya Bulado_1
T_Rinconweg
L_Kaya Amalia

33.9
T_Kaya Robeki T_Kaya Bayena
27.6 23.1
L_Firgos
1.05
31.9
0.4

Coupler_EV_Kaya Bulado_1
T_Telbocel T_Kaya Bulado 0.0
8.5 23.2

T_Kaya Mulatu
3 RNWO 2 CAT RNWO 1

L_Telbocel

~
L_Kaya Bulado
27.6
SG
~

EV_Term_Kaya Bulado_..
T_Firgos
23.1
RNWO_T1_1
1.8 L_Kaya Colorado L_Progreso Supermarket
SG

L_Kaya Bayena
~

T_Kaya Turkesa T_Kaya Opal T_Supermarket Korona

L_Kaya Turkesa
CAT

33.4 33.4 20.4

L_Kaya Opal

L_Kaya Caribe
L_RNWO_400V CAT RNWO 4 CAT RNWO

SG
~

RNWO_T1_2 T_Peking
1.8 25.7
T_Progreso Supermarket T_Buurt Centrum Antriol

T_Kaya Colorado
3.7 27.6
12.6
1.04
2.0

L_Club Estrellas

27.6
SG
~

T_Kaya Caribe T_Flamingo Garden

23.1 3.7

L_Supermarket Korona

L_Papa Cornes School

T_Club Estrellas T_Papa Cornes School
23.1
23.1
L_Peking
L_Kaya Plata
L_Buurt Centrum Antriol

53.0
T_D146
12.3
L_Flamingo Garden
L_Kaya Diamante_75

T_Kaya Diamante_75
L_D146

5.2
T_Kaya Plata
11.6

L_Kaya Siminole
T_Bon Car..
L_Bon Carr. Club

31.7
T_Kaya Unix
8.5
L_Kaya Unix

T_Kaya Amsterdam

L_Kaya Amsterdam
23.0
T_Kaya Siminole

T_Kaya Dawari (FCB)

23.1

23.1
T_Republiek

L_Kompleho Boezem
12.7
L_Republiek

12.4
1.02
1.1
L_Kaya Dawari (FCB)
12.3
1.01
0.0

T_Kompleho Boezem
22.9
T_Kaya Platina
11.6
T_Kaya Diamante_50
T_CrownWestPark1

L_Apollinario
T_Kaya Alexandril

T_Kaya Kristolito
T_Crown Ridge 2

T_Kaya Heru
T_Terrace 6

T_Terrace 5

T_Terrace 3

T_Terrace1

T_Villas
12.5

12.5

12.5

12.5

39.4

39.4

39.2

12.7

12.7
5.2

7.8

T_Kaya Oro
11.6
T_Terrace 4
12.6

L_Liseo Bonariano

T_Apollinario
24.1
L_Kaya Platina
T_shores2

T_CrownWestPark2

L_Hato Zuid Fase 1_2

39.5

L_Terrace 6 L_Terrace 3 L_Terrace 1 L_Villas L_Crown Ridge 2 L_Kaya Alexandril

L_Kaya Kristolito
L_Kaya Diamante_50
L_Kaya Heru T_Liseo Bonariano
L_Hato Zuid Fase 1_1 21.3 L_RNWO
12.5

L_Kaya Oro

51.0
L_Crown West Park 1
L_Terrace 5
L_Terrace 4
T_Kaya Alkmaar

T_Hato Zuid Fase 1_2

39.5

L_Bonaire Super Store

T_Hato Zuid Fase 1_1
L_Verk Hato Zuid_1

L_shores 2 L_CrownWestPark2

T_RNWO
5.9

15.4
T_Court 2

5.9
T_CrownRidge1
T_CrownKeys1

T_CrownKeys2
39.3
T_shores1

L_VS3
T_Court 1
39.5

39.5

39.5

39.3

39.3

L_Kaya Alkmaar T_Verk Hato Zuid T_VS3 T_Bonaire Super Store

12.6 0.4 24.9
L_Kaya Breda

L_Court 2

L_shores1 L_Court 1 L_CrownKeys1 L_CrownKeys2 L_CrownRidge1

T_Kaya Breda
T_Bon Bida

T_Deepak

11.5
T_TWR
20.4

22.7

15.4

Coupler_EV_Bon Bida_1
0.0
T_MCB 2
17.1

EV_Term_Bon Bi da_..
T_Medical School

T_Bonaire Exclusive

T_Perrla Bonariano
T_Kaya Den Haag

T_Flats Winklaar
39.7

T_Hato Noord

L_Bon Bida L_Deepak L_TWR

T_Kas Palu(Hamlet)
39.7

39.7

16.9

14.3
5.8
T_Telbo Hato

~
T_Kaya Groningen

31.3

11.5
T_BONAIRE DIVERSION
39.7

T_Zhung Kong

EV_Bon Bida_1
25.0

L_MCB 2
39.8

L_Medical School
T_Kaya Gov. Debrot

12.2
1.00
-0.5

L_Hato Noord L_Kaya Den Haag L_Flats Winklaar L_Bonaire Exclusive L_Perrla Bonariano
T_Bon Oil
39.7

11.6
Coupler_EV_Kaya Gov. Debrot_1

L_Telbo Hato L_Kas Palu(Hamlet)

L_Kaya Groningen

L_Zhung Kong
0.0

49.0
L_BONAIRE DIVERSION
EV_Term_Kaya Gov. De brot..

DSS-C/DSS-C
L_Kaya Gov. Debrot L_Bon Oil

EV_Kaya Gov. Debrot_1 Connection to WEB Transport

10Breaker/S..
AKE/10AKE_DENLAMAN

DSS-B/DSS-B
0.0
10AKE/10AKD_DENLAMAN

Breaker/S..
0.0
CentralizedEVSupport

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DSS-A/DSS-A
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0.0

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0.0

47.0
0.5 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.0 [s] 2.4
T_Caribbean Blue Bonaire

T_Elegancia Del Caribe

T_Kantoor App Jacobs

T_Den Laman

T_Dutch Rooster

T_Playa Lechi
10.2

Coupler_EV_Den Laman_1
10.2

10.2

10.1
Coupler_EV_Caribbean Blue Bonaire_1

8.0

8.1
Coupler_EV_Elegancia Del Caribe_1

0.0
Coupler_EV_Playa Lechi_1

EV_Term_Den Laman_1

10AKE_DENLAMAN: Simulation (Zload)

0.0

0.0

0.0

EV_Term_ Playa Lechi ..

T_Lions Dive
T_Bonaire Del Sol

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T_Hamlet 2

T_Sand Dollar 2

T_Sand Dollar 1
T_Hamlet 1
31.4

T_Habitat

38.0
31.4

40.5

34.5

36.6

33.4

~ L_Dutch Rooster L_Elegancia Del Caribe L_Playa Lechi ~ L_Kantoor App Jacobs
Coupler_EV_Sand Dollar 2_1
Coupler_EV_Bonaire Del Sol_1

EV_Coupler_Habitat_1

L_Den Laman L_Caribbean Blue Bonaire

Coupler_EV_Lions Dive_1

~
Coupler_EV_Hamlet2_1

Coupler_EV_Sand Dollar 1_1

EV_Den Laman_1 ~

EV_Playa Lechi_1
L_Sand Dollar 1

10AKE_DENLAMAN: Simulation (Zload+Airco)

0.0

0.0

EV_Elegancia Del Caribe_1 T_Jacht Haven

0.0

0.0

0.0

EV_Term_ Habitat_.. 12.7

L_Jacht Haven
0.0

EV_Term_Hamle t2_.. EV_Term_Bonai re De l So..

L_Hamlet 1 L_Habitat
EV_Term_ Lions D ive ..
L_Sand Dollar 2
EV_Caribbean Blue Bonaire_1
EV_ Term_Sand Do llar .. EV_ Term_Sand Do llar ..
L_Hamlet 2 L_Lions Dive

L_Bonaire Del Sol ~

~ ~ ~

Voltage: 10AKE_Fault Record 20141115/08:12

EV_Habitat_1
~ ~

EV_Hamlet2_1
EV_Bonaire Del Sol_1 EV_Lions Dive_1
EV_Sand Dollar
EV_Sand
2_1 Dollar 1_1
T_Techno Consult 2

T_Techno Consult
T_Eden Beach

Coupler_EV_Eden Beach_1
12.7

12.6

12.6

0.0

EV_Term_Eden Bea ch_1 Signal_20141115Validation(1) Date: 3/7/2016

~ L_Eden Beach L_Techno Consult 2 L_Techno Consult 1

Annex: /2
EV_Eden Beach_1

Fig. 6. Overall system frequency response at 12kV from fault record (blue-
Fig. 5. Bonaire Island Load Flow Heat Map Including 6MW Solar Integration dotted), simulation results with impedance load (red-solid), and simulation results
After Network Upgrade: Green (Healthy) and Red (Unhealthy) with airco load (green-solid)

1.25

DIgSILENT
To bring the voltage at PCC below 5% deviation and resolve the
thermal overloading issue on the existing 12.2kV cable, a network [p.u.]

upgrade is studied by laying a parallel 12.2kV cable to the 6MW 1.00

solar power plant previously shown in red. After the network
upgrade, not only the voltage at 12.2kV PCC will be reduced to
0.75
1.04 p.u. but also the cable loading will be restored to the healthy
range as shown in Fig. 5 the red color on the solar power plant
location is due to its 100% output (6MW). 0.50

To assess the impact of the 6MW solar power plant on the system 0.25
fault current level, it is assumed that the available power electronics
devices (distributed PV-converters) will not contribute more than
110% of its nominal current (this is a generic assumption since 0.00
0.5 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.0 [s] 2.4
standard short circuit calculation guideline will not apply to power 10AKE_DENLAMAN: Simulation (Zload)
10AKE_DENLAMAN: Simulation (Zload+Airco)

electronics interfaced devices). In the case of the 6MW solar power Voltage: 10AKE_Fault Record 20141115/08:12
Signal_20141115Validation Date: 3/7/2016

plant connected to the 12.2kV network, the fault current

Annex: /1

contribution from the solar power plant will be limited to 343A at Fig. 7. Overall system voltage response at 12kV fault record (blue-dotted),
12.2kV. This fault current contribution from the solar power plant simulation results with impedance load (red-solid), and simulation results with
is deemed negligible compared to synchronous generators of airco load (green-solid)
equivalent size. When solar power plant is dispatch in replacement
of diesel generators in the Bonaire power system, the short circuit For the frequency response comparison (Fig. 6), the simulated
level will always be lower than maximum short circuit level (all curve with air-conditioner load considered (solid green line) shows
diesel generators in service + 2 backup diesel generators). In slightly higher frequency overshoot compared to the actual fault
conclusion, the maximum short circuit level calculated earlier still record (dotted blue line) on the faulted feeder on Bonaire Island
hold true and adding solar power plant will not increase overall grid. For the voltage response comparison (Fig. 7), again the
system fault level simulated curve with air-conditioner load considered (solid green
line) shows slightly more severe voltage dip compared to the actual
III. DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL fault record (dotted blue line) on the faulted feeder in Bonaire
Island grid. In summary, the validation exercise provided an
During an earlier attempt to study the dynamic behavior of the
acceptable level of confidence for the dynamic model built in
Bonaire island power networks, a RMS transient dynamic model
Powerfactory® despite the minor mismatch between the fault
was built in Powerfactory®. A 12.2kV feeder three-phase fault
incident record was used to validate the computer model dynamic record and simulated results.
behavior. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 demonstrate the overall system
In this paper, the RMS transient stability models from
Powerfactory® are adopted to construct the detailed EMT models
in PSCAD®. The small system equivalent model in PSCAD® is
limited to the 30kV main backbone and the 12.2kV distribution
feeders. For simplicity, the low voltage residential/commercial load
is lumped at the 12.2kV level. In this section, the diesel power
plant, the wind farm and the Battery Energy Storage System
(BESS) technical characteristics are briefly described.

A. Diesel Power Plant

The diesel power plant consists of 5 diesel generators, each
2.866MW and 3 backup diesel generators, each 1MW. During
normal operation, the diesel power plant is dispatched to maintain
system frequency and accommodate wind power fluctuations. The
back-up emergency generators are only used for supplying peak Fig. 8. Enercon E44 Wind Turbine Power Curve
load and supporting the system during the main unit maintenance
period. In this study the back-up emergency generators are not C. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
considered, therefore their models are not included in the dynamic A BESS relaxes dispatch constraints on the diesel generators since
system model. The technical data of main diesel unit is summarized it could provide both positive (discharge mode) and negative
below: reserve (charge mode) at the same time. In addition to the flexible
• Generator Rating: 3.582MVA/2.866MW operational range, BESS could also offer fast frequency regulation
capability thanks to its power electronics interface. The main
• Governor: MAN/Woodward Governor technical data of the BESS are:
• AVR: COSIMAT_N+ • Rated power: 3MW
• Total Inertia: 2.47 sec • Energy Capacity: 100kWh (2 minutes)
• Diesel Engine Nominal Speed: 750rpm • Power Factor: 1 (no reactive power)
• MAN Diesel Engine 9L27/38 • Duration: 2 minutes for backing up the start-up of one
The following characteristics are relevant for the diesel engine diesel generator.
dispatch and system wide operation: The BESS’s frequency control function is realized through droop
• Rated power: 3168 [kW]/shaft, 2866 [kW]/electrical characteristics shown in Fig. 9 beyond the dead-band the BESS
offers a rapid frequency regulation capability with a droop of 0.2%.
• Minimum dispatch (HFO): 25% rated power (0% up to one
hour)
• Optimal dispatch (HFO): Approximately 80%
• Diesel Engine Start-up time (HFO):
1. Stand-by engine/emergency start: 1 minute (preheated
cooling water, continuous lubricating)
2. Normal start: 2 minutes (preheated cooling water,
continuous lubricating)

B. Wind Power Plant

The wind farm consists of 12 Enercon E44 type wind turbines,
each 900kW. The typical power curve of an E44 Enercon wind
turbine is shown in Fig. 8and its key constraints are summarized
below:
• Cut-in wind speed: 2m/s
• Rated wind speed: 17m/s
Fig. 9. Battery Energy Storage System Droop Characteristic
• Maximum power per turbine: 910kW
• Installed wind farm capacity: 10920kW IV. SOLAR POWER PLANT MODEL
A typical solar power plant connected to the utility grid often
includes a solar array, DC/DC converter and DC/AC inverter for
grid connection. Common solar power plant configurations and combination with suitable series and parallel solar module
their classifications are already introduced in [1]. connections as shown inTABLE II. .
DC
DC TABLE II. SOLAR ARRAY PARAMETERS

IInv Solar Module Power Output at STC 250W

DC DC Filter
Zs
DC AC Solar Module VOC at STC 38.4V
PCC
Solar Module ISC at STC 8.79A
PV Array DC Inverter Vs
Strings Modules Modules
VGrid Solar Module Vmpp 30.4V
DC DC Filter Solar Module Impp 8.24A
DC AC
No. Solar Modules in Parallel 100
DC No. Solar Modules in Series 25
DC
Solar Cell Dimensions 156mm x 156mm

Fig. 10. Solar Power Plant Modular Design Configuration
Among all the configurations, the modular configuration [2]
represents high reliability and ease of maintenance as only the
damaged converter has to be replaced during failures. The 6MW
solar power plant model in this paper follows the modular design
philosophy with conventional dc/dc and dc/ac converters sharing
a common dc bus as shown in Fig. 10. Each solar string with a
maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) algorithm is feeding
power via a DC/DC converter, and every two DC/DC converters
(each 500kW) connect to the utility grid via one DC/AC converter
module (1000kW). Multiple modular dc/ac inverters are
connected in parallel to the grid according to solar power plant
power rating. In the case of the 6MW solar power plant, the
modular dc/dc converter and dc/ac inverter key technical
parameters are summarized in TABLE I. In order to study the
dynamic system impact of integrating the 6MW solar power plant,
a modular based solar power plant model is built in PSCAD with
the following details.
TABLE I. MODULAR SOLAR POWER PLANT PARAMETERS
Solar string 500kW
DC/DC stage PWM carrier frequency 5kHz
DC/DC stage inductor 10mH
DC/DC stage nominal power 500kW
DC link Voltage 1000V
DC/AC stage PWM carrier frequency 1.25kHz
DC/AC stage nominal power 1000kW
A. Solar Array Model
At the heart of the solar power plant is the solar array, which
produces the active power as a function of solar irradiance, solar
cell temperature, and terminal DC voltage. The equivalent circuits
of the PV array, which are suitable for power electronics study are
already available in the literature and can be divided into two main
categories: double diode models (DDMs) [1] and single diode
models (SDMs) [4]. The PSCAD® built-in solar array model uses
SDMs. The input parameters for the 500kW solar array are based
on the YINGLI YL250P-29b solar module data sheet in
Solar Cell Series Resistance 0.01 Ohm
Solar Cell Parallel Resistance 1000 Ohm
Diode Ideality Factor 1.1
Solar Cell Saturation Current at STC 1e-12kA
No. Solar Cells in Parallel per Module 1
No. Solar Cells in Series per Module 60
B. Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)
There are a wide range of MPPT techniques [5] available in the
market designed to maximize the energy extraction from the solar
array under varying climatic conditions. The main techniques are
dP/dV or dP/dI feedback control, incremental conductance, and
perturbation-observation. The PSCAD® built-in MPPT model is
used [6] and for simplicity the perturbation-observation method has
been selected for this paper. The DC/DC stage is designed to
maintain solar array DC terminal voltage according to an optimal
DC voltage set-point generated by the perturbation-observation
MPPT algorithm.
C. Solar Inverter Power Electronics Model
The solar inverter (PV-inverter) serves as the interface between
the AC network and the DC source. The Dq0 rotating frame
current control strategy is used to independently control the direct
axis current and the quadrature axis current when the solar inverter
is perfectly synchronized to the AC network voltage via a phase-
locked-loop (PLL). In addition to the converter inner current
control loops, two outer loops are necessary (Fig. 11) to maintain
a stable DC bus voltage (Vdc) as well as adequate reactive power
exchange (Q) with the AC network.
 Vg_d frequency. From the bode diagram, the resonance frequency is
Vd_err found at 503Hz, which is 10 times higher than grid frequency
Vg_abc
PLL
Id_ref
+- Id_err PI
+ (50Hz) yet lower than half of the PWM carrier switching
Vd_ref
theta
Ig_d
frequency (1.25kHz), complying with good engineering practice.
dq0 Low ωL abc
Ig_abc Ig_dFilt Vabc_ref
Ig_q Pass dq0
abc Filter Ig_qFilt ωL Grid Converter LCL Filter Output Freqeuncy Characteristics
150
resistance
Vq_ref ideal
- - 100
Iq_ref Iq_err PI Vq_err
+ +

Magnitude (dB)
50
Vdc_meas
Vg_abc Vg_q 0
PLL - Vdc_err
theta
Vdc_setp
+ PI Id_ref -50

Vg_d
dq0 -
-100
Vg_abc Q
+ Q_err -90
P = 2/3(Vg_d * Ig_d + Vg_q * Ig_q)
PI Iq_ref System: ideal
resistance
Vg_q Q = -2/3(Vg_q * Ig_q + Vg_d * Ig_q)
Frequency (Hz): 503
Phase (deg): -90
abc ideal
-135

Phase (deg)
Ig_d Ig_q Q_setp
-180 Resoncne Freqeuncy 503Hz

Fig. 11. Inverter Module Control Block Diagram -225

-270
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10

D. LCL Filter Model Frequency (Hz)

In order to smoothen the current output of the VSI (voltage source

Fig. 12. Solar Inverter LCL Filter Bode Diagram
inverter), typically a high order LCL output filter is used instead of
a L-filter to achieve high attenuation together with cost savings,
given the overall weight and size reduction [7] [8]. When an LCL V. Operational Constraints Study
output filter is used, attention should be paid to the sharp magnitude In this section, the modular based solar power plant PSCAD®
peak near the resonance frequency. Three popular methods, namely model, which has been elaborated in the previous sections of this
passive resistive damping, virtual resistive damping, and capacitor paper are inserted into the small system equivalent model to
voltage feedback, can be found in the literature to manage this peak
examine the impact of the 6MW solar power plant on the system
in gain near the resonance frequency. The simplest method is to
insert passive resistance in series with output filter capacitors. frequency response and dispatch. Firstly the requirements of WEB
Although the control circuit stays unaltered, the overall system for active power/frequency control under normal condition are
efficiency is compromised as a result of resistive heat losses at the summarized. Then three events are simulated and checked against
output filter. For simplicity, the solar power plant output filter the WEB grid code.
employs an LCL filter with passive resistive damping. The transfer A. Normal Grid Conditions:
function with resistive damping is derived in [9]: • Normal Variations: Frequency must remain between
( ) = ±0.5% (49.75Hz < f < 50.25Hz)
( )
⑴
( )
• Transient Deviations – Frequency must remain
Following the LCL filter design procedure elaborated in [7], the
parameters of the LCL filter for the 6MW solar power plant can be 1. +3%/-2% within 3s (49Hz< f < 51.5Hz)
determined as shown in TABLE III. 2. -3% within 3s (48.5Hz <f) during times when battery
system is not available
TABLE III. LCL FILTER PARAMETERS • The conditions under which the limit for Normal
fg Grid frequency 50 Hz Variations must not be exceeded, are defined as follows:
fsw PWM carrier frequency 1.25kHz 1. Wind speed fluctuations.
Pn Nominal Power 1000kW 2. Sudden grid load change of 1MW.
Vg Phase grid voltage 400V
• The conditions under which the limit for Transient
VDC DC link Voltage 1000V Deviations must not be exceeded, are defined as follows:
L1 Inverter side inductor 0.10mH 1. Trip of largest wind turbine.
L2 Grid side inductor (including transformer) 0.10mH
2. Trip of diesel unit with largest load under minimum
Cf Capacitor filter delta connect 2000uF load conditions.
Rf Damping resistor delta connect 10Ohm 3. Sudden loss of a grid load with 2MW.
To check against the WEB grid code, the following system
Fitting the parameters into (1), the transfer function and frequency scenario with high renewable penetration level is created:
response can be displayed by bode diagram as shown in Fig. 12.
The insertion of a series connected resistor not only eliminates the
gain spike but also smoothens out the overall response for high
 TABLE IV. HIGH SOLAR AND HIGH WIND SCENARIO
System Loading 14MW (0.92 PF) – maximum loading
No. Diesel Generator 5

Solar Power Around 4.7MW (35 ° C, 800W/m2)

Wind Power Around 7MW (11m/s mean wind speed)

Under normal operation with the system scenario elaborated in

TABLE IV. System frequency response is shown in Fig. 13 within
upper and lower frequency bound defined by the WEB grid code
(49.75Hz < f < 50.25Hz).

Fig. 13. System frequency response without contingency – (a) black curve
system frequency response (b) blue dotted line upper frequency band under normal
operation (c) orange dotted line lower frequency band under normal operation. Fig. 14. Trip of diesel unit – system active and reactive power output (+
generation/- consumption)

B. Transient Stability Analysis Results

Solar Cloud shade effect is introduced at 5 second. As a result of
In order to check the system transient stability under high solar irradiance reduction due to cloud shade effect, solar park
renewable penetration scenario (refer to TABLE IV. following active power output (P-PV) plummets from around 5MW to nearly
three events are simulated and results are discussed in this section: 0MW. The drop in solar park output is quickly picked up by the
• Trip of one diesel generator diesel generators (P-DG) as can be seen from Fig. 16 For this case,
the system frequency (as shown in Fig. 15) demonstrates good
• Cloud event for solar park – change irradiance from compliance with transient frequency band defined in the WEB grid
800W/m2 to 0W/m2 code.
• Sudden loss of 2MW grid load.
As shown in Fig. 14 the total system load (P-Load) is 14MW. With
power factor defined as 0.92, the reactive power consumption (Q-
Load) is around 6MW. For high solar and high wind scenario,
diesel generator is operating in ISO-synchronous mode
maintaining system frequency at 50Hz while at the same time
providing reactive power.
Diesel generator trip event is introduced at 5 second and frequency
curve (green curve) in Fig. 15 indicates that WEB transient
frequency band is respected with only a minor frequency dip of
0.25Hz transiently.

Fig. 15. System frequency response without contingency – (a) orange curve
system frequency response 2MW load rejection event (b) purple curve system
frequency response PV cloud event (c) green curve system frequency response DG
loss event (d) blue dotted line upper frequency band under transient condition (e)
orange dotted line lower frequency band under transient condition.

Fig. 16. Solar cloud event – system active and reactive power output (+generation/-
consumption)
Upon loss of 2MW load at 5 second, active power output from
diesel generators (P-DG) reduces immediately as shown in Fig. 17.
It should be noted that in this particular event the transient
frequency band of WEB grid code is temporarily violated for
several second as shown in Fig. 15 (orange curve). Eventually the
system frequency is regulated by the remaining DGs and system
frequency is restored to normal operation band (49.75Hz < f <
50.25Hz).
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Reactive Power [Mvar]
Fig. 17. 2MW load rejection event – system active and reactive power output (+
generation/- consumption)
VI. Conclusions and Future Work
Despite necessary system upgrade to evacuate 6MW solar power
via 12.2kV distribution network, transient stability analysis in
PSCAD® with detailed power electronics model demonstrates
that it is possible to integrate additional 6MW solar power into
existing island power system with already high penetration of
wind power. Future research should be aimed to investigate the
frequency and voltage stability of Bonaire island system with high
renewable penetration under various dispatch condition/scenarios.
In the extreme case of 100% renewable generation supplying the
grid load, typical grid synchronized converter control strategy
shall be adapted and future investigation should be focusing on
innovative control strategy that enable stable and efficient
operation of power electronics dominant grid.
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