( )

...................................................................................... 1
( ) ..................................................... 1
( ) ......................................................... 4
x y x D D
( ) ......................................................... 11
( ) ....................................... 16 x y
( ) ......................................................... 24 y x y f x
( ) ......................................................... 30
( ) ..................................................................... 34
( ) ................................................................. 40 :
.................................................................................... 44 1 :yx R ;
( ) ....................................................................... 44
( ) ............................................................................. 45 2 y  ax ( a  0 a  1 );
( ) ........................................................................... 48
( ) ................................................................. 50 3 : y  log a x ( a  0 a  1 );

( ) ......................................... 51 4 : y  sin x, y  cos x, y  tan x ;

( ) ......................................................................... 53 5 :
.................................................................... 55 y  arcsin x, y  arccos x, y  arctan x .
( ) ......................................................... 55
C
( ) ............................................. 58
( ) ............................................. 60
( ) .................................................
........ 63 .
( ) ......................................... 65 1 lim f ( x)  A  f  ( x0 )  f  ( x0 )  A
x  x0
( ) ................................................. 66
( ) ..................................................................... 68 2 lim f ( x)  A  f ( x0 )  A  a ( x), lim a( x )  0
x  x0 x  x0
( ) ..................................................................... 70
................................................................ 72 3( )
............................................................................ 76 lim f ( x )  A, A  0( A  0),  0,
x  x0

x  ( x0  , x0  ), x  x0 f ( x)  0( f ( x)  0)

lim x)  0, lim ( x)  0

1
 ( x)
(1) lim  0, ( x) x) 1( x0 x)  f ( x)  ( x),
( x)
(x)=o( (x)). lim ( x)  lim ( x)  A, lim f ( x)  A
x  x0 x  x0 x  x0
( x)
(2) lim  , ( x) x)
( x) 2
( x) 3
(3) lim  c (c  0), ( x) x)
( x)
1
( x) sin x
(4) lim  1, ( x) x) (1) lim 1 (2) lim(1  x ) x  e
( x) x0 x x 0

(x) (x)  a0
( x) b ,n  m
 c(c  0), k  0, a x  a1 x    an 1 x  an 
0
(5) lim k
( x) x) k n n 1
( x) lim 0 m   0, nm
x  b x  b x m 1    b
0 1 m 1 x  bm 
x0 
, n  m
sin x 
arcsin x  1 2 4
1  cos x x
tan x  2
 x, lim n n  1, lim arctan x 
arctan x  1
1 n  x  2
(1  x) n  1 x
ln(1  x)  n
 lim arctan x   lim arc cot x  0,
e x  1  x  2 x 

lim arc cot x  lim e x  0,

x  x
1
2 lim e x  , lim x x  1,
x x 0
3
Th
(1) ( ) f x a, b , f x

lim f ( x)  A, lim g ( x)  B.
a, b ,  M 0 x  a, b ,
(1) lim( f ( x)  g ( x))  A  B
f x M .
(2) lim f ( x) g ( x)  A B

f ( x) A (2) ( ) f x a, b , a, b
(3) lim  ( B  0)
g ( x) B
f x ,  , :

2 3
 f  max f x ,
a  xb
 a, b f ( x) x  x0 f ( x) M ( x0 , y0 )

f  min f x ,
a  x b
 a, b . y - y 0  f '( x0 )( x  x0 )
1
: y - y0   ( x  x0 ), f '( x0 )  0.
(3) ( ) f x a, b , f a f '( x0 )

: u  u ( x) v  v( x ) x
f b ( M m) , a, b
(1) (u  v)  u   v  d (u  v)  du  dv
(2) (uv)  uv  vu  d (uv)  udv  vdu
 , f  . a b
u vu   uv  u vdu  udv
(3) ( )  (v  0) d( ) 
v v2 v v2
(4) ( ) f x a, b

(1) y  c
(1) y  0 dy  0
, f a  f b 0, a, b  ,
(2) y  x (
(2 ) y  x 1
dy  x 1
dx
f  0. a b
(3) y  a x y   a x ln a dy  a x ln adx

( )
(e x )  e x d (e x )  e x dx

1 1
(4) y   dy  dx
f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 ) x ln a x ln a
1 f '( x0 )  lim 1
x0 x 1 1
y  ln x (ln x)  d (ln x)  dx
f ( x )  f ( x0 ) 2 x x
f '( x 0 )  lim
x  x0 x  x0 (5) y  sin x y   cos x d (sin x )  cos xdx
2 f ( x) x0 (6) y  cos x y    sin x d (cos x)   sin xdx
1
(7) y  tan x y   sec2 x d (tan x )  sec2 xdx
f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 ) f ( x)  f ( x0 ) cos 2 x
f ( x0 )  lim  lim , ( x  x0  x )
x 0 x x  x0 x  x0 1
(8) y  cot x y     csc2 x d (cot x)   csc 2 xdx
f ( x0  x)  f ( x0 ) f ( x )  f ( x0 ) sin 2 x
f ( x0 )  lim  lim
x  0 x x  x0 x  x0 (9) y  sec x y   sec x tan x d (sec x )  sec x tan xdx
Th1: f ( x) x0  f ( x) x0 (10) y  csc x y    csc x cot x d (csc x)   csc x cot xdx
Th2: y  f ( x) x0 y  f ( x) x0 1 1
(11) y  arcsin x y  d (arcsin x)  dx
. . 1 x 2
1  x2
Th3: f ( x0 )  f ( x0 )  f ( x0 )
(12) y  arccos x y  
1
d (arccos x)  
1
dx
1  x2 1  x2

4 5
 1 1
(13) y  arctan x y  d (arctan x)  dx 4 ( x m ) ( n )  m(m - 1)  ( m - n+1) x m-n
1  x2 1  x2
1 1 (n  1)!
(14) y  arc cot x y   d (arc cot x)   dx 5 (ln x ) ( n )  ( 1) ( n 1)
1  x2 1  x2 xn
(15) y  shx y   chx d ( shx)  chxdx 6 u ( x) ,v( x) n
(16) y  chx y   shx d (chx )  shxdx n
(uv) ( n )   cni u ( i ) v ( n-i ) u (0) = u v (0) = v
i= 0
1 : y  f ( x) x
Th1( ) f ( x)
x f ( x)  0 x
(1) f ( x) x0
dy 1
y  f ( x)  f ( x0 ) f ( x)  f ( x0 ) ,
dx dx
dy (2) f ( x ) x0 , f ( x 0 )  0
2 :  ( x) x , y f( )
Th2
T h2 ( ) f ( x)
(  ( x) ) , y  f ( ( x)) x
(1) [ a, b]
, y   f ( )  ( x)
(2) ( a, b) ( a, b)  f ( )  0
dy
3 Th3 ( ) f ( x)
dx
(1) [a, b] (2) (a, b) ( a, b ) 
(1) x y x y
f (b)  f ( a )
1  f ( )
x . y2 ln y ey x . ba
y
Th4 ( ) f ( x) g ( x)
x .
(1) [a, b] (2) ( a, b) f ( x ) g ( x) g ( x )  0
dy F ( x, y )
(2) . F ( x, y )  0  x , Fx( x, y ) f (b)  f (a ) f ( )
dx Fy( x, y ) ( a, b)  
g (b)  g (a) g ( )
Fy( x, y ) F ( x, y ) x y
0
(3) ( ) f x ,g x
0

lim f x  0, lim g x  0 ; f x , g x x0
x  x0 x  x0

1 ( a x ) ( n )  a x ln n a ( a  0) (e x ) ( n )  e x
f x
( x0 ) g  x  0 ; lim (  ).
x  x0 g x
2 (sin kx) ( n )  k n sin(kx  n  )
2
f x f x
3 (cos kx) ( n )  k n cos(kx  n  ) lim  lim .
2 x  x0 g x x  x0 g x

6 7
 0 f ( n 1) ( ) n 1 0 .(1)
I ( ) f x ,g x Rn ( x )  x x
0 ( n  1)!
x0  0
lim f x  0, lim g x  0 ;  X 0, x X
x  x 

1 2 1 x n 1
ex  1 x  x    xn  e
f x 2! n! ( n  1)!
, f x ,g x , g  x  0 ; lim (  ).
x  x0 g x
1 2 1 n
 1 x  x   x  o( xn )
2! n!
f x f x
lim  lim .
x  x0 g x x  x0 g x 1 3 xn n x n 1 n 1
sin x  x  x  sin  sin(  )
3! n! 2 ( n  1)! 2

( ) f x ,g x
 1 3 xn n
 x x   sin  o( xn )
lim f x  , lim g x   ; f x ,g x x0 3! n! 2
x  x0 x  x0
1 2 xn n x n 1 n1
co s x  1  x   cos  c o s(  )
2! n! 2 ( n  1) ! 2
f x
( x0 ) g  x  0 ; lim (  ). 1 2 xn n
x  x0 g  x
 1 x    cos  o( x n )
2! n! 2
1 2 1 3 xn (  1) n x n  1
f x f x  ln(1  x )  x  x  x    (  1) n 1 
lim  lim . II ( ) I 2 3 n ( n  1)(1  ) n 1
x  x0 g x x  x0 g  x 
1 2 1 3 xn
 x x  x    (  1) n  1  o(xn )
: f ( x) x0 n 1 2 3 n
x0 x x0 x  m ( m  1) 2 m ( m  1)  ( m  n  1) n
(1  x ) m  1  mx  x   x
2! n!

1 m(m  1) ( m  n  1) n 1
f ( x )  f ( x 0 )  f ( x 0 )( x  x 0 )  f  ( x 0 )( x  x 0 ) 2    x (1  )m  n 1
2! ( n  1)!
m ( m  1) 2
f ( n ) ( x0 ) (1  x ) m  1  m x  x 
 ( x  x0 ) n  Rn ( x ) 2!
n!
m ( m  1)  ( m  n  1) n
 x  o(xn )
n!
f ( n 1) ( )
Rn ( x )  ( x  x 0 ) n 1 f ( x) x0 n
( n  1)! 1

Th1 f ( x) ( a, b) x  ( a , b ) f '( x )  0
. x0  0 n
f '( x )  0 f ( x) ( a, b)
(n )
1 f (0) n (1)
f ( x )  f (0)  f  (0) x  f (0) x 2    x  Rn ( x ) Th2 f ( x) x0 x0
2! n!

8 9
 f '( x0 )  0 . Th3 ( 2) f ( x) x0
f ''( x )  0 f '''( x)  0 ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
Th3 f ( x) x0
f '( x0 )  0 f ( x) x0 f '( x0 ) .
1. dS  1  y '2 dx.
(1) x x0 f '( x) + - f ( x0 )

(2) x x0 f '( x) - + f ( x0 ) y ''

2. y  f ( x) ( x, y ) k 3
.
(1  y '2 ) 2
(3) f '( x ) x  x0 f ( x0 ) .

Th4 ( ) f ( x) x0 f ''( x )  0  x  (t ) '(t ) ''(t )  ''(t ) '(t )

 ,k .
f '( x0 )  0 f ''( x0 )  0  y  (t )
3
f ( x0 ) [ '2 (t )  '2 (t )] 2

f ''( x0 )  0 f ( x0 ) . 3. M k (k  0) M
1
f ''( x0 ) 0 .  .
k
2
( )
(1) lim f ( x)  b lim f ( x)  b yb
x  x 

y  f ( x) .

(2) lim f ( x)   lim f ( x)   x  x0 1  kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx k0

x  x0 x  x0

y  f ( x) . 2  [ f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)    f k ( x)]dx   f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx    f k ( x)dx

f ( x) 3 [  f ( x )dx]'  f ( x) d  f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx

(3) a  lim , b  lim[ f ( x)  ax]
x  x x 

y  ax  b y  f ( x) 4  F '( x)dx  F ( x)  C  dF ( x)  F ( x)  C C

3 1
 x dx  k  1 x
k 1
k
C k  1
Th1 ( I f ''( x)  0 f ''( x)  0
1 1 1
f ( x) I .
x 2
dx    C
x  x
dx  2 x  C

1
Th2 ( 1) x0 f ''( x)  0 f ''( x)  xdx  ln x  C
x x0 f ''( x) ( x0 , f ( x0 )) . ax
 a dx  ln a  C (a  0, a  1) e dx  e x  C
x x

10 11
  n 1 n3 1
 cos xdx  sin x  C  sin xdx   cos x  C 
 n

n2 2 2
, n
(4)  2 sin n xdx   2 cos n xdx 
 1
n n3 2
0 0
1  1, n
 cos 2
x
dx   sec2 xdx  tan x  C  n n2 3
1 2  ,n  m
 sin 2
x
dx   csc 2 xdx   cot x  C 5  -
sin nx cos mxdx   0
sin nx cos m xdx  
 0, n  m
1 2
 sin x dx   csc xdx  ln csc x  cot x  C  
sin nx cos mxdx   0
sin nx cos mxdx  0

1
 cos x dx   sec xdx  ln sec x  tan x  C 2  ,n  m
 
cos nx cos mxdx   0
cos nx cos mxdx  0  
 0, n  m
 sec x tan xdx  sec x  C  csc x cot xdx   csc x  C
1
 tan xdx   ln cos x  C  cot xdx  ln sin x  C ((1)
1)
b b b
dx 1 x dx
 f ( x)dx   f (t )dt   f (u )du  
a 2
x 2
 arctan  C
a a  1 x 2
 arctan x  C a a a

b a
dx x dx (2) f ( x )dx    f ( x) dx
 a2  x2
 arcsin
a
C  1 x2
 arcsin x  C a b

b
dx 1 ax dx 1 1 x (3) dx  b  a
 a 2  x 2  2a ln a  x  C  1  x 2  2 ln 1  x  C a

b b b
dx (4)  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x)dx
 x2  a2
 ln x  x 2  a 2  C a a a

b b
(5)  kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx(k
a a

(1) f ( x) [l, l ]
b c b
l l (6)  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
 
a a c
f ( x)dx  [ f ( x )  f (  x )] d x
l 0
b b

 0 , f x
(7) f ( x)  g ( x), x  [ a, b], a
f ( x) dx   g ( x)dx.
a
  l
  0 ( x ) d x ,
2 f f x b
1. f ( x )  0,x  [ a, b]  a
f ( x )dx  0;

2 f x T a b b

a T T
T 2. |  f ( x) dx |  | f ( x) |dx
a a
 a
f ( x ) dx   0
f ( x)dx   
2
T
2
f ( x ) d x.
(8) m  f ( x )  M , x  [a, b], m, M
a 1
(3)  a 2  x2 dx  a2 b
m(b  a )   f ( x) dx  M (b  a )
0 4 a

12 13
(9) f ( x) [a, b] [a, b]  , 2
b
a
f ( x)dx  (b  a) f ( ) : f x a b x t
1 b
b  a a
f( ) f ( x) dx     (1) ( t ) '(t )  0.

f x [a b] x  [ a b] (2 ) ( a )  a  ( )  b . t
Th1 x
F x   f (t ) dt x t a b
a
b

F '( x ) 
d
F ( x) 
d x
(  f ( t ) dt )  f ( x )
 a
f ( x )dx   f [ ( t )] '( t ) d t .
dx dx a

(x)
1 F ( x)=  f ( t ) dt , F '( x )  f [ ( x )] '( x ).
a
ux vx a b u '(x), v '(x),
( x)
2 ( f (t ) dt )  f [ ( x )] '( x )  f [ ( x )] '( x )
'
x a a
(x)
 b
u ( x ) v '( x ) dx  u ( x ) v ( x ) |ba   v ( x )u '( x ) dx
b
(x) (x)
3 ( f ( t ) g ( x ) dt ) 'x  ( g ( x )  f ( t ) dt )'x 3
a a

1
 g '( x ) 
( x)
f ( t ) dt  g ( x ) f [ ( x )] '( x ) (1) a 2  b 2  2 ab (2) a  0, a  2
a a
Th2 f ( x) [a , b] x [ a , b ], (3)
b b b
x (  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx ) 2   f 2 ( x ) dx  g 2 ( x ) dx ,
 a
f ( x ) dt f ( x) [a, b] a a a

f x g x a b
Th3 - : f ( x) [a, b] F ( x)
1

f ( x) 
b
f ( x ) d x  F ( x ) |ba  F ( b )  F ( a ) f ( x)
a

 u dv  uv   vdu u dv a2  x2 x  a sin t

dv u

 f (u ) d u  F (u )  C ,
a2  x2 x  a tan t

 f [ ( x )] '( x ) d x   f [ ( x )] d (x)

u  ( x )  f (u ) du  F (u )  C  F [ ( x )]  C x2  a2 x  a sec t

14 15
  
2. a . a .
A
(1)  dx  A ln | x  a |  C
xa 3.
A A 1     
(2)  dx    C ( n  1) a  xi  yj  zk  {x, y, z} a  x2  y 2  z 2
( x  a)n n  1 ( x  a ) n 1

x+ u
p 4
dx dx   du
(3)
(x  px  q)n  
2
 2    
2
p 4q  p n 4qp a2
2
(u  a2 )n
2
a  {x1 , y1 , z1} b  {x2 , y2 , z2 }
[(x  )2  ] 4
2 4
 
a  b  {x1  x2 , y1  y2 , z1  z2 }.
xa 1 1 p dx
(4) 2 dx   n1
 (a  ) 2
(x  px  q)n
2(n 1) (x  px  q)
2
2 (x  px  q)n  
.  a a
p  4q  0
2

 a a 0  0,

a
4   
a  0 =0, a  {x1 , y1 , z1}
1   0 
- a a  0, a
+ b
f x . f ( x ) dx = lim  f ( x ) dx 
a b   a a  { x1 , y1 , z1}.
b b
2. f ( x ) dx = lim  f ( x ) dx 1
- a   a

3.
 c 
       

f ( x ) dx   
f ( x ) dx  
c
f ( x ) dx a b a  b  a b cos a , b .

2
   
b b a  {x1 , y1 , z1} b  {x2 , y2 , z2 } a  b  x1 x2  y1 y2  z1 z2 .
1.  f ( x ) dx  lim  f ( x ) dx , ( xb 
f ( x)   )
a a
 
0

b b
2 a b  c
2 . f ( x ) d x  lim  f ( x ) d x ,( x  a 
f x  
a 0 a 

b c b     
. f ( x ) dx  lim  f ( x ) dx  lim  f ( x ) dx 1 c  a b sin( a, b)
a 0 a 0 c

( xc f x        
2 c  a, c  b c a b

        
( ) 3 a b c . c a b c  ab .
 
a  {x1 , y1 , z1} b  {x2 , y2 , z 2 }

1. .

16 17
      
i j k 5 a b c  , ,v
  y1 z1  x1 z1  x1 y1 
a  b  x1 y1 z1  i j k.
y2 z2 x2 z 2 x2 y2
x2 y2 z2    
a  b  vc  0 ( a , b, c )  0
       
3 a, b, c a b ab c
 
2 1 . a a0
     
(a  b)  c a b c ( a , b, c )

    a  x y z 
(a, b, c)  (a  b)  c. a0     , , .
a  x y z
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
x  y2  z2
2
 
  
a  {x1 , y1 , z1} b  {x2 , y2 , z2 } c  {x3 , y3 , z3 }
3
x1 y1 z1
x y z
( a, b, c )  x2 y2 z2 cos  , cos  , cos  ,
x3 y3 z3 x2  y 2  z 2 x2  y 2  z 2 x2  y 2  z 2


, , a .
1

4 a 0  {cos , cos , cos }
  
a  {x1 , y1 , z1} b  {x2 , y2 , z2 } c  {x3 , y3 , z3 }
cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  1.
   
1 a  b  a  b  0  x1 x2  y1 y2  z1 z2  0
1

     x y z (1) Ax  By  Cz  D  0 n  { A, B, C }
2 a // b  a  b  0  1  1  1
x2 y2 z 2

x2 , y2 , z2 0 x2  0 x1  0 Ax  Cz  D  0 // y
(2) A( x  x0 )  B ( y  y0 )  C ( z  z0 )  0 M ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
    
3 a b  , a b0 
n  { A, B , C}
 
4 a b
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(3) x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
  x1 x2  y1 y2  z1 z2
cos(a  b )  x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
x12  y12  z12  x2 2  y22  z22
M 1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , M 2 ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) , M 3 ( x3 , y3 , z3 )

18 19
 x y z (3)
(4)   1 a, b, c 1 2
a b c
A1 A2  B1 B2  C1C2
cos 
A  B12  C12 A22  B22  C22
1
2

( a,0,0),(0, b,0),(0, 0, c)

2 4
x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
 A1 x  B1 y  C1 x  D1  0 L:  
( ) 
1
l m n
 A2 x  B2 y  C2 x  D2  0 2
1 A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1  0
 (1) L //  Al  Bm  Cn  0
1 2 n1  { A1 , B1 , C1}
A B C
   (2) L    
l m n
i j k
   
n2  { A2 , B2 , C2 } s  n1  n2  A1 B1 C1 (3) L
A2 B2 C 2 Al  Bm  Cn
sin 
A  B 2  C 2 l 2  m2  n2
2

(2) 5
x  x0 y  y0 z  z0 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  M ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) L1 :  
l m n l1 m1 n1

s  {l , m, n} x  x2 y  y 2 z  z 2
L2 :  
l2 m2 n2
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 l1 m1 n1
(3)   (1) L1 // L2   
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 l2 m2 n2
M 1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) M 2 ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) (2) L1  L2  l1l2  m1m2  n1 n2  0
 x  x0  lt (3) L1 L2

(4)  y  y0  mt M ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
 z  z  nt cos 
 0
l  m12  n12 l22  m22  n22
1
2


s  {l , m, n} 6 M ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
: Ax  By  Cz  D  0
3
A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1  0 Ax0  By0  Cz0  D
1 2
d
A2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2  0 A2  B 2  C 2
A1 B1 C1
(1) 1 // 2    7 M ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
A2 B2 C2
(2) 1  2  A1 A2  B1 B2  C1C2  0

20 21
 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 
L1 :  
l1 m1 n1 f x, y, z  0

   g x, y, z  0
i j k 
X x Y y Zz
x0  x1 y0  y1 z0  z1  
   l m n
M1 M 0  M 1 P l m n
d   x, y , z
M1P l 2  m2  n2

(1)  f x, y  0 , // z
 :
 z  0
z

f x, y  0 , x y R
2 2 2
o
y

 x , z  0
: , // y
z

 y 0 x2
y 2

2
 2 1
a b y

x, z  0 , x

 y, z  0 x2
y 2
: , // x  2 1
y

 x 0 . a 2
b -a o a x

y, z  0 . z

 f x , y , z  0 x2  2 py, p  0 y
(2) : , l , m, n
 g x, y , z  0
x

, x, y , z , x, y , z
z
X x Yy Zz x2 y 2 z 2
    1
c
l m n
a 2 b2 c 2 o b y

X ,Y , Z ,
( a, b, c ) x

22 23
 z  f ( x, y )
x2 y 2 z 2
  1
a 2 b2 c 2
( a, b, c )   

 z  f x' ( x , y )  x  f y' ( x , y )  y
x2 y2 z 2 lim 0
 2  2  2 1 
a b c
( a, b, c )
Th1( )
z  f ( x, y ) f xy'' ( x , y ), f yx'' ( x , y )
D , f xy'' ( x , y )  f yx'' ( x , y )
2 2
x y
 2  2 pz
a 2
b Th2( ) z  f ( x, y) P( x, y)
z z z z
( a, b, p ) , , , dz  dx  dy
x y x y

T h 3( )
z z
x2 y 2 z  f ( x, y) , P ( x, y )
  2 pz x y
a2 b2
( ) , P ( x, y ) ,
( a, b, p ) z  f (x, y) P ( x, y)

1
z
 z z u z v
x2 y 2 z 2  
  0  x u x v x
(1) z  f (u , v), u  ( x, y ), v  ( x, y ), 
a 2 b2 c 2  z  z u  z v
o y
 y u y v y
( a, b, c )
x (2) z  f (u , v), u  ( x), v  ( x),
dz z du z dv
  , z
dx u dx v dx
( )

24 25
(3) z  f ( x, u , v ), u  ( x, y ), v  ( x, y), f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )
 cos  cos
 z f f u f v l x y
 x  x  u x  v x f ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 z  cos
  0  f u  f v z

 y u y v y
z  f ( x, y ) M0
f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
( , ) (cos , cos )
l x y
1 2 3 .
2  grad ( f ( x0 , y0 )) l  gradf ( x0 , y0 ) cos grad ( f ( x0 , y0 ), l 
dy F ' ( x, y )
(1) F ( x, y )  0,  x f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
dx F ' y ( x, y ) gradf ( x0 , y0 )  ( , )
x y
z F ' ( x, y, z ) z F ' y ( x, y, z )
(2) F ( x, y, z )  0,  x , 
x F 'z ( x, y, z ) y F ' z ( x, y , z ) z  f ( x, y ) M0 ( )
F(x,y,z)=0 f ( x0 , y0 ) grad ( f ( x0 , y0 )
(3) y  y ( x), z  z ( x ), l l
 l grad ( f ( x0 , y0 )
G(x,y,z)=0
dy dz dy dz grad f ( x0 , y0 )
, ,
dx dx dx dx
 dy dz  dy dz 1
F 'x  F ' y  F 'z 0  F ' y  F 'z   F 'x ,
 dx dy dx dx
:   x  x(t )
G '  G ' dy dz G ' dy dz 
 G 'z 0  G 'z  G ' x (1)  y  y (t ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  t  t0

x y
dx dx  y dx dx
 z  z (t )


Th1 z  f ( x, y ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
 
x '(t0 ) y '(t0 ) z '(t0 )
l  (cos ,cos )
f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) x '(t0 )( x  x0 )  y '(t0 )( y  y0 )  z '(t0 )( z  z0 )  0
 cos  cos
l x y
 F x, y , z )  0
l (2)  
G ( x, y, z )  0
l  (cos ,sin ) l  [0, 2 ]
 P x0 , y0 , z0 )
f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
 cos  sin x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
l x y  
( F , G ) ( F , G ) ( F , G)
Th2 u  f ( x, y , z ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  ( y, z )  ( z , x)  ( x, y )
p p p

u  f ( x, y , z ) M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
l  (cos ,cos , cos )

26 27
 Th2
 ( F , G)  ( F , G) ( F , G )
x  x0 )  ( y  y0 )  ( z  z0 )  0 z  f (x, y) P ( x0 , y0 )
( y, z ) p
 ( z , x) p  ( x, y ) p
, f ' x ( x 0 , y 0 )  0, f ' y ( x 0 , y 0 )  0

2 [ f "xy ( x0 , y0 )]2  f "x 2 ( x0 , y0 ) f " y 2 ( x0 , y0 )  0

(1)  z  f ( x, y),  P( x0 , y0 , z0 )
P ( x0 , y0 ) z  f ( x, y )
z z
( x  x0 )  ( y  y0 )  ( z  z0 )  0.
x p y p (1) f "x 2 ( x0 , y0 )  0( f "y 2 ( x0 , y0 )  0), P ( x0 , y 0 )

x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
  (2) f "x 2 ( x0 , y0 )  0( f "y 2 ( x0 , y0 )  0), P( x0 , y0 ) 2
z z 1
x p y p

(2)  F x, y, z )  0,  P( x0 , y0 , z0 )
(1) z  f ( x, y ) x0 , y0 )
F 'x ( x  x0 )  Fy ( y  y0 )  Fz p ( z  z0 )  0
p

(2) Th 2 ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 )
x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
 
F 'x | p F ' y | p F ' z | p
z  f ( x, y )
1

3
z  f ( x, y) P( x0 , y0 )
1 (x,y)=0, z  f ( x, y )
P ( x0 , y0 ) Q ( x, y )
:
f ( x, y )  f ( x0 , y0 )(  f ( x0 , y0 ))

f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y ) ( ) F ( x, y )=f ( x, y )+ (x,y );

T h1  f ' x ( x, y )  ' x ( x, y )  0
z  f (x, y) P ( x0 , y0 ) 
 f ' y ( x, y )  ' y ( x, y )  0 ( x0 , y0 );

 f ( x 0 , y 0 )  0
'
x  ( x, y )  0
P ( x0 , y0 ) z  f ( x, y )  '
 f y ( x 0 , y 0 )  0

f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x, y )

28 29
2 (x,y,z)=0, u  f ( x, y, z) (2)  [ f ( x, y )  g ( x, y )]d   f ( x, y) d  g ( x, y) d
D D
F x, y, z)  x, y, z );
 f 'x ( x, y z)  'x ( x, y, z)  0 n

 f ' ( x, y, z)  ' ( x, y, z)  0 (3)  f ( x, y )d    f ( x, y )d , Di D

 y y D i 1 D

i

f
 z ' ( x, y, z )  ' z ( x, y, z )  0
 ( x, y, z)  0 i  1, 2, , m)

x0, y0, z0 ) f ( x0, y0 , z0 ) f ( x, y, z )
(4)  d  A, A D
D
3 1 x, y, z )  0. 2 ( x, y, z )  0 u  f ( x, y, z )

(5)
F x, y, z )  f ( x, y, z)  1 1 x, y, z )  2 2 x, y, z )
1 2 D f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ),  f ( x, y )d
D
  g ( x, y )d
D

( )
(6)( M,m f ( x, y ) D

A D mA   f ( x, y ) d  MA
1 D

n
I=  f ( x , y ) d = lim  f ( ) , d  max d i , (7)( f ( x, y ) D A D
i, i i
d 0

 f ( x, y)d
i 1 1 i  n
D
D  =f ( , ) A
di  i i  1, 2,  n ) D

(8)
z  f ( x, y )  0, ( x, y )  D I z  f ( x, y ) 1 D x f ( x, y ) y
D
 f ( x, y )d
2 D

n
0, f y f ( x,  y )   f ( x , y )
I=  F ( x, y, z )dv  lim  f ( )vi , d  max di , 
i, i, i
 2 f ( x, y ) d , f
 
d 0
D i 1 1 i  n y f ( x,  y)  f ( x, y ),
di vi i  1, 2, n)  D1

D1 D
I  f ( x, y, z) 
(a) (b)
3 ( )
(1)  kf x y d =k  f ( x, y )d ,k
D D

30 31
   L
Pdx  Qdy  0, L

 u ( x, y ), ( x, y)  D du ( x, y )  Pdx  Qdy,
( x, y )
u ( x, y )   Pdx  Qdy
( x0 , y0 )

2 D y f ( x, y ) x 2 D L
P ( x, y ), Q( x, y ) D
 f ( x, y )d Q P
D D ( x  y )dxdy   L
Pdx  Qdy
0, f x f (  x, y )   f ( x, y )
 Q P
  2 f ( x, y ) d , f  ( x  y )dxdy   Pdx  Qdy
 
x f ( x, y )  f ( x, y ), L
D
 D2
1 (Gauss)
D2 D
 S
P ( x, y, z ), Q( x, y , z ), R( x, y, z ) 
3 D f ( x, y ) x, y
P Q R
 (   )dV   Pdydz  Qdzdx  Rdxdy
x y z
 f ( x, y )d 

P
S

Q R
 ( x  y  z )dV  
D
P cos  Q cos  R cos dS
0, f x,y f (  x,  y )   f ( x, y )  S

  2 f ( x, y ) d , f 
 
x y f (  x,  y )  f ( x, y ), S ( ) cos , cos , cos S
 D2 ( x, y , z ) .
D1 D 2
 S 
4 D yx  f ( x, y)d
D
  f ( x, y )d
D  S ( )
D f ( x, y ) P ( x, y, z ), Q( x, y , z ), R( x, y, z ) S

D f ( x, y ) 8. R Q P R Q P
 ( y  z )dydz  ( z  x )dzdx  ( x  y )dxdy   
Pdx  Qdy  Rdz
1 S

P( x, y ), Q( x, y ) D dydz dzdx dxdy

  
(    Pdx  Qdy  Rdz )
 L
Pdx  Qdy
S
x y z 

P Q R
Q P
  , ( x , y )  D
x y

32 33
   
R Q P R Q P  un  vn ,  (u n  v n ) .
 (
S

y z
) cos  (  ) cos
z x
(  ) cos
x y n 1 n 1 n 1

  Pdx  Qdy  Rdz .




1 u
n 1
n
    
A  P ( x, y, z )i  Q( x, y, z ) j  R ( x, y, z ) k ; P, Q, R A P ( x, y , z )

 P Q R
div A    
x y z p u
n 1
n un  0
2
   
A  P ( x, y, z )i  Q ( x, y, z ) j  R ( x, y, z )k P, Q , R (1) 0  un  vn ,

    
rot A u n v n u n v n
   n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

i j k  

   
(2) u v n n
rot A  n 1 n 1
x y z un
P Q R lim  A(vn  0)
n  vn
 
1. 0  A  , v
n 1
n u
n 1
n

( )
 
2. 0  A  , v
n 1
n u
n 1
n


1 u n   a
 ,| r | 1 
1  p 1
n 1 i)  ar n 1
 1  r ii ) p  n p

p 1


n 1 n 1
 
| r | 1
(1) c 0 u n  cu n
n 1 n 1
(3) un n n
 
2 u
n 1
n vn 1
n

 
  
 1 u
u
n 1
n  s ,  vn 
n 1
,  (u
n 1
n  vn )  s  .  n 1
n


u n 1  1
  
un  0, n  1, 2 u n lim
n  un
 
n 1 
u n v n ,  (u n  vn ) .  
n 1 n 1 n 1
 1

u n 1
n

34 35
 
 f ( x) g ( x)
1  (1)
n 1
n 1
un , (un  0)

 (3) b0  0, x0
 (1)n 1 un , (un  0)
n 1 f ( x) a0  a1 x    an x n  
  C0  C1 x  C2 x 2    Cn x n  
(1)un  un 1 , (n  1, 2,); (2) lim un  0, g ( x) b0  b1 x    bn x n  
n 
a0 ab a b
C0  , C1  1 0 2 0 1 ,
S  u1 , n | Rn | un 1 . b0 b0

1 a0  a1 x  a2 x 2    an x n     an x n 2
n 0 

a x
n 0
n
n
R R R
a 1
lim n 1  , R .
n  a 
(1)  an x n
n
f x
n 0

2  u ( x) n  
n 1
(2)  an x n f x' =(  an x n ) '
n0 n0
(1) x
 

(
| u ( x) |
lim n 1  ( x)( lim | un ( x) |  ( x));
n   (a
n0
n xn ) '   na
n 0
n x n 1
n  | u ( x ) | n 
n
)   
 u ( x) (3)  an x n f t dt =  ( an t n ) dt
x x
( x)  1,
(2)
n 1
n ( a, b);
n 0
 0 0
n 0
 
(3) xa xb  u (a)  u (b)
n 1
n
n 1
n

  (  an t n dt )  
x 
an n 1
x
n 0 n  1
0
 n 0

4  u ( x)
n 1
n
3
1
 
f x x  x0
a x
n0
n
n
 f ( x),  bn xn  g ( x),
n 0


f (n) ( x0 ) f "(x0 )
R1 , R2 , R  min( R1 , R2 ), x  ( R, R ), 
n 0 n!
( x  x0 )n  f ( x0 )  f '( x0 )( x  x0 ) 
2!
(x  x0 )2 
  
(1)  an x n   bn x n   (an  bn ) x n  f ( x)  g ( x), -R R f ( n ) ( x0 )
 ( x  x0 ) n  
n 0 n 0 n 0 n!

   f x x  x0
(2) ( an x n )( bn x n )   (a0 bn  a1bn 1    an 1b1  anb0 ) x n
n 0 n 0 n0

36 37
 1 f ( x) 2 [- ] [0 2 ]

f ( n ) (0) n f "(0) 2
x0  0 
n 0 n!
x  f (0)  f '(0) x 
2!
x 
1 1 2


f (n)
(0) n
x 
an = 

f ( x) cos nxdx   0
f ( x ) cos nxdx, ( n  0,1, 2,)
n!
1 1 2
bn   f (x)sin nxdx   f (x)sin nxdx,(n  1,2,)
[l , l ]  0

Th f ( x) x  x0
f ( x)

f ( n ) ( x0 )

n=0 n!
( x  x0 ) n

f ( x) lim Rn ( x)  0, 1
n  2 f ( x) a0  (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n1
1
R n ( x)  f ( n 1) [ x0  ( x  x0 )]( x  x0 ) n 1 , 0   1.
( n  1)! 1 
f ( x) f ( x) a0   (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
4

1 
3 f ( x) 2l [-l ,l ]
(1)  1  u  u 2    u n     u n , (1,1)
1 u n0

1 l n 1 l n
1 
an   f ( x) cos xdx, (n  0,1, 2) bn   f ( x) sin xdx, ( n  0,1, 2)
(2)  1  u  u 2    (1)n u n     (1) n u n , (1,1) l  l l l l l
1 u n0

1 n n
a0   (an cos x  bn sin x)
u2
u n
u  n
2 l l
       , ( , )
n 1
(3) eu  1  u 
2! n! n0 n! 1 
n n
f ( x) f ( x) a0   (an cos x  bn sin x).
2 n 1 l l
u3 u2n1 
u2n1
(4) sin u  u   (1)n   (1)n ,(, ) 3 f(x) [- , ]
3! (2n  1)! n 0 (2n  1)!
(1)
u2 u4 u 2n 
u 2n (2) f (x) [- ]
(5) cos u  1    (1)n     (1)n ,(, )
2! 4! (2n)! n0 (2n)!

u 2 u3 u n1 
u n1  f (x), x f (x)
(6) ln(1  u)  u      (1)n   (1)n ,( 1,1) 
2 3 n 1 n 1 a0 
1
(an cos x bn sin nx)   [ f (x0 0)  f (x0 0)], x0 f x
n 0

2 n1 2
a ( a  1) 2 a (a  1) ( a  n  1) n 1
(7) (1  u )a  1  au  u   u  ( a
2! n! 2[ f ( 0)  f ( 0 0)], x  .

(-1 1) )

38 39
 y du
u y  ux y'  u  x
1 f ( x) [0, l ] x dx
[0, l ]

 f ( x),0  x  l a0  n
F ( x)   f ( x) ~   an cos x  ux
du
 f (u ) 
du

dx

du
 ln x  C
 f (  x ), l  x  0 2 n 1 l dx f (u )  u x f (u )  u
. 2 l n
l 0
an  f ( x) cos xdx n=0 1 2  a x  b1 y  c1 
l dy
2  f 1 
dx  a2 x  b2 y  c2 
2 f ( x) [0, l ]
(1) c1  c2  0
 f ( x ),0  x  l
F ( x)   F ( x) x=0 [ , ]  y
 f ( x), l  x  0  a1  b1
dy  a1 x  b1 y 
 f x   g( y )
 f y
 (2)

n dx
dx  a2 x  b2 y   a2  b2 
x
f ( x) ~  bn sin x  x
n 1 l
a1 b1 a1 b1
2 l n n=1 2 (2)  0,  
bn 
l  0
f ( x ) sin
l
xdx a2 b2 a2 b2

dy  ( a2 x  b2 y)  c1 
 f   g (a2 x  b2 y )
dx  a2 x  b2 y  c2 

du
a2 x  b2 y  u  a2  b2 f (u ) 1
( ) dx

a1 b1 a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
(3)  0, c1 , c2 0  ( , )
a2 b2 a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
1
dy X
. x  X  ,y Y  ,   ( ) 2
dX Y
2 f1 ( x) g1 ( y )dx  f 2 ( x) g 2 ( y ) dy  0
3 y ' p ( x) y  q ( x)
f1 ( x) g ( y)
g1 ( y ) f 2 ( x )  0 dx  2 dy  0
f 2 ( x) g1 ( y )
f1 ( x) g ( y)
f dx   2 y  Ce 
 p ( x ) dx
dy  C (1) y ' p ( x ) y  0
2 ( x) g1 ( y )
y
y  C ( x )e 
 p ( x ) dx
1 y'  f ( ) (2)
x
(3)

40 41
C '( x)e   q ( x)  C ( x)   q ( x )e  dx  C
 p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx 2
 p q0

(4) y  [  q( x)e 
p ( x ) dx
dx  C ]e 
 p ( x ) dx I 1 , 2 (1)

y ( x)  C1e 1x  C2 e 2x

4 y ' p ( x) y  q ( x) y n
n  0,1

1 dz II 1  2 y ( x)  (C1  C2 x)e 1x
Zy 1 n
  p ( x) z  q ( x)
1  n dx
III  i
dz
 (1  n) p ( x ) z  (1  n)q ( x) 3
dx y ( x)  e x (C1 cos x  C2 sin x)
5 M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0
2 n
M N x y
  .  M ( x, y0 )dx   N ( x, y )dy  C
y x x0 y0

y ( n )  p1 y ( n 1)  p2 y ( n  2)    pn y  0 ( )

pi (i  1, 2, , n)
y   p ( x) y   q ( x) y  f ( x) (8.1) p ( x), q ( x), f ( x)
n
 p1 ( n 1)
 p2 ( n  2)
   pn  0
f ( x)  0 .

( )
1 y1 ( x), y2 ( x) y   p ( x) y   q ( x) y  0 (8.2) (1) 1 , 2 , , n n ( )
C1 y1 ( x)  C2 y2 ( x) (8.2) y1 ( x)), y2 ( x) y ( x)  C1e 1 x  C2 e 2x
   Cn e nx

y1 ( x )
(  ( )) (8.2) y ( x)  C1 y1 ( x)  C2 y2 ( x)
y2 ( x ) (2)  0 k ( k  n) ( )
2 y1 ( x), y2 ( x) (8.1) (C1  C2 x    Ck x k 1 )e 0x

y1 ( x )  y2 ( x ) (8.2)
(3) i k ( 2 k  n) ( )
3 y  ( x) (8.1) y( x) (8.2)
e x [(C1  C2 x    Ck x k 1 ) cos x  ( D1  D2 x    Dk x k 1 )sin x ]

y  ( x)  y ( x) (8.1) y1 ( x), y2 ( x) (8.2)

(8.1) y ( x)  y  ( x )  C1 y1 ( x)  C2 y2 ( x)

C1 , C2 .
1 y '' py ' qy  0 (1) p, q 1 y '' py ' qy  f ( x) (2) p, q

42 43
 A B  A  B
(1) Y ( x)
(2) (2) y *( x) (3) | kA | k n | A |, A n

(3) (2) y  Y ( x )  y * ( x)
(4) A n |AT || A|;| A1 || A|1 ( A | A*|| A |n1 n  2
(2) y* ( x)
A O A C A O
5   | A || B | A, B
O B O B C B
.
O Amm
2 x n y ( n )  a1 x n 1 y ( n 1)    an 1 xy   an y  0 .  1 mn
| A || B | .
Bnn O

1 1 1
x1 x2  xn
( 6) Dn    ( xi  x j )
    1 j  i  n

x n 1
1 x n 1
2  x n 1
n

( )
A n i (i  1, 2 , n) A n
n
| A |  i
i 1

 A , i  j ( )
(1) A  ( aij ) n n , ai1 A j1  ai 2 A j 2    ain A jn  
0, i  j

 A , i  j
a1i A1 j  a2i A2 j    ani Anj    a11 a12  a1n 
0, i  j  
m n aij m n  a21 a22  a2 n 
  
AA  A A  A E ,
* *
 
 am1 am 2  amn 
 
  (aij ) m n . m  n
 A11 A21  An1 
A, A n n .
A*   A12 A22  An 2   ( Aji )  ( Aij )T
 
   
 
 A1n A2 n  Ann  1 A  ( aij ), B  (bij ) m n m n

(2) A, B n AB  A B  B A  BA
C  (cij )  aij  bij A B A B  C

44 45
2 A  (aij ) mn k m n ( kaij ) 3 A1

k A kA . A  AB  E; | A | 0;  r ( A)  n;
3 A  (aij ) mn B  (bij ) n s m s A
A  Ax  0
C  (cij )
1
n
cij  ai1b1 j  ai 2 b2 j    ain bnj   aik bkj A B 1 r A = =
k 1
2 r ( Amn )  min(m, n);
C  AB
3 A  0  r ( A)  1
1 AT A1 A * 4 r ( A  B)  r ( A)  r ( B );
1)( A )  A, ( AB)  B A , ( kA)  kA , ( A  B)  A  B
T T T T T T T T T T
5
6 r ( A)  r ( B )  n  r ( AB)  min( r ( A), r ( B )), AB  O
1 1
2)( A1 )1  A, ( AB) 1  B 1 A1 , ( kA) 1  A ,
k r ( A)  r ( B )  n

( A  B) 1  A1  B 1 7 A1  r ( AB )  r ( B); B 1

 r ( AB )  r ( A);
3)( A*)* | A |n  2 A( n  3) ( AB )*  B * A*,
r ( Amn )  n  r ( AB)  r ( B );
( kA)*  k n 1 A * (n  2). ( A  B )*  A *  B * r ( Ams )  n  r ( AB)  r ( A);
8 r ( Ams )  n  Ax  0
4)( A1 )T  ( AT ) 1 , ( A1 )*  ( A*) 1 , ( A*)T  ( AT ) * 2
1
2 A*  A O  A1 O 
    
1) AA*  A * A | A | E O B   O B 1 

2) | A* || A |n 1 (n  2), ( kA)*  k n 1 A*, ( A*)* | A |n  2 A(n  3) 1

 A C  A1  A1CB 1 
    
1 O B  O B 1 
3) A A* | A | A1 , ( A*)*  A
| A|
1
 A O  A1 O 
n, r ( A)  n     1 1 
 C B    B CA B 1 
4) A n r ( A*)  1, r ( A)  n  1

0, r ( A)  n  1 1
O A  O B 1 
    1  A B
 B O  A O 

46 47
 ( ) 1 r ( Amn )  r A r ( A) A

1
(1) r ( Amn )  r  m A .
(1) 1 , 2 , , s  .

(2) 1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , s  (2) r ( Amn )  r  m A .

1 , 2 , , s .

(3) , , ,
(3) r ( Amn )  r  n A .
1 2 s

 r( 1 , 2 ,, s )  r ( 1 , 2 , , s , (4) r ( Amn )  r  n A

2
1
(1) .
1 , 2 , , n 1 , 2 , , n V
(2) n n
c11 c12  c1n 
,   |[  ] | 0  
1 2 n 1 2 n
c c  c2n 
( 1 , 2 ,, n )  ( 1 , 2 ,, n )  21 22  ( 1, ,, )C
   2 n
n n 1, 2 n  
n cn1 cn 2  cnn 
 |[ 1 , 2 , , n ] | 0
C 1 , 2 , , n 1 , 2 , , n
n+1 n .
2
, 
1 2 S
1 , 2 , , n 1 , 2 , , n

X  ( x1 , x2 , , xn )T Y  ( y1 , y2 , , yn )T
1
(1) 1 , 2 , , s  .  x1 1  x2 2    xn n  y1 1  y2 2    yn n

1
(2) , , , , , ,  X  CY Y C X
1 2 s 1 2 s
C 1 , 2 , , n 1 , 2 , , n

1 , 2 , , s .

(3) 1 , 2 , , s

 r( 1 , 2 , , s )  r ( 1 , 2 , , s , )

48 49
 D1 D D
( , )  a1b1  a2 b2    an bn  T
 T x1  , x2  2 , , xn  n Dj D j
D D D

Schmidt .
, , , , , , 2 n A  Ax  0 .  b, Ax  b
1 2 s 1 2 s

i 1 , 2 , , i (i  1, 2, , n) i

r ( Amn )  n  Ax  0 .
i  i
1 , 2 , , i .
i 1 A m n r ( Amn )  m Ax  b
1  1 r ( A)  r ( A b)  m, Ax  b .
( , ) 2 x1 , x2 , xs Ax  b k1 x1  k2 x2    k s xs k1  k2    k s  1
2  2 2 1 1
( 1, 1)
Ax  b k1  k2    k s  0 Ax 0 .
x1  x2
( , ) ( , ) Ax  b 2 x3  ( x1  x2 ) Ax  0 .
3  3 3 1
1 
3 2
2
2
( 1, 1) ( 2, 2)
3 Ax  b  r ( A)  1  r ( A)  b A

1 , 2 , , n .
1 Ax  0 ( ).
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
  s 1  2  
s 1
s s
1 s 2 s
s 1 Ax  0
( 1, 1) ( 2, 2) ( s 1 , s 1 )
n  r ( A)

1 .
2 1 , 2 , , t Ax  0
(1) 1 , 2 , , t Ax  0
(2) 1 , 2 , , t

(3) Ax  0 , , , .
( ) .
1 2 t

k1 1  k2 2    kt t Ax  0 k1 , k2 , , kt .

1
( )
a11 x1  a12 x2    a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2    a2 n xn  b2
 D A 0
 
an1 x1  an 2 x2    ann xn  bn 1 A

kA, aA  bE , A2 , Am , f ( A), AT , A1 , A *

50 51
 | A| (1) AT BT
k , a  b, 2
, m
, f ( ), , 1
, , AT
(2) A1 B 1 ( A B )
.
n n n
2 1 , 2 , , n A n 
i 1
i   aii , 
i 1 i 1
i | A | (3) Ak B k (k )

| A | 0  A . (4) E  A  E  B , A, B
3 1 , 2 , , s A s
1 , 2 , , s (5) A  B , A, B
 k1 1  k2 2    ks s ,
(6) (A)  ( B ), E  A  EB ,A B
An  k1 An 1  k2 An 2    ks An s  k1 1
n
1  k2 n
2 2  ks n
s s

1 A B ( )
(1) A T
BT , A1 B 1 , A* B *.
n n
(2) | A || B |,  Aii   bii , r ( A)  r ( B)
i 1 i 1
1n x1 , x2 , , xn
(3) | E  A || E  B |,  n n
f ( x1 , x2 , , xn )   aij xi y j aij  a ji (i, j  1, 2, , n) n
1 A n A  ki i
i 1 j 1

.
n  r ( i E  A)  ki
 x1   a11 a12  a1n 
2 A P 1 AP  , A  PP 1 An  P n P 1 x   
a a22  a2 n 
x   2  , A   21 , f
3     
A O B O     
(1) A B, C D O C  O D  .  xn   an1 an 2  ann 
   

(2) A B f ( A) f ( B ), f ( A) f ( B) f ( A) n A f  xT Ax . A aij  a ji (i, j  1, 2, , n)

.
(3) A ( ) A .

(A) 1
1 A, B n P
B  P 1 AP A B A B. .
2 2
A B f  ( x1 , x2 , , xn )  xT Ax x  Cy

52 53
 r
f  xT Ax  yT C T ACy   di yi2
i 1

f ( r  n) .
( )
r( A )

.
3 1
f (1) A B A B .
(2) A=B A B B A.
f  z12  z22    z 2p  z 2p 1    zr2 r A p
(3) A B A+B A B .
r p . (4) A-B A B .

1 A  kA(k  0), AT , A1 , A * | A | 0, A aii  0 (5) A B AB A B .

(6) A B= .
| Aii | 0
(7)
2 A B  A+B AB BA A  B  , A  B  , AB BA
3A  f ( x)  x Ax  0, x  0
T
2
(1) A B  B  A A B  B  A
A
(2) A B C  A B C
A
A B C  A B C
A n
(3) A B C  AC  B C
 P A  PT P
3 A B  A  B A B  A  B

 1  4 : A1 A2  An
 
 QT AQ  Q 1 AQ    , n
Q
  Ai  A j   ij 
  i=1
 n
1

 0, i  1, 2,  , n.  kA(k  0), AT , A1 , A * P 3

i
(1) A P A 0
| A | 0, A aii  0 | Aii | 0 (2)  P  1
 
(3) A1 A2  An , , Ai A j  (i  j ), P (Ai )   P ( A).
i 1 i 1

54 55
 P( A | B j ) P( B j )
(1) P ( A)  1  P ( A); (3) Bayes P ( B j | A)  n
, j  1, 2, , n
 P( A | Bi ) P( Bi )
i 1
(2) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( AB );
Bi .
(3) P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( AB );
(4)
BA P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B ) P ( B)  P ( A) P ( A1 A2 )  P ( A1 ) P ( A2 | A1 )  P ( A2 ) P( A1 | A2 )
P ( A1 A2  An )  P ( A1 ) P ( A2 | A1 ) P ( A3 | A1 A2 ) P ( An | A1 A2  An1 )
P(ABC)  P(A)  P(B)  P(C) P(AB) P(BC) 2
(1)A B  P( AB)  P( A) P ( B)
 P ( AC )  P ( ABC );
(2)A B C
n n  P ( AB)  P ( A) P( B); P ( BC )  P( B ) P (C ); P ( AC )  P ( A) P(C );
(4) A1 , A2 ,  , An P (  Ai )   ( P ( Ai ). (3)A B C
(3
i 1 i 1
 P ( AB)  P ( A) P( B); P ( BC )  P ( B) P(C );
3 : P ( AC )  P( A) P (C ); P( ABC )  P ( A) P ( B) P(C ).
3 : n
A
P ( A)  A p n A k

P ( X  k )  Cnk p k (1  p) n  k .
4 : 
4

(1) P( A)  1  P( A)
A
P ( A) 
 (2) P( A  B)  P ( A)  P ( B)  P( AB )
P( A  B  C )  P( A)  P( B )  P(C )  P( AB)  P( BC )
1 :
 P ( AC )  P ( ABC )
(1) :
(3) P( A  B )  P( A)  P ( AB)
P AB
P B| A  A B
P A (4) P( AB )  P( A)  P ( AB), P( A)  P ( AB )  P ( AB ),
(2)
n n P ( A  B )  P( A)  P ( AB)  P( AB)  P( AB )  P( AB)
P A   P( A | Bi ) P ( Bi ), Bi B j  , i  j ,  Bi  .
i 1 i 1
(5) P( | B)

56 57
 (1) f ( x)  0,
. P( A1 | B )  1  P ( A1 | B )

(2)  f ( x)dx  1
P ( A1  A2 | B )  P ( A1 | B )  P ( A2 | B)  P ( A1 A2 | B ) 

P ( A1 A2 | B)  P ( A1 | B) P ( A2 | A1 B) x
(3) x f ( x ) f ( x)  F '( x ) F ( x)   f (t ) dt
n n 

(6) A1 , A2 , , An P ( Ai )   P( Ai ),
i 1 i 1 1
n n
P( Ai )   (1  P( Ai )) (1) 0-1 P( X  k )  p k (1  p )1 k , k  0,1
i 1 i 1

(7) (2) B ( n, p )
A B A B A B P ( X  k )  Cnk p k (1  p )n  k , k  0,1, , n
A B .
(8) A1 , A2 ,  , Am , B1 , B2 , , Bn f ( A1 , A2 , , Am ) (3)) Poisson p( )
k

g ( B1 , B2 , , Bn ) f ( ), g ( ) P( X  k )  e  ,  0, k  0,1, 2
k!
1 0  1
 ,a  x  b
. (4) U a b f ( x)   b  a
0,

( ) (5) N( , 2
):

( x  )2
1 
( x)   0,   x  
2
e 2
,
1 : 2

 e , x  0,  0
 x
(6) E ( ) : f ( x)  
0,
2
F ( x)  P( X  x),   x  
(7) G ( p) : P( X  k )  (1  p )k 1 p, 0  p  1, k  1, 2,.
(1) 0  F ( x)  1 (2) F ( x)
(3) F ( x  0)  F ( x ) (4) F ()  0, F ()  1 (8)
CMk C Nn kM
1 H ( N , M , n) : P( X  k )  , k  0,1, , min(n, M )
 CNn
P ( X  xi )  pi , i  1, 2, , n, pi  0,  pi  1
i 1 2
2 (1) P( X  x1 )  pi , Y  g ( X )

f ( x); P (Y  y j )  
g ( xi )  yi
P ( X  xi )

58 59
(2) X ~ f X ( x), Y  g ( x) pij
P{Y  y j | X  xi } 
pi 
Fy ( y )  P(Y  y )  P( g ( X )  y )   f x ( x)dx
g ( x ) y 1 f ( x, y ) :
fY ( y )  F 'Y ( y ) (1) f ( x, y )  0
 
3 (2) 
1 1
  
f ( x, y)dxdy  1
(1) X ~ N (0,1)  (0)  ,  (0)  ,
2 2 x y
2 F ( x, y )    f (u, v )dudv
 
 ( a )  P ( X   a )  1   ( a)
X a 3
(2) X ~ N ( , 2
) ~ N (0,1) P( X  a )   ( )
 
f X ( x)   f ( x, y )dy fY ( y )   f ( x, y )dx
 
(3) X ~ E ( )  P ( X  s  t | X  s )  P( X  t )
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
(4) X ~ G ( p )  P( X  m  k | X  m)  P( X  k ) 4 f X |Y ( x | y )  fY | X ( y | x) 
fY ( y ) f X ( x)
(5)
1
.
(6) .  1
 , ( x, y )  D
(1) ( x, y ) U ( D ) , f ( x, y )   S ( D )
0,
( ) 

2 2
(2) X Y ~N 1 2 1 2

1
1
f ( x, y ) 
X Y 2 1 2
1 2
F ( x , y )  P ( X  x, Y  y )
2  1 ( x  1 )2 (x  )( y  ) (y  )2 
exp  [ 2 1 2
 2
]
 2(1  2
) 2 2

(1) P{ X  xi , Y  y j }  pij ; i, j  1, 2, 1 1 2 2

 2
(2) pi    pij , i  1, 2,
j 1 X Y  F ( x, y )  FX ( x) FY ( y )

p j   pij , j  1, 2,  pij  pi  p j (  f ( x, y )  f X ( x ) fY ( y )(
i

(3) X Y XY 0 X Y
pij X Y
P{ X  xi | Y  y j } 
p j
1

60 61
(1) C1 X  C2Y ~ N (C1  C2 , C12 2
 C22 2
).
1 2 1 2

P ( X  xi , Y  yi )  pij , Z  g ( X , Y )
(5) X Y f ( x) g ( x)
P Z  zk )  P g ( X , Y )  z k  
g ( xi , yi )  zk
P( X  xi , Y  y j ) f ( X ) g (Y ) .

(2)
( )
( X ,Y ) f (x, y), Z  g( X ,Y )

Fz ( z )  P g ( X , Y )  z  
g ( x, y)  z
f ( x, y )dxdy f z ( z )  F 'z ( z )
1
2 P X  xi  pi , E ( X )   xi pi
i
(1)

f X ( x)  

f ( x, y ) dy, fY ( y )  

f ( x, y )dx. X ~ f ( x), E ( X )   xf ( x)dx

 

(2) P ( X , Y )  D   f ( x, y )dxdy
D (1) E (C )  C , E[ E ( X )]  E ( X )

(3) X Y N ( 1, , 2
, 2
, ) (2) E (C1 X  C2Y )  C1 E ( X )  C 2 E (Y )
2 1 2
(3) X Y E ( XY )  E ( X ) E (Y )
2 2
X ~ N ( 1, ), Y ~ N ( , ). 2
1 2 2
(4) E ( XY )  E ( X 2 ) E (Y 2 )

X Y  0 X Y . 2 2
2 D( X )  E X  E ( X )  E( X 2 )  E( X )

C1 X  C2Y ~ N (C1 1  C2 2 , C12 2

1  C22 2
2  2C1C2 1 2 ).
3 D( X )

X Y=y
D ( X )   xi  E ( X )
2
4 pi
1  (y  (1 
1 2 2 i
N( 2 ), 1 )).
2 2

5 D( X )   x  E ( X ) f ( x)dx
Y X=x 

N( 2  2
(x  1 ), 2
2 (1  2
)).
1
(1) D(C )  0, D[ E ( X )]  0, D[ D( X )]  0
(4) X Y N ( 1, 2
1 ), N ( 1 , 2
2 ), (2)X Y D ( X  Y )  D ( X )  D(Y )

2 2 (3) D(C1 X  C2 )  C12 D ( X )

( X ,Y ) ~ N ( 1, 2, 1 , 2 , 0),

62 63
(4) ( X , Y )  1  P(Y  aX  b)  1, a0
D(X Y)  D(X)  DY
( )  2Cov(X,Y)  D(X)  DY
( ) 2 D(X) DY
( )
4

(5) D ( X )  E ( X  C ) 2 , C  E ( X ) 1 D( X )  E ( X 2 )  E 2 ( X )

2 Cov( X , Y )  E ( XY )  E ( X ) E (Y )
(6) D ( X )  0  P X  C  1
3 ( X , Y )  1,
1
(1) Y  g ( x)
( X , Y )  1  P (Y  aX  b)  1, a0
X P{ X  xi }  pi , E (Y )   g ( xi ) pi X
i
( X , Y )  1  P(Y  aX  b)  1, a0

X ~ f ( x), E (Y )   g ( x ) f ( x)dx

4 5
(2) Z  g ( X , Y ) ; ( X , Y ) ~ P{ X  xi , Y  y j }  pij ; ( X ,Y )  0
 Cov ( X , Y )  0
E ( Z )   g ( xi , y j ) pij  E ( X , Y )  E ( X ) E (Y )
i j
 D ( X  Y )  D ( X )  D(Y )
 
( X , Y ) ~ f ( x, y ) ; E ( Z )    g ( x, y ) f ( x, y )dxdy  D ( X  Y )  D ( X )  D(Y )
 

X Y 5
2 Cov( X , Y )  E ( X  E ( X )(Y  E (Y ))
.
Cov( X , Y )
3  ,k E( X k ) ;
XY
D ( X ) D (Y ) ( )

k E [ X  E ( X )]k

D( X )
1 P | X  E ( X ) |  2
(1) Cov( X , Y )  Cov(Y , X )
D( X )
(2) Cov(aX , bY )  abCov (Y , X ) P | X  E ( X ) |  1 2
Chebysh
(3) Cov( X 1  X 2 , Y )  Cov( X 1 , Y )  Cov ( X 2 , Y )
ev 2 X 1 , X 2  , X n ,
(4) ( X , Y )  1
E ( X i )  , D( X i )  2
(i  1, 2,),

(5) ( X , Y )  1  P (Y  aX  b)  1, a0
1 n 
lim P   X i    1
n 
 n i 1 

64 65
 1 X1, X 2 , X n , n

X 1 , X 2  , X n , 0-1 B (1, p)
X1 , X 2  , X n , X g ( X1, X 2 , X n )
1 n  g( )
lim P   X i  p    1
n 
 n i 1 
Khinchi g ( X1, X 2 , X n )
2 1 n
ne
X 1 , X 2  , X n , EX i  , i  1, 2,
X   Xi
n i 1
1 n
1 n
lim P   X i 

  1
S2   ( X i  X )2
n  1 i 1
n 
 n i 1 
1 n k
k Ak   X i , k  1, 2,
n i 1
1 ---
~ B(n, p ), X 1 , X 2 , X n , 0-1 1 n
n
n
k Bk   ( X i  X ) k , k  1, 2,
n i 1
n   Xi
i 1 2 2
 X 12  X 22    X n2 ~ 2
(n ) X1 , X 2  , X n ,
  np  x 1 
t2

De lim P  n  x   e dt 2
N (0,1)
n 
 np (1  p )   2
Movire-La X
t T ~ t ( n) X ~ N (0,1), Y ~ 2
(n), X Y
place 2 ---
2
t Y /n
X 1 , X 2  , X n ,
F
X / n1
(  0)i  1, 2, , F F ~ F (n1 , n2 ) X ~ 2
(n1 ), Y ~ 2
(n2 ), X Y
Levy-Un E ( X i )  , D ( X i ) 
2
Y / n2
dbe n
 
  X i  n  x
2
1  t2
lim P  i 1  x   e dt P( X  x )  , x X

n 
 n  2
 
1 X1 , X 2  , X n N( , 2
)

( ) 1 n 1 n
X  
n i 1
Xi , S2   ( X i  X )2 ,
n  1 i 1
2
X
(1) X ~ N ( , ) ~ N (0,1)
n / n
X
(n  1) S 2 1 n
(2) 2
 2 (X
i 1
i  X )2 ~ 2
(n  1)
X n

66 67
 n
1
(3) 2 (X
i 1
i  )2 ~ 2
( n) 1

X 
(4) ~ t (n  1) 2 ( 1, 2 ) 1 g x
S
n
( g ( 1 ), g ( 2 ) g ( 2 ) g ( 1 ) g( )

1 2
~ 2
( n) E( 2
(n))  n, D ( 2
(n))  2n; 1
n
2 T ~ t (n ) E (T )  0, D (T )  (n  2)
n2
3 F ~ F ( m, n)
1 1 2 X (X  ,X  )
~ F ( n, m), Fa / 2 (m, n)  ; U  N (0,1) 2 2
F F1 a / 2 (n, m)
P{  }
n
4 X 2

D( X ) S S
E ( X )  E ( X ), E ( S 2 )  D ( X ), D( X )  (X  t  , X t  )
n 2
X
T t (n  1) 2 n 2 n
S n P{ T  t } 
( ) 2

n n

(X  i )2 (X  i )2
( i 1 2
, i 1 2
)
1 n (n) (n)
W 
'
2 (Xi  )
i 1
2
2
1
2

1 g x g g 2
P{W'  2
(n)} 
n 2

. 2 P{W  ' 2
(n)} 
1
2
2
2 g x g( ) g( )
 
 
n 1 S 2  n 1 S 2 n 1 S 2 
W  2
n 1  , 
3 E ( X )  E ( X ), E ( S 2 )  D ( X ), X S2 2

2
n 1 2 n  1 
 1 
 2 2 

E ( X ), D ( X ) .

4 X S2 E ( X ), D ( X ) .

5 E ( )  , D ( )  0( n  ) .

68 69
  2 2 2
 ( X1  X2 )  1
 2
,
( X1  X 2 )  (  )  n1 n2
U 1 2  2

2 2
, 2 2
2 2 .
1 2 1
 2
n1 n2 ( X1  X2 )  1
 2

2
n1 n2 
N (0,1)
P{U  } .
2 .
 1 1
(X1 X2)( 1  2) (X X )t (n n 2) S  , .
2 2
T t(n1 n2 2)  1 2 2 1 2 n1 n2
1 1
1 2
S  H0 H0
2
, n1 n2 1 1
(X1 X2)t (n1 n2 2) S  
1 2
(n1 1)S12 (n2 1)S22 2
n1 n2  H0
 S2 
n1 n2 2 P{T t }  0 X x
2 2
2
U 0
| u | 0
 ua
( / n / n 2
 ~ N (0,1)
 1 S12
  ,  X x
 F (n1 1, n2 1) S2
2
0
T 0
| t | 0
 t (n  1)
2  2 ( 2
S/ n S/ n
S 1
2

2 2 S2  ~ t (n  1)
F (n2 1, n1 1)  12 
1
2
F 2
2
 F(n1 1, n2 1) S2 
S 2 2 2
2 1 2
 2 n
X   n
x  
W   i w   i
0
 
2 2
2 P{F  F (n1 1, n2 1)}   a ( n)
2 i 1  0  i 1  0  2
2

1 ( ) ~ 2 ( n)
P{  F (n2 1, n1 1)}  w 2
a (n)
F 2
2 1
2

( n  1) S 2
2
 2
( n  1) S 2 w  2
(n  1)
( )
0
W 2
2
0
a
2
0

( ) ~ 2
( n  1) w 2
a ( n  1)
1
2

1  2 
X1  X 2 
U
1 ( 2
, 2 2 2
X1  X 2 
1 2 1
 2
| u | u
(1) H0 n1 n2 2 2
2
1
 2

(2) ~ N (0,1) n1 n2

(3)
(4) H0

70 71
 X1  X 2  ab cd
1  2  T (2) 
1 1 X1  X 2  b d
( 2
1 , 2
2
SW  | t |
n1 n2
1 1 ab cd
2
 2
) SW  (3) 
1 2
~ t (n1  n2  2) n1 n2 ab cd
(n1 1)S12 (n2 1)S22  t a (n1  n2  2) a c e a c e a c e ace
SW2  (4)   ,    t.   
n1 n2 2 2 b d f b d f b d f bd  f
S12 S12
F f   Fa (n1  1, n2  1) (5) y x y  kx k
2
1  2
2
S 22 S22 2
~ F (n1  1, n2  1) k
f  Fa1 (n2  1, n1  1) (6) y x y k
2 x
1 2
3

1 a  b  0, n  0 an  bn

2 a  b  0, n n
a  n
b

a c a ac c
(3)
(3 )  ,  
b d b bd d

(4)
1
ab
 ab ,
(1)(a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2 2
abc 3
 abc ,
(2)(a  b  c)2  a2  b2  c2  2ab  2ac  2bc 3
a1  a2  a3  an n
 a1a2 an
(3)a2  b2  (a  b)(a  b) n
(5)
(4)( a  b ) 3  a 3  3 a 2 b  3 ab 2  b 3
1 | a  b || a |  | b | 2 | a  b || a |  | b |
(5) a  b  ( a  b )( a  ab  b )
3 3 2 2

3 | a  b || a |  | b | 4  | a | a | a |
n 1 n 2 n3 n 2 n 1
(6) a  b  ( a  b )( a
n n
a ba b 
2
 ab b )
4 ax 2  bx  c  0
a c
2 (  )
b d b  b 2  4 ac  b  b 2  4 ac
(1) : x1  , x2 
ab cd 2a 2a
(1) 
b d

72 73
 b c 1
(2) x1  x 2   , x1 x 2  (5) log a n M  log a M
a a n
  0, log b M
 (6) log a M 
(3)   b  4ac   0
2
log b a
  0,

(7) log a 1  0
5 :
x3  px 2  qx  r  0 x1, x2 , x3 (8) log a a  1
x1  x2  x3   p
8
x1  x2  x2  x3  x3  x1  q
1
x1  x2  x3  r
a1 ---- an ----
6.

(1) a m  a n  a m  n (2)a m  a n  a m n d ---- Sn ---- n

(3)( a m ) n  a mn 11))an  a1  (n  1) d

a1  an n( n  1)
(4)(ab) n  a n b n 2) Sn  n  na1  d
2 2
1
a am 3) a, b, c , b (a  c)
(5)( ) m  m 2
b b 2
1
(6)a  m  a1 ---- q---- an ----
am
7 log a N , (a  0, a  1, N  0) 1) an  a1q n 1

(1) N  a log a N , N  e ln N a1 (1  q n ) a1  an q
2) n Sn  
1 q 1 q
(2) log a ( MN )  log a M  log a N
3
M 1
(3) log a ( )  log a M  log a N 1)1  2  3    n  n( n  1)
N 2
1
(4) log a ( M n )  n log a M 2)12  2 2  32    n 2  n(n  1)(2n  1)
6

74 75
 1 2
3)13  23  33    n3  [ n( n  1)]2
2 1
1 R---- H----
4)1 2  2  3    n(n  1)  n(n  1)(n  2)
3 1 S  2 RH
1
4)1 2  3  2  3  4    n(n  1)(n  2)  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
4 2 S  2 R( H  R )
9
1
3 V  R2H
Pnm  n(n  1)(n  2)[ n  ( m  1)]
2
2 l  R2  H 2

Pnn  n(n  1)  3  2 1  n ! 1 S  Rl

3
2 S  R (l  R )
n( n  1) (n  m  1) n!
Cnm   1
m! m !( n  m)! 3 V R2H
3
3
R---- d----
1)Cnm  Cnn m 2)Cnm  Cnm1  Cnm11
1 S  4 R2
4
n(n 1) n2 2 n(n 1)[n  (k 1)] nk k 4
(a  b)n  an  nan1b  a b  a b  bn 2 V R3
2! k! 3
4

1 S  2 Rh( )
1
1 h
2 V  h2 ( R  )
1 1 1 3
S  bh  ab sin C  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c), s (a  b  c)
2 2 2 3
S---- H----
1 V  SH
S  bh  ab sin
1
2 V  SH
2 S=  3
1 1 1
3 S rl  r 2 3 A  
2 2 2

76 77
 1
(8) sin sin  [cos(  )  cos(  )]
1 2
1 sin csc 1 2 cos sec 1 4
1
3 tan cot 1 4 sin 2  cos 2 1
a b c
   2R R
sin A sin B sin C
5 1  tan 2  sec 2 6 1  cot 2  csc 2
2
sin cos a 2  b 2  c 2  2 bc cos A
7 tan  8 cot 
cos sin b 2  c 2  a 2  2 ca cos B
2 c 2  a 2  b 2  2 a b co s C
5
(1) sin 2  2sin cos

(2) cos 2  cos 2  sin 2  1  2sin 2  2 cos 2 1 rcs y arcsin( x 1 y2  y 1x2 )

xaarcsin
(1)arcsin x

2 tan 1  cot 2 arcc x  arccos y  arccos( xy  (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 ))

2)) arccos
(2)
(3) tan 2  (4) cot 2 
1  tan 2 2 cot x y
(3) arctan x  arctan y  arctan( )
1  cos 2 1  cos 2 1  xy
(5) sin 2  (6) cos 2 
2 2 (4) arcsin x  arccos x 
3 2
 
(1) sin  sin  2 sin cos (5) arctan x  arc cot x 
2 2 2
 
(2) sin  sin  2 cos sin
2 2
 
(3) cos  cos  2 cos cos
2 2
 
(4) cos  cos   2 sin sin
2 2
1
(5) sin cos  [sin(  )  sin(  )]
2
1
(6) cos cos  [cos(  )  cos(  )]
2
1
(7) cos sin  [sin(  )  sin(  )]
2

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