1

(tgx) sec 2 x (arcsin x)

2
1 x2
(ctgx) csc x
1
(sec x) sec x tgx (arccos x)
1 x2
(csc x) csc x ctgx 1
x x (arctgx)
(a ) a ln a 1 x2
1 1
(log a x) (arcctgx )
x ln a 1 x2

tgxdx ln cos x C dx
sec 2 xdx tgx C
cos 2 x
ctgxdx ln sin x C
dx
csc 2 xdx ctgx C
sec xdx ln sec x tgx C sin 2 x
sec x tgxdx sec x C
csc xdx ln csc x ctgx C
dx 1 x csc x ctgxdx csc x C
2 2
arctg C
a x a a ax
a x dx C
dx 1 x a ln a
2 2
ln C
x a 2a x a shxdx chx C
dx 1 a x
2 2
ln C chxdx shx C
a x 2a a x
dx x dx
arcsin C ln( x x2 a2 ) C
2 2
a2 x2 a x a

2 2
n n 1
In sin xdx cos n xdx In 2
0 0
n
x 2 a2
x2 a 2 dx x a2 ln( x x2 a2 ) C
2 2
x 2 a2
x 2 a 2 dx x a2 ln x x2 a2 C
2 2
x 2 a2 x
a2 x 2 dx a x2 arcsin C
2 2 a

2u 1 u2 x 2du
sin x cos x u tg dx
1 u2 1 u2 2 1 u2
 exe x sin x
: shx lim 1
2 x x
0

e e x
x 1
: chx lim(1 ) x e 2.718281828459045...
2 x x
shx e x e x
: thx
chx e x e x

arshx ln( x x2 1
archx ln( x x 2 1)
1 1 x
arthx ln
2 1 x

sin cos tg ctg

A
- -sin cos -tg -ctg
90°- cos sin ctg tg
90°+ cos -sin -ctg -tg
180°- sin -cos -tg -ctg
180°+ -sin -cos tg ctg
270°- -cos -sin ctg tg
270°+ -cos sin -ctg -tg
360°- -sin cos -tg -ctg
360°+ sin cos tg ctg

sin( ) sin cos cos sin sin sin 2 sin cos

2 2
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
tg tg sin sin 2 cos sin
tg ( ) 2 2
1 tg tg
ctg ctg 1 cos cos 2 cos cos
ctg ( ) 2 2
ctg ctg
cos cos 2 sin sin
2 2
 sin 2 2 sin cos
cos 2 2 cos 2 1 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 3 3 sin 4 sin 3
ctg 2 1 cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos
ctg 2 3
2ctg 3tg tg
tg 3
2tg 1 3tg 2
tg 2
1 tg 2

1 cos 1 cos
sin cos
2 2 2 2
1 cos 1 cos sin 1 cos 1 cos sin
tg ctg
2 1 cos sin 1 cos 2 1 cos sin 1 cos
a b c
2R c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
sin A sin B sin C

arcsin x arccos x arctgx arcctgx

2 2

n
(uv) ( n ) C nk u ( n k ) v ( k )
k 0

n(n 1) ( n 2 ) n(n 1) (n k 1) ( n k ) ( k )
u ( n ) v nu ( n 1) v u v u v uv ( n )
2! k!

f (b) f (a ) f ( )(b a)
f (b) f (a) f ( )
F (b) F (a) F ( )
F( x) x

ds 1 y 2 dx, y tg

K . : M M s MM
s
d y
M K lim .
s 0 s ds (1 y 2 ) 3
K 0;
1
a K .
a
 b
b a
f ( x) ( y0 y1 yn 1 )
a
n
b
b a 1
f ( x) [ ( y0 y n ) y1 yn 1 ]
a
n 2
b
b a
f ( x) [( y0 y n ) 2( y 2 y4 y n 2 ) 4( y1 y3 y n 1 )]
a
3n

W F s
F p A
mm
F k 1 2 2 ,k
r
b
1
y f ( x)dx
b aa
b
1
f 2 (t )dt
b aa

2 d M 1M 2 ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( z 2 z1 ) 2
Pr ju AB AB cos , AB u
Pr ju (a1 a 2 ) Pr ja1 Pr ja2
a b a b cos a x bx a y by a z bz , ,
a x bx a y by a z bz
cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ay az bx by bz
i j k
c a b ax ay az , c a b sin . v w r.
bx by bz
ax ay az
[a b c ] ( a b ) c bx by bz a b c cos ,
cx cy cz
1 A( x x0 ) B ( y y0 ) C ( z z0 ) 0 n { A, B, C}, M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
2 Ax By Cz D 0
x y z
3 1
a b c
Ax0 By0 Cz 0 D
d
A2 B2 C2
x x0 mt
x x0 y y0 z z0
t, s {m, n, p}; y y0 nt
m n p
z z0 pt

x2 y2 z 2
1 1
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2
2 z , p, q
2 p 2q
3
x2 y2 z2
1
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2
1
a2 b2 c2

z z u u u
dz dx dy du dx dy dz
x y x y z
z dz f x ( x, y ) x f y ( x, y ) y

dz z u z v
z f [u (t ), v(t )]
dt u t v t
z z u z v
z f [u ( x, y ), v( x, y )]
x u x v x
u u ( x, y ) v v ( x, y )
u u v v
du dx dy dv dx dy
x y x y

dy Fx d2y Fx Fx dy
F ( x, y ) 0 ( ) ( )
dx Fy dx 2 x Fy y Fy dx
z Fx z Fy
F ( x, y , z ) 0
x Fz y Fz
 F F
F ( x, y , u , v ) 0 (F ,G) u v Fu Fv
J
G ( x, y , u , v ) 0 (u , v) G G Gu Gv
u v
u 1 (F , G) v 1 (F , G)
x J ( x, v ) x J (u, x)
u 1 (F , G) v 1 ( F , G)
y J ( y, v) y J (u, y)

x (t )
x x0 y y0 z z0
y (t ) M ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
(t 0 ) (t 0 ) (t 0 )
z (t )
M (t 0 )( x x0 ) (t 0 )( y y0 ) (t 0 )( z z 0 ) 0
F ( x, y , z ) 0 Fy Fz Fz Fx Fx Fy
, T { , , }
G ( x, y , z ) 0 Gy G z Gz G x Gx Gy
F ( x, y , z ) 0 M ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
1 n {Fx ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ), Fy ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ), Fz ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )}
2 Fx ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( x x0 ) Fy ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( y y0 ) Fz ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( z z 0 ) 0
x x0 y y0 z z0
3
Fx ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) F y ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) Fz ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )

f f f
z f ( x, y ) p ( x, y ) l cos sin
l x y
x l
f f
z f ( x, y ) p ( x, y ) gradf ( x, y ) i j
x y
f
grad f ( x, y ) e e cos i sin j l
l

f
gradf ( x, y ) l
l

f x ( x0 , y 0 ) f y ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 f xx ( x0 , y0 ) A, f xy ( x0 , y0 ) B, f yy ( x0 , y0 ) C
A 0, ( x0 , y0 )
AC B 2 0
A 0, ( x0 , y0 )
AC B 2 0
AC B 2 0 ,
 f ( x, y )dxdy f (r cos , r sin )rdrd
D D

2 2
z z
z f ( x, y ) A 1 dxdy
D
x y
x ( x, y ) d y ( x, y )d
Mx D
My D
x , y
M ( x, y )d M ( x, y ) d
D D

x Ix y 2 ( x, y ) d , y Iy x 2 ( x, y )d
D D

xoy z M (0,0, a ), (a 0) F {Fx , Fy , Fz }

( x, y ) xd ( x, y ) yd ( x, y ) xd
Fx f 3
Fy f 3
Fz fa 3
D
(x2 y2 a2 ) 2 D
(x2 y2 a ) 2 2 D
(x2 y2 a2 )2

x r cos
y r sin , f ( x, y, z )dxdydz F (r , , z )rdrd dz,
z z
F (r , , z ) f (r cos , r sin , z )
x r sin cos
y r sin sin dv rd r sin d dr r 2 sin drd d
z r cos
2 r( , )

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz F (r , , )r 2 sin drd d d d F ( r , , ) r 2 sin dr

0 0 0

1 1 1
x x dv, y y dv, z z dv M x dv
M M M
Ix ( y2 z 2 ) dv Iy (x2 z 2 ) dv Iz (x2 y 2 ) dv

x (t )
f ( x, y ) L L , ( t ),
y (t )
2 2
x t
f ( x, y )ds f [ (t ), (t )] (t ) (t )dt ( )
L
y (t )
 x (t )
L
y (t )

P ( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy {P[ (t ), (t )] (t ) Q[ (t ), (t )] (t )}dt

L

Pdx Qdy ( P cos Q cos )ds

L L

L
Q P Q P
( )dxdy Pdx Qdy ( )dxdy Pdx Qdy
D
x y L D
x y L

Q P 1
P y, Q x 2 D A dxdy xdy ydx
x y D
2L
·
1 G
Q P
2 P ( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) G (0,0)
x y

·
Q P
Pdx Qdy u ( x, y )
x y
( x, y)

u ( x, y ) P ( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy x0 y0 0
( x0 , y0 )

f ( x, y, z )ds f [ x, y, z ( x, y )] 1 z x2 ( x, y ) z y2 ( x, y )dxdy
Dxy

P( x, y, z )dydz Q( x, y, z )dzdx R( x, y, z )dxdy

R( x, y, z )dxdy R[ x, y, z ( x, y )]dxdy
Dxy

P( x, y, z )dydz P[ x( y, z ), y, z ]dydz
D yz

Q ( x, y, z )dzdx Q[ x, y ( z, x), z ]dzdx

Dzx

Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy ( P cos Q cos R cos )ds

 P Q R
( ) dv Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy ( P cos Q cos R cos ) ds
x y z

P Q R
div , div 0, ...
x y z
A n ds An ds (P cos Q cos R cos ) ds

div Adv An ds

R Q P R Q P
( )dydz ( )dzdx ( )dxdy Pdx Qdy Rdz
y z z x x y
dydz dzdx dxdy cos cos cos

x y z x y z
P Q R P Q R
R Q P R Q P
y z z x x y
i j k
rotA
x y z
P Q R
A Pdx Qdy Rdz A t ds

1 qn
1 q q2 qn 1

1 q
( n 1)n
1 2 3 n
2
1 1 1
1
2 3 n
1
1
lim n u n 1
n
1
2
1
U
lim n 1 1
n Un
1
3
sn u1 u 2 u n ; lim sn
n

u1 u 2 u3 u 4 ( u1 u 2 u3 , un 0)
un un 1
s u1 , rn rn un
lim u n 0 1
n

(1)u1 u 2 un un
(2) u1 u2 u3 un
(2) (1)
(2) (1) (1)
1 ( 1) n
n n
1
n2
1
p
np p 1
 1
2 3 n
x 1
1 x x x x 1 x
x 1
(3)a0 a1 x a2 x 2 an x n
x R
R x R R
x R
1
0 R
an 1
lim an an 1 (3) 0 R
n an
R 0

f ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 )( x x0 ) ( x x0 ) 2 ( x x0 ) n
2! n!
f ( n 1) ( )
Rn ( x x0 ) n 1 , f ( x ) lim Rn 0
(n 1)! n

f ( 0) 2 f ( n ) ( 0) n
x0 0 f ( x) f ( 0) f ( 0) x x x
2! n!

m(m 1) 2 m(m 1) (m n 1) n
(1 x) m 1 mx x x ( 1 x 1)
2! n!
x3 x5 x 2n 1
sin x x ( 1) n 1
( x )
3! 5! (2n 1)!

e ix e ix
cos x
e ix cos x i sin x 2
e e ix
ix
sin x
2

a0
f (t ) A0 An sin( n t n ) (an cos nx bn sin nx)
n 1 2 n 1

a0 aA0 an An sin n bn An cos n t x

1, sin x, cos x, sin 2 x, cos 2 x sin nx, cos nx [ , ]
0
 a0
f ( x) (an cos nx bn sin nx) 2
2 n 1

1
an f ( x) cos nxdx (n 0,1,2 )

1
bn f ( x)sinnxdx (n 1,2,3 )

2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2
3 52 8 2 32 42 6
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
1 2
2 4 62 24 2 32 42 12
2
an 0 bn f ( x) sin nxdx n 1,2,3 f ( x) bn sin nx
0

2 a0
bn 0 an f ( x) cos nxdx n 0,1,2 f ( x) an cos nx
0
2

2l
 a0 n x n x
f ( x) (an cos bn sin ) 2l
2 n 1 l l
l
1 n x
an f ( x) cos dx (n 0,1,2 )
l l l
l
1 n x
bn f ( x) sin dx (n 1,2,3 )
l l l

y f ( x, y ) P ( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy 0
g ( y )dy f ( x)dx
g ( y )dy f ( x)dx G( y) F ( x) C
dy y
f ( x, y ) ( x, y )
dx x
y dy du du dx du y
u u x u (u ) u
x dx dx dx x (u ) u x

dy
1 P ( x ) y Q ( x)
dx
P ( x ) dx
Q( x) 0 , y Ce
P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx
Q( x) 0 y ( Q ( x)e dx C )e
dy
2 P( x) y Q( x) y n (n 0,1)
dx

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy 0
u u
du ( x, y ) P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy 0 P ( x, y ) Q ( x, y )
x y
u ( x, y ) C

d2y dy f ( x) 0
P( x) Q ( x) y f ( x)
dx 2 dx f ( x) 0

(*) y py qy 0 p, q

1 ( )r 2 pr q 0 r2 r (*) y ,y,y
2 ( ) r1 , r2
3 r1 , r2 (*)

(*)
r1 r2

( p 2 4q 0) y c1e r1x c2 e r2 x

( p 2 4q 0) y (c1 c2 x)e r1x

( p 2 4q 0) y e x (c1 cos x c2 sin x)

r1 i r2 i
p 4q p 2
2 2

y py qy f ( x ) p, q
x
f ( x) e Pm ( x)
f ( x) e x [ Pl ( x) cos x Pn ( x) sin x]

1
A A A
A A A
A ( AB) A A (A B) A

A B AB A ( AB)

A B AB AB A B

n n n n
Ai Ai Ai Ai
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

P( A ) 1 P( A)

A B P( B A) P( B) P( A)
 A, B, P( B A) P( B ) P( AB)

A, B,

P( A B) P( A) P ( B) P( AB)

P( A B) P( A) P( B)

n n n
P( Ai ) P( Ai ) P( Ai A j ) P( Ai A j Ak ) ( 1) n 1 P( A1 A2 An )
i 1 i 1 1 i j n 1 i j k n

P ( AB)
PB A
P( A)

P ( AB) P( A) P B A ( P ( A) 0)

P( A1 A2 An ) P( A1 ) P A2 A1 P An A1 A2 An 1

( P ( A1 A2 An 1 ) 0)

n n
P ( A) P ( ABi ) P( Bi ) P( A Bi )
i 1 i 1

Bayes

P( ABk ) P( Bk ) P( A Bk )
P( Bk A) n
P( A)
P( Bi ) P( A Bi )
i 1

P (a X b) P ( X b) P ( X a)
F (b) F (a)
5

(1) 0–1

P( X k) p k (1 p)1 k , k 0,1

(2) B(n, p )

P(A)=p

P( X k ) Cnk p k (1 p ) n k , k 0,1, ,n

* Possion
lim npn 0
n

k
lim Cnk pnk (1 pn ) n k
e
n k!
k 0,1,2,

(3) Poisson P( )

k
P( X k) e , k 0,1,2,
k!

(1) U ( a, b)

1
, a x b
f ( x) b a
0,

0,
x a
F ( x) ,
b a
1

(2) E( )

x
e , x 0
f ( x)
0,
 0, x 0
F ( x) x
1 e , x 0

(3) N( , 2)
(x )2
1 2
f ( x) e 2
x
2
(t )2
1 x 2
F ( x) e 2
dt
2

* N (0,1) —
x2
1
( x) e 2
x
2
t2
1 x
( x) e 2
dt x
2

7.

( X ,Y )
x y
F ( x, y ) f (u , v)dvdu

x
FX ( x) f (u, v)dvdu

f X ( x) f ( x, v)dv
y
FY ( y ) f (u, v)dudv

fY ( y ) f (u, y )du

8.

(1) G U(G)

1
, ( x, y ) G
f ( x, y ) A
0,
(2)
2 2
1 (x 1) (x 1 )( y 2) (y 2)
2
1 2 (1 2
) 2 2
f ( x, y ) e 1 1 2 2

2
2 1 2 1
x , y

9.

f ( x, y ) f X ( x) f Y X ( y x) f X ( x) 0

fY ( y ) f X Y ( x y ) fY ( y ) 0

f X ( x) f ( x, y )dy f X Y ( x y ) fY ( y )dy

fY ( y ) f ( x, y )dx fY X ( y x) f X ( x)dx

f ( x, y ) f Y X ( y x) f X ( x)
f X Y ( x y)
fY ( y ) fY ( y)

f ( x, y ) f X Y ( x y ) fY ( y )
f Y X ( y x)
f X ( x) f X ( x)

10.

E( X ) x k pk
k 1

E( X ) xf ( x )dx

X k

E( X k )

X k

E (| X |k )
X k

E (( X E ( X )) k )

E (( X E ( X )) 2 ) D( X )

X ,Y k+l

E ( X kY l )

X ,Y k+l

E (X E ( X )) k (Y E (Y ))l

X ,Y

E ( XY )

X ,Y X ,Y

E (X E ( X ))(Y E (Y ))

X ,Y

(X E ( X ))(Y E (Y ))
E XY
D( X ) D(Y )

X
D (X ) = E ((X - E(X))2)

D( X ) E( X 2 ) E 2 ( X )

cov( X , Y ) E (X E ( X ))(Y E (Y ))

E ( XY ) E ( X ) E (Y )

1
D( X Y ) D( X ) D(Y )
2
 cov( X , Y )
XY
D( X ) D(Y )

A B B A
A B C A B C

c A B cA cB c d A cA dA

c dA cd A
cA 0 c 0 A 0
T
AT A
T
A B AT BT

T
cA c AT

T
AB B T AT
nn 1
nn 1 21 C n2
2
D a 21 A21 a 22 A22 a 2 n A2 n

AT A

1 1
A
A

cA cn A

, 1 2 , , 1 , , 2 ,

A 1 , 2 , 3 3
B 1 , 2 , 3

A B A B

A B 1 1 , 2 2 , 3 3

A B 1 1 , 2 2 , 3 3

A A 0
AB
0 B B

E i, j c 1

C ij ai1b1 j ai 2 b2 j ain bnj

A1 A2 B A1 B A2 B

A B1 B2 AB1 AB2

cA B c AB A cB

AB C A BC

T
AB B T AT

AB AB

Ak Al Ak l

l
Ak A kl
k
AB Ak B k
AE A EA A
A kE kA kE A kA
AB E BA E

k
AB Ak B k

A
A2 2 A 3E A 3E A E
 AB 0 A 0 B 0
A 0 AB 0 B 0
A 0 AB AC B C
A A
AB AC B C
BA CA B C
A A
AB 0 B 0
AB AC B C

i A

1 1 T
AT AT A

1 1 k
Ak Ak A

1 1 1
c 0 cA cA A
c

1
ii A B n AB AB B 1A 1

A B n AB E BA E

1
E i, j E i, j

1 1
Eic E i
c

1
E i, j c E i, j c
 A11 0 0 0 A111 0 0 0
0 A22 0 0 1 0 A221 0 0
A Aii A
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 Akk 0 0 0 Akk1

AA* A* A AE

A* 1 A*
A A E A
A A

1 A 1 A
A* A 1
A1* A 1
A 1

A A

n 1 1
A* A , A* AA

T
AT * A* ,

cA * c n 1 A * ,

AB * B * A*,

k
Ak * A*

n 2 a b
A* * A A n 2 A* * A A*
c d
T k 1 *
i)
T
AT * A*

1 1
A* A *

T 1
ii) AB B T AT , AB B 1A 1

AB * B * A*

k
AB B k Ak

0 1 , 2 , , s
 i 1 , 2 , , s

1 , 2 , , s x1 1 x2 2 xs s

T
1 , 2 , , s x x x1 , , xs

Ax A

AB C r1 , r2 , , rs A 1 , 2 , , n

r1 , r2 , , rs 1 , 2 , , n

1 , 2 , , t 1 , 2 , , s

C 1 , 2 , , t 1 , 2 , , s C

1 , 2 , , t 1 , 2 , , s r1 , r2 , , rp

1 , 2 , , t r1 , r2 , , rp

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , t

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , t

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , t

s 1 x 0 0

s 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 a1 : b1 a 2 : b2 a n : bn

s= n 1 , , n 1 n 0

A 1 , 2 , , n Ax 0 A 0

s n 1 , 2 , , s

Ax 0 n s
 1 , 2 , , s

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , s , 1 , 2 , , s

c1 , , cs , c 0 c1 1 cs s c 0

c 0 c1 , , cs 0 c1 1 cs s 0 1 , , s

c1 cs
1 s
c c

1 , , s 1 s

1 s

1 , , t 1 , , s t s 1 , , t

A 1 , , s B 1 , , t

s t C B AC

Cx 0 s t s t C 0

B AC 0 Bx 0 1 , , t

1 , 2 , , s s n

1 , 2 , , s

1 s 1 , , s 1 , , s

1 t 1 s 1 t
t s
 1 s 1 t s t

I # I 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 I I

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , s s

1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , s , 1 , , s

1 , 2 , , s I

I 1 , 2 , , s , I,

1 , , s I I,

1 , , s , 1 s
1 , , s ,
1 , , s 1, / 1 , , s

1 , , s 1 , , s , 1 , , s s

1 , , t 1 , , s 1 , , s , 1 , , t 1 , , s

1 , , t 1 , , s

1 , , s 1 , , t 1 , , s 1 s , 1 t 1 , , t

0 r A min m, n

r A 0 A 0

A r A m

A r A n

n A r A n
A A
A 0

A
Ax 0 Ax
 r AT r A

c 0 r cA r A

r A B r A r B

r AB min r A , r B

A r AB r B

A AB B
ABx 0 Bx 0
ABx 0 AB 0

B 0 Bx 0

B r AB r A

AB 0 r A r B n A B

A r AB r B

B r AB r A

r AB n r A r B

1 Ax 0

1 , 2 , , e
c1 1 c2 2 ce e

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dim L 1 , 2 , , s r 1 , 2 , , s 1 , 2 , , s

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c1 , c 2 , , ck 1 , 2 , , k k

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1 , 2 , , k c1 , c 2 , , ck c 1 , 2 , , k

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c1i , c 2i , , c ki

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c 21 c 22 c2 k
C

ck1 ck 2 c kk

C 1 , 2 , , k 1 , 2 , , k
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V 1 , 2 , , k 1 , 2 , , k

T T
x x1 , x 2 , , xk y y1 , y 2 , , yk

1 , 2 , , k x

1 , 2 , , k y 1 , 2 , , k Cy

x Cy

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T T 1 T
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1 0 1 0
0 3 0 8
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AB= =BA
AB BA AB E BA E
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