Department of Optometry

Name: Iqra Salam

bsop-fa19-001
8th Sem
Subject: Ocular Pharmacology
Instructor: Dr. Nimra Gull
Assignment: Different Ocular Drugs with their Specifications

Submission to: Dr. Nimra Gull

Submission date : 14th April,2023

 Purpose of Ocular Drugs
Ocular drugs are medications that are used to treat various eye conditions and diseases. These
drugs may be administered in the form of eye drops, ointments, or oral medications. The
purpose of ocular drugs is to alleviate symptoms and/or treat underlying conditions that affect
the eyes.
Types of drugs:
Anaesthetics, Steroids, Cycloplegics, Mydriatics, Dry eye disorder drugs, NSAIDS and Opioids are
used in various forms in case of different eye conditions.
1) Anaesthetics
Anaesthetics are drugs or agents that are used to produce a loss of sensation or consciousness,
usually for medical or surgical purposes. They work by blocking nerve impulses in the brain and
body, resulting in a temporary loss of feeling, sensation, and sometimes muscle control. There
are three kinds of anaesthetic: general, regional and local. 

 General Anaesthetics: cause loss of consciousness and the ability to feel pain
throughout the body. Examples include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and nitrous
oxide.

Generic Name Brand Name Uses Adverse effects Picture

Diprivan Propofol procedural sedation, Blurred vision,
or as an induction confusion, sweating,
agent, as a bolus or bluish lips or skin,
infusion mobility problem,
chest pain.

 Ketamine Ketamine Used in minor surgery, Hypertension,

hydrochloride treatment for CRPS, tachycardia, double
depression, vision, increased IOP,
schizophrenia seizures, muscle
twitching

Local Anaesthesia: Local anaesthetics are medications that produce a reversible loss of
sensation in a specific area of the body without causing unconsciousness. These can be divided
into 2 categories. Amides and Esters.
Amides include (lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine).
 Esters include (Cocaine, tetracaine, procaine).

Generic Name Brand Uses Side effects Picture

Name
Xylocaine Lidocaine Treatment of acute Drowsiness, tinnitus,
(Amide) pain, potent twitching,
analgesic, used to cardiovascular
treat minor burns, depression, dysgeusia,
scraps or insect bites seizures,

Novocain Procaine Numbness of Epithelial and

(Esters) superficial cornea and endothelial toxicity,
conjunctiva, phaco in Alteration of
cooperative patients, lacrimation, surface
keratopathy, nausea,
vomiting

2) Cycloplegics: temporarily paralyzes the ciliary muscle in the eye and relaxes
accommodation. These are primarily used for diagnostic purpose, Cycloplegics are also
used therapeutically to treat certain eye conditions, such as uveitis, accommodative
esotropia, amblyopia.
e.g: Atropine, homatropine, cyclopentolate, and tropicamide.

Generic Brand Uses Adverse effects picture

Name Name
Atropine Atropine Mydriasis, Dryness of mouth,
sulfate cycloplegia, fever, tachycardia,
penalization, manage constipation, double
symptoms of and blur vision,
Parkinson’s disease dermatitis,
and excess conjunctivitis,
secretions, treat increase IOP
bradycardia
 Homatropine Homatropine Mydriasis, treat of Allergy, dryness of
methylbromid uveitis, iritis, vascular mouth and skin,
e conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting,
manage symptoms of flushing of face, eye
amblyopia and redness
strabismus
3) Mydriatics: used to dilate the pupils of the eyes. These drugs work by relaxing the
muscles in the iris. Common mydriatics include atropine, phenylephrine, and
tropicamide and hydroxyemphetamine.

Generic name Brand name Uses Adverse effects Picture

Phenylephrine Phenyl-T Mydriasis, nasal Anaphylaxis, tremors,
hydrochloride congestion, arrhythmia, chest
hypotension, pain, palpitations,
haemorrhoids, nausea, vomiting,
local anaesthesia, headache
shock

4) NSAIDS: NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are commonly used to relieve

pain, reduce fever, and decrease inflammation. examples of NSAIDs include aspirin,
ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and celecoxib.
Classified into : Salicylates, Propionic acid derivatives, Acetic acid derivatives, Selective COX-2
inhibitors and Oxicams.

Generic name Brand name uses Adverse effects picture

Acetylsalicylic Aspirin Fever and pain Stomach upset and
acid relief, blood clot bleeding, tinnitus,
prevention, anti- Reye’s syndrome,
inflammatory, allergy, asthma,
cancer prevention, peptic ulcer,
RA, heart attack, idiosyncrasy
stroke

5) Steroids: also known as corticosteroids or anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).

Corticosteroids are used primarily as anti-inflammatory medications. They work by
reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system. They are mainly classified
into 2 main classes: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids. Coopman Classification:
Based on chemical structure it is divided into 4 classes. Group A (Hydrocortisone,
Prednisolone), Group B (Triamcinolone Acetonide), Group C (Betamethasone,
Dexamethasone) and Group D (Hydrocortisone-17-butyrate).
 Generic name Brand name uses Adverse effects picture
Prednisolone Orapred, Used to treat Weight gain, fluid
(Group A) prednisol eczema, retention, insomnia,
dermatitis, SLE, hypertension,
MS, cancer cataract

Triamcinolone Aristocort, Treatment of Dry skin, anxiety,

acetonide Nasacort dermatitis, insomnia, redness of
(Group B) psoriasis, sinusitis, face, Osteoporosis,
oral ulcers, acne
uveitis,
conjunctivitis
Dexamethasone Dexasone, Cerebral edema, Cataract, glaucoma,
(Group C) Maxidex swelling, weight gain,
bronchitis, insomnia, nausea,
pneumonia, SLE, vomiting, swelling,
MS, skin rash, fluid retention,
blephritis, depression,
conjuctivitis, DED hypertension
Hydrocortisone Cortef,Solu- Joint pain, Skin thinning and
(Group D) Cortef eczema, irritation, delay
Hydrocortone inflammatory healing, more
bowl decrease infection rate,
adrenal supression

6) Opioids: used for pain relief. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and
spinal cord, which can reduce the perception of pain. Common opioid medications
include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl.
They are classified into Strong agonist (Morphine), Moderate agonists (Codeine), Mixed
agonist (Pentazocine) and Pure agonist (Naloxone).

Generic name Brand name uses Adverse effects picture

Morphine Avinza, Acute pulmonary Sedation, nausea,
(Strong agonist) Roxanol edema, coughing, vomiting, difficulty
acute pain urinating, decreased
libido, sweating,
flushing
Codeine Robitussin A-C Pain relief, cough Dry mouth, itching,
sulphate ,Cheracol suppression, rash, respiratory
(Moderate diarrheah, depression, nausea,
agonist) sedation vomiting, headache

Naloxone Narcan, Evzio Reversal of Tremors, shaking,

(Pure agonist) narcotic induced rapid heartbeat,
depression, sweating
coma,

7) Ocular Hypotensive/ antiglaucoma drugs: used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in

people with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Classified into Prostaglandin analogs
(Latanoprost), Beta blockers (Timolol), Adrenergic agonist (Brimonidine), Carbonic
anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide), Cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine).

Generic name Brand name Uses Adverse effects picture

Latanoprost Xalatan To lower Dry eyes, ocular pain,
(Prostaglandin) increased IOP in blur vision, hyper
open angle lacrimation,
glaucoma photophobia

Timolol Timoptic Reduce IOP, Bradycardia, heart

(b-blocker) Betimol acute angle attack,
glaucoma Bronchospasm

Brimonidine Alphagan-P Lowers IOP by Less potent, allergy,

(Adrenergic decreasing redness, lid swelling
agonist) aqueous
production
Acetazolamide Diamox Treat all type of Transient myopia,
(CAI) glaucoma, dermatitis,
reduce IOP hypokalaemia
, fatigue,
weight loss
Pilocarpine Carpine Acute angle Chills and fever,
(Cholinergic closure and nausea, vomiting,
agonist) secondary diuresis, diarrhea
glaucoma

8) Decongestants: are used to relieve nasal congestion. They work by narrowing the blood
vessels in the nasal passages, which reduces swelling and congestion. These can be
topical or oral. Common decongestants include, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine,
oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline.

Generic name Brand name uses Adverse effects picture

xylometazoline Otrivin, Afrin, Sinusitis, Stinging, burning,
and Xynosine eustachian, dryness of nasal
common cold, passage, insomnia,
allergic rhinitis nausea, severe
headache, visual
disturbance

9) Dry eye Disease (DED): also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition where the eyes
don't produce enough tears, or the tears evaporate too quickly. Treatment options for
dry eye disease include artificial tears, prescription eye drops, punctal plugs (which help
to retain tears), and lifestyle changes such as using a humidifier and taking frequent
breaks from screens.

Generic name Brand Name Uses Adverse effects Picture

propylene Systane Relieve dryness, Stinging sensation,
glycol itching, burning, watery eyes,
meibomian headache, rash,
gland hives,
dysfunction, photosensitivity,
blepharitis, discharge or crusting
discomfort by
CL
Hydroxypropyl GenTeal Relief from Stinging sensation,
methylcellulose allergies, eye watery eyes,
fatigue, sun headache, rash,
exposure, hives,
irritation, sooth photosensitivity,
and lubricate discharge or crusting
the eyes