Nicotine

Medical

Nicotine is used to help treat addiction to

or dependence on smoking cigarettes.
Quitting smoking abruptly can cause one
to experience many severe effects and
cravings called withdrawal symptoms.
Products that deliver low doses of nicotine
ate sometimes used to ease the quitting
process and manage withdrawal
symptomns.

Hygrine
 Hygrine
Pyrrolidine alkaloids (hyg
Physlol Proprti It is under b
Chemical formula CHN isused as a
Nolar mass 7L12 gmol
Apper ance Clear coloess lqud
Density O866 grom
Meing point -63C (-81 T, 210 K
Boleg point 87C (LS, 60
Sokublity nwater Miscble
112pK, of conugate add in water)
Acday (pkJ 1956 pK, ofconjugate acid in
acetonit le)
central
activity
unu
ids (hygrine)
hs under biosynthetic classificat on that are discussed side 7 it
is used as arthc onvulsants

H,c N

H3
hygrine
2 central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain
activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of
unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of
awareness
 Quinine
Quinine is amedication used to treat malaria and babesiosis, The
includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium folciporumthat
resistant to chloroquine when artesunate ís not available.
" While used for restless legs syndzome, it is not recommended for this
purpose due to the risk of side effects.
" It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously, Malaria resistant to
quinine oCcurs in certain areas of the world.
Quinine i_ also the ingredient in toniç water that gives it its bitter taste.
" Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble
seeihg. and sweating. More severe side effects include deafnes, low
biocd platelets, and an irregular heartbeat.
Use çan make one more prone to sunburn.
Whil it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, use
to treat malaria during pregnancy is still recommended. Quinine is
an alkaloid anaturally occurring chemical compound.
As of 2006, it is no longer recommended by the WHO (Worid Heaith
Organization) as a first-line treatment for malaria, and it should be used
only when artemisinins are not available
Quinjne is also used to treat lupus and arthritis.
 a dsease of Catte and other
ivestock. ransmted by the bite of
icks t affects he red blood cels
and causes the passing oéd or
is This blackinh urne.
that is
HO
or this

tant to

taste.
" 1820 Peletier &caventou isolated quinine
from cinchona bark.
rouble
5s, low "Mechanism of action:
-Similar tochioroquine
Artemisinin is an antimalarial lactone
derived from qinghao. Artemisia annua or
by, use sweet wormwood) The medicinal value of
nine is this plant has been known to the Chinese
for at least 2,000 years
Lupus s a long-tem autoimune
Health disease n which the bodys mmune
Wyster becomes hyperactive 2hd
be used attacks nomal heaithry
Synpoms incude infaromation,
Sweflirg, nd damage o he jot
skan, kadneys, biood, hezt, and ungs

2023/6/22
 Adverse drug reactions
Myotonia congenita is a genetc dsease char
the skeietal muscies to quckly relax after vount

Cinchonism:
Tinnitus, nausea &vomiting
Headache mental confusion, vertigo,
/ dificulty in hearing &visual disturbances
Diarthoea, flushing &marked perspiration
" Stil higher doses, exagerated symptoms abnormally
with delirium, fever, tachypnoea, breathing rapd

respiratory depression, cyanosis.

Delirium is an abrupt change in the brain that
causes mental confusion and emotional
disruption. It makes it difficult to think,
remember, sleep, pay attention, and more.

2023/6ye
 Cyanosis refers to a bluish

sease characterized
Uses
by the inability of
Cast to the skin and mucous
membranes If's
caused by low Oxygen leveis
usually

ater vokuntary movements in the red blood cels or

problems getting oxygenated
"Malaria: biood to your body

- uncomplicated resistant falciparum malaria

-Cerebral malarial
"Myotonia congenita: 300 to 600 mg BD/ TDS
" Nocturnal muscle cramps: 200 - 300 mg
"active at night.
before sleeping Varicose veins
Superticial veins that
afe

Spermicidal in vaginalcreams have become énlarged

and twisted

"Varicose veins: along with urethane causes

thrombosis &fibrosis of varicose vein mass
2023/6/22 00:2
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Reserpine
USE:
Reserpine: lowers BP by depleting store of catecholamine at nerve
ending. prevent re-uptake of nor-epinephrine at storage sites, allowing
enzymatic destiruction of neuronal ransmitter.
Neuropsychiatric disorder
USES
t is used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Hence called as universal
medicine for lowering blood pressure.
t cures insomia, hysteria and hypertension Schizop
severe
tis also useful for in the treatme nt of cataract. affects
feels, an
>t also cures plague and fever.
Sarpagandha is sed for the tre atment of Schizophrenia
is used in different countries as a sedative and
ranquilizer.
Sarpagandha is jalso used for rheumatism, edema and intestinal diseases.
his alo used against constipation and dizziness

1. Most powerful
Morphine
nalgesie used in
at nerve

es allowing
N H

universal

Schizophrenia is a chronic and

severe mental disorder that
affects how a person thinks,
feels, and behaves.
 Morphine
1. Most powerfu analgesic used in cases of severe pain as post operative pain, Morphin
causes ad
bone fractures, cancer patients & in cases of angina response
Sedates C
2. Remedy in convulions. relex cem
3. Precede the use of anesthetics to increase their efficacy Trggers
Respirat
4. Used as an antagonists for poisonous effects of other alkaloids as strychnine,
atropine, phytohtigmine.
HO
Jose: Morphine Sulfate parentrally is 1Omg 6/day.

Ho
ain
Morphine: potent analgesic, due to central narcoic effects,
an causes addiction. Severe pain or when patient does not show
response to other narcotic
Sedates cerebrum and medula ’ respiration, emetic &cough
reflex center
Trigers Chemo receptor trigger zone’ nausea, vomiting
Respiratory depression adconstipation
ninc.

Angina is a
type of chest
pain caused by
reduced blood
flow to the
heart.
 What is Cocaine?
Cocaine (benzoyl-methyl-ecgonine)
(C17H21NO4) is
a colorless,odorless,crystalline alkaloid
with better taste prepared from the
leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant.
" Which grows in ^outh America,India
and Java.

" According to the National Institute of Drug

Abuse (NIDA), cocqine is:"A powerfully
addictive drug that can be sniffed, injected,
chewed or smoked
Cocaine has been classified as a Schedule Il drug
by the United States
 Cocaine
CH,
HC--N.

When given locally

" Cocaine produces anesthesia by inhibiting excitation
of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in
peripheral nerves.
This is achieved by reversibly binding to and
inactivating sodium channels.
Sodium influx through these channels is necessary
for the depolarization of nerve cellmembrancs and
subscquent propagation of impulses along the course
of the nerve.

irug
 " When a nerve loses its ability to propagate
an impulse, the individual loses sensation in
the area supplied by the nerve. na
" Desensitizes the terminal nerves and causes
vasoconstriction at the site of local
application.
Therapeutic Uses of Cocaine
Cocaine is used by health care professionals to
temporarily numb the lining of the mouth, nose, and
throat (mucous membranes) before certain medical
procedures (e.g., biopsy, stitches, wound cleaning).
" It is an anesthetic that works quickly to numb the area
about 1-2 minutes after application.
" Cocaine also causes blood vessels to
narrow, an effect that can decrease bleeding
and swelling from the procedure.
" It isalso sometimes used in palliative carg
of terminally illpatient
Page | 9
 When given locally
"Cocaine produces anesthesia by inhibiting excitation
of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in
peripheral nerves.
" This is achieved by reversibly binding to and
inactivating sodium channels
" Sodium influx through these channels is necessary
for the depolarization of nerve cel! membranes and
subsequent propagation of impulses along the course
of the nerve.

ity to propagate
loses sensation in
rve.
narrowing of the blood vessels
nerves and causes
of iocal
relieving pain without
dealing with the cause of
the condition
f Cocaine
professionals to