PART A (6 X 2 MARKS =12 MARKS)

1.The effects of EMI and its mitigation is crucial in electronics system design, justify the statement.

EMI, or electromagnetic interference, can cause significant disruptions or failures in electronics

systems, which can result in safety hazards, reduced performance, and increased costs. EMI can be
caused by various sources such as electromagnetic radiation from other electronic devices, power
surges, and lightning strikes. Mitigating EMI involves implementing measures such as shielding,
grounding, filtering, and proper component placement and routing to prevent or minimize the
impact of EMI. Therefore, EMI and its mitigation are crucial in electronics system design to ensure
reliable and safe operation of electronic devices.

2. List the causes of ESD Phenomena, give one example

1. Triboelectric charging

2. Conduction

3. Induction

4. Capacitive coupling

5. Lightning strikes

6. Faulty equipment

7. Electrical noise

8. Switching transients

9. Power surges

10. Static electricity buildup

Examples:

1. Rubbing a balloon on a sweater (Triboelectric charging)

2. Touching a metal object after walking on a carpet (Conduction)

3. Bringing a charged object close to an uncharged object (Induction)

3.State the applications that has significance of Transient phenomena and suppression

Transient phenomena and suppression are significant in various applications where the protection of
electronic equipment is critical. Some of the applications that require transient suppression are:

Power systems: Transient suppression is essential in power systems to prevent overvoltage and
overcurrent events caused by lightning strikes, switching events, and other transient events.

Telecommunications: Transient suppression is crucial in telecommunications systems to protect

against power surges and lightning strikes, which can damage sensitive electronic components.

Automotive electronics: Transient suppression is important in automotive electronics to protect

against voltage spikes and other transient events that can damage electronic components and
sensors.

Medical equipment: Transient suppression is necessary in medical equipment to prevent electrical

noise and spikes that can affect the accuracy of medical devices and potentially harm patients.

Aerospace and defense: Transient suppression is critical in aerospace and defense applications to
protect electronic systems against lightning strikes, high-altitude electromagnetic pulses, and other
transient events that can cause catastrophic failures.

In all of these applications, transient suppression is necessary to ensure the safe and reliable
operation of electronic equipment and prevent damage or failure caused by transient events.

4. Enumerate the Basic principles of EMI measurements

The basic principles of EMI measurements are signal and noise separation, wide frequency range,
appropriate signal level, controlled measurement environment, adherence to established
measurement standards, calibration of equipment, and interference source characterization. These
principles are essential for accurate and repeatable EMI measurements. EMI measurements must be
made according to established standards to ensure that the results are meaningful and comparable.
5. Name any two EMI measuring instruments and their functions

There are various EMI measuring instruments available in the market that are used to measure the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by electronic devices. Two commonly used
instruments are:

1. Spectrum Analyzer: A spectrum analyzer is an instrument used to measure the frequency

spectrum of a signal. It is used to identify the frequency components of an EMI signal and to
determine the frequency range in which the EMI is occurring. This information can be used to
identify the source of the interference and to design effective EMI mitigation techniques.

2. Electromagnetic Field Meter: An electromagnetic field meter is an instrument used to

measure the strength of an electromagnetic field. It is used to determine the intensity of the EMI
generated by electronic devices and to identify the areas where the EMI levels are the highest. This
information can be used to design effective EMI shielding and grounding techniques.

6. Summarize important functions of CISPR 22, FCC Part 15 EMC standards

CISPR 22 and FCC Part 15 are EMC standards that set limits on the amount of EMI that electronic
devices can produce. They both provide guidelines for the design of equipment to reduce EMI and
improve EMC, and ensure that electronic devices do not interfere with radio and communication
equipment. CISPR 22 specifically sets limits for ITE while FCC Part 15 regulates unintentional
emissions of electronic devices in the US.

6MRKS

1. Enumerate on Anechoic chambers, applications and operating

priniciple
Anechoic chambers are specialized enclosures designed to minimize reflections
of electromagnetic waves, sound waves, or other types of waves. They are used
to perform accurate measurements and testing of antennas, wireless devices, and
other electronic equipment. The following are some applications and operating
principles of anechoic chambers:

Applications:

1. Antenna testing: Anechoic chambers are commonly used to test and

characterize the performance of antennas in a controlled environment.
2. EMC/EMI testing: Anechoic chambers are used to measure the
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference
(EMI) of electronic devices by simulating free-space conditions.
3. Acoustic testing: Anechoic chambers are also used in acoustic testing to
measure the sound absorption and transmission characteristics of
materials and devices.
Operating principle: Anechoic chambers work by using special materials and
structures that absorb electromagnetic waves, sound waves, or other types of
waves to minimize reflections. The walls, ceiling, and floor of the chamber are
covered with absorptive materials, such as foam, fiberglass, or ferrite tiles, that
convert the energy of the waves into heat or other forms of energy. The
chamber is also shielded from external electromagnetic interference to ensure
accurate measurements. A source antenna or device under test (DUT) is placed
in the chamber, and measurements are taken using specialized testing
equipment. The result is a highly controlled testing environment where
measurements can be taken with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability.

2. Elaborate some advanced techniques for minimizing EMI coupling

in complex electronic systems, such as those used in Defence
applications

Minimizing EMI coupling in complex electronic systems is crucial for

ensuring the reliable and effective operation of electronic equipment,
especially in defense applications. Here are some advanced techniques
that are commonly used to minimize EMI coupling in such systems:

Grounding: Proper grounding is essential to minimize EMI coupling in

electronic systems. Grounding techniques such as star grounding, signal
isolation, and shielding can be used to reduce the impact of EMI.

EMI filters: EMI filters are designed to reduce electromagnetic

interference by blocking unwanted signals and allowing only desired
signals to pass through. They can be used in power supplies, signal lines,
and other critical areas to minimize EMI.

Shielding: Shielding involves the use of conductive materials to create a

barrier that blocks electromagnetic fields from entering or exiting an
electronic system. Shielding can be applied to individual components,
cables, or entire systems, and it is a highly effective technique for
minimizing EMI.

Signal integrity analysis: Signal integrity analysis is a technique that is

used to identify and analyze sources of noise and interference in
electronic systems. It involves the use of specialized software and testing
equipment to detect and analyze signal distortions and noise in electronic
systems.

EMI simulation and modeling: EMI simulation and modeling

techniques can be used to predict and analyze the effects of EMI on
 electronic systems. This involves the use of specialized software and
modeling tools to simulate the electromagnetic environment and predict
the behavior of electronic systems under different EMI conditions.

PCB layout and design: PCB layout and design techniques can be used
to minimize EMI coupling by optimizing the placement of components,
reducing the length of signal traces, and minimizing the use of vias and
other components that can cause EMI.

Overall, the above-mentioned advanced techniques are highly effective

for minimizing EMI coupling in complex electronic systems, especially
in defense applications, where the reliability and effectiveness of
electronic equipment are crucial for national security and military
operations.

3. Explain the non-ideal behaviours exhibited by capacitors.

Capacitors are electronic components that store electrical charge and energy in
an electric field. While capacitors are generally well-behaved components, they
exhibit some non-ideal behaviors, including:

1. Leakage: Capacitors have some amount of leakage current, which can

cause the capacitor to discharge over time even if there is no external
circuit connected to it.
2. Dielectric absorption: When a capacitor is discharged, there can be a
residual charge left on the dielectric material, which can cause the
capacitor to appear to have a lower capacitance than it actually does.
3. Nonlinear behavior: Capacitors can exhibit nonlinear behavior at high
frequencies or high voltages, which can cause them to behave differently
than expected.
4. Parasitic capacitance and inductance: Capacitors have parasitic
capacitance and inductance due to the physical layout and construction of
the component, which can affect the behavior of the capacitor in circuits.
5. Temperature coefficient: The capacitance of a capacitor can change
with temperature, which can affect the behavior of the capacitor in
circuits that are subjected to varying temperatures.

These non-ideal behaviors can affect the performance of electronic circuits that
use capacitors. It is important for designers and engineers to take these
behaviors into account when selecting and using capacitors in electronic
systems.
10MARKS

4. A circuit is subjected to an electromagnetic interference (EMI)

signal with a frequency of 10MHz. The EMI signal has a peak
amplitude of 10V and a rise time of 10ns. The circuit has a
capacitance of 100pF and an inductance of 1μH. Calculate the
voltage drop across the circuit due to the EMI signal.
To calculate the voltage drop across the circuit due to the EMI signal, we can
use the formula for the voltage across a series RLC circuit:

V = √((V0*R/L)^2 + ((ωL - 1/ωC)*V0)^2)

where:

• V0 is the peak amplitude of the EMI signal, which is 10V in this case.
• R is the resistance of the circuit, which we will assume to be negligible.
• L is the inductance of the circuit, which is 1μH.
• C is the capacitance of the circuit, which is 100pF.
• ω is the angular frequency of the EMI signal, which is 2π*f, where f is
the frequency of the signal.

We can calculate ω as follows:

ω = 2πf = 2π10MHz = 62.83MHz

Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

V = √((100/1e-6)^2 + ((62.831e-6 - 1/(62.83*100e-12))*10)^2)

V = √((0)^2 + (6.28)^2)

V = 6.28V

Therefore, the voltage drop across the circuit due to the EMI signal is 6.28V.

5. Discuss the various modes of EMI coupling and provide examples.

Analyse the impact of these coupling modes on electronic circuits
and suggest techniques for mitigation.
EMI coupling occurs when an electromagnetic signal is transmitted from one
device to another through a variety of modes. Here are some of the most
common EMI coupling modes and their examples:
 1. Conductive coupling: This occurs when the EMI signal is transmitted
through a conductive medium such as wires, cables, or printed circuit
board traces. Examples of this include ground loops and power supply
noise.
2. Capacitive coupling: This occurs when the EMI signal is transmitted
through a capacitor or through the parasitic capacitance between
conductive traces on a printed circuit board. Examples of this include
crosstalk between adjacent traces and noise caused by human touch on an
electronic device.
3. Inductive coupling: This occurs when the EMI signal is transmitted
through a magnetic field, which induces a current in a nearby conductor.
Examples of this include transformer coupling and common mode noise.
4. Radiative coupling: This occurs when the EMI signal is transmitted
through the air as an electromagnetic wave. Examples of this include
radio waves and microwave ovens.

Each of these coupling modes can have a significant impact on electronic

circuits, leading to malfunctions, degraded performance, and in some cases,
complete failure. To mitigate the effects of EMI coupling, several techniques
can be used, including:

1. Shielding: Enclosing sensitive components in a conductive shield can

help to block EMI signals from reaching them.
2. Filtering: Adding EMI filters, such as inductors, capacitors, and ferrite
beads, to electronic circuits can help to attenuate unwanted EMI signals.
3. Layout optimization: Careful layout design, such as minimizing trace
lengths and avoiding parallel routing, can help to reduce the effects of
capacitive and inductive coupling.
4. Grounding: Ensuring proper grounding of all components can help to
reduce the effects of conductive coupling.

Overall, understanding the different modes of EMI coupling and their impact on
electronic circuits is crucial for effective mitigation. By using a combination of
these techniques, designers and engineers can minimize the risk of EMI-related
issues and ensure the reliable performance of electronic systems.