áÄ«ÑdG ájɪM

Environmental Protection
 HAZCOM Interface and Support

USER DEPT.
(Plants / Operations)
* Risk/Hazard Control
* Effective Chemical Utilization FIRE DEPT.
* Prevent Accidents / Injury / Illness * Fire Protection
* Direct Purchase Hazardous Chemicals * HERG
* Employee Training

MEDICAL (SAMSO)
* First Aid
* Emergency
Med. Treatment
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION DEPT.
INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE FUNCTION
Hazardous
Materials
Communication
Program
STOREHOUSE / (HAZCOM)
SHIPPING /
RECEIVING
LOSS PREVENTION DEPT.
* Inventory
* Compliance
* Labeling
* Risk / Hazard Control
* MSDS
* Investigation
* Transportation

Copyright © Saudi Aramco, 2005. All rights reserved. No portion of this article
may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written
consent of Saudi Aramco.
 Environmental Compliance Division

HAZCOM Project Team

Third Edition October 01, 2005

GOAL

Chemical Hazard Awareness Training or CHAT is a key element in a

comprehensive Hazardous Materials Communication (HAZCOM)
Program.

Participant objectives are to:

• Become familiar with terms associated with hazardous mate-
rials and found on the Chemical Hazard Bulletin (CHB) and
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
• Increase awareness to sources of information on hazardous
materials and improve understanding.
• Increase employee on the job safety.
• Decrease those incidents and accidents related to chemical
hazards.

Keeping the above objectives in mind will benefit the employee,

his family, his co-workers, his work-site and Saudi Aramco.

For further information and to locate CHBs and labels please visit
the HAZ COM web page at
http: //engsvcs.aramco.com.sa/epd/publications/hazcom
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Section One: Introduction to HAZCOM Program 3

Section Two: Visual communication

(labels, signs, and other symbols) 7

Section Three: CHB headings 26

Section Four: Health hazards 30

Section Five: Fire and reactivity 37

Section Six: Handling, storage, and disposal 42

Section Seven: First Aid 56

Section Eight: NFPA Signs,

Transportation labels, and placards 57

GLOSSARY 61

Appendix A CHB 66

Appendix B HAZCOM labels 67

Appendix C MSDS 68

Appendix D Saudi Aramco approved PPE list 70

Appendix E Glossary of definitions and terms 71

2
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING
CHBs

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION: TO HAZCOM PROGRAM

1.1 Hazardous Materials Communication (HAZCOM) Program
Objectives:
a) To assist in maintaining compliance with all company
regulations and standards such as General Instructions
(G.I.s), and engineering standards in regards to heading
hazardous materials and hazardous materials protection.
b) To increase employee awareness of hazards and how to
safely handle hazardous materials.
c) To reduce incidents and accidents related to chemical
hazards.

1.2 GI 150.100 is the HAZCOM G.I.

The six elements of HAZCOM are:
1. Chemical risk assessment (CRA)
2. Chemical Hazard Bulletin (CHB)
3. HAZCOM labels
4. Chemical Hazards Awareness Training (CHAT)
5. Written HAZCOM Program
6. Audit

1.3 Chemical Hazard Awareness Training (CHAT) Objectives:

a) To familiarize employees with:
1. Saudi Aramco Chemical Hazard Bulletins (CHBs)
2. using chemical hazard information
3. chemical hazard signs and labeling
4. Manufacturer material safety data sheet (MSDS)
b) Upon completion of this course, participants will be able
to correctly locate and identify specific chemical hazards
from CHB's.

3
 4
Figure 1 Hazardous Materials Communication Program.
Figure 2 Identify materials and recognize the hazards before you work.

5
1.4 Industrial Hygiene (IH)
Industrial hygienists are scientists and engineers committed to
protecting the health and safety of people in the workplace and
the community. IH is considered a science, but it is also an art that
involves judgment, creativity and human interaction. The goal of
the industrial hygienist is to keep workers, their families, and the
community healthy and safe. They play a vital role in ensuring that
local, national, and international laws and regulations are
followed in the work environment.

Typical roles of the industrial hygienists include:

• Investigating and examining the workplace for hazards
and potential dangers.
• Making recommendations in order to improve the safety
of workers and the surrounding community.
• Conducting scientific research to provide data on possible
harmful conditions in the workplace.
• Training and educating the community about job-related
risks.
• Advising government officials and participating in the
development of regulations to ensure the health and
safety of workers and their families.
• Ensuring that workers are following appropriate health
and safety procedures.

In regards to the function of IHs in Saudi Aramco, the EPD mission

statement says “Industrial Hygiene is committed to enhancing the
well-being and productivity of Saudi Aramco employees by
providing high quality support to corporate management,
operating companies and affiliated in the prevention of
occupational health hazards.”

Employees can contact EPD/ECD at the telephone numbers on the

bottom of the Chemical Hazard Bulletin (CHB). For specific
information call 873-3535 (Dhahran), 678-4902 (Ras Tanura), 574-
4722 (Abqaiq) or 02-427-0150 (Jeddah). Although CHBs are good
information sources, specific questions on hazardous material use
may be complex and require consultation with EPD/ECD.

6
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs
SECTION 2: VISUAL COMMUNICATION:
(SIGNS, PLACARDS, LABELS, AND OTHER SYMBOLS)

Familiarize employee with other methods of hazard warnings

• Color Codes
• Labels
• Signs
• Symbols or Icons
Distinguish between signs, labels, and placards. Recognize three
types of labels:
• Manufacturers Labels
• Transportation Labels
• HAZCOM Labels
Learn:
• the relationship between fixed containers and
transportation containers.
• the difference between bulk transportation and
transportation packages.
• the difference between a sign and a label.
• the difference between a bulk placard and a package
label.

2.1 Symbols: Logos are picture symbols that identify a specific

company. Other symbols or hazard icons make hazards easily
recognizable to the worker without reading. Some
conventional colors and shapes of pictures on signs, labels,
MSDSs or CHBs help identify specific hazards.
NOTE: Symbols (Pictures, Icons, logos, etc.) are useful and simple
but not found on all labeling systems.

7
2.2 Color Convention: A color convention in safety has a
recognized meaning and order we associate with traffic
lights. It is not a requirement but useful for signs and labels to
help us recognize the risk.

RED - DANGER

ORANGE - WARNING

YELLOW - CAUTION

GREEN - SAFETY
Figure 3 Stripes or Background

2.3 Signs: Signs are large in size, are usually located on a post or
wall, and typically are about a meter square and alert
employees to hazards in the area. The following colors and
key words designate an order of hazard where 4 is the highest
hazard and 0 is the least.

Order Color Key Word

Of Hazard
(4) RED AND BLACK - DANGER
(3) ORANGE - WARNING
(2) YELLOW - CAUTION
(1) BLUE AND BLACK - HEALTH
(0) GREEN - SAFETY

Figure 4 Examples of Hazard Signs.

8
 Figure 5 Danger sign

Figure 6 Sign using striped colors cautioning operators

and identifying valves.

9
Figure 7 Plant Bulk Tank using lettered identification markings

Figure 8 Yellow caution berm, and red danger markings

10
2.4 Definitions for shipping Labels and Placards:
• FIXED – refers to non-movable tank or container (That
cannot be used to transport).
• BULK – Large quantity containers or tanks of materials.
These may refer to fixed tanks on site or transportation
tankers. Bulk has been defined by the Department of
Transportation (DOT) as having mass greater than 1000
pounds. This generally refers to any container greater
than a 55 gallon drum.
• PACKAGES – Transportation materials smaller than bulk,
usually one drum or smaller containers or packages.
• MARKINGS – Refers to lettered print and number
descriptions on transportation containers or vehicles
describing materials being transported.

2.5 Labeling:
(A) Manufacturer
(B) Transportation
B.1 Transportation
Label
B.2 Transportation
placard
(C) HAZCOM Labels

Note the relationship between fixed containers and transportation

containers, the difference between bulk transportation and
transportation packages, and the difference between a sign and a
label.

Hazard labels are on small packages such as a drum or can. that

may be color coded, usually consistent with NFPA 704 and
analogous to traffic lights.

Labels identify materials in specific containers. Hazardous material

labels give hazard information on the specific material inside the
container.

11
A. Manufacturer Label
Materials come with a label from the manufacturer which
identifies the material and contains various amounts of hazard
information. These labels may state only the product name,
manufacturer’s address and/or telephone number, or they may
meet all the requirements of a HAZCOM label as defined by the
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Regulation 29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication Regulation.
Some company labels can even surpass the minimum OSHA
standards. Such an example is the Baker Chemical Company
Labeling System for laboratory chemicals.

Figure 9 Example of Manufacturers Label

12
 Figure 10 Storage area. Note manufacturer labels typical
of products from supplier

B. Transportation:
B.1 Transportation Hazard Label
Perhaps the most easily recognized hazard labels are the UN – DOT
Transportation System Hazard Labels.

Packages are described as non-bulk quantities (single containers of

1 gallon, 5 gallon, 55 gallon drums) or boxes of smaller quantities
of hazardous materials (for example, a gross of 144 butane
cigarette lighters in a package or box) which must be identified by
a 4 inch by 4 inch diamond shaped UN/DOT label of the principal
hazard. There should be at least two of each label on a package on
opposite sides to increase visibility. Refer to the “TRANSPORT:”
under Handling Storage and Disposal section of a CHB.

13
Figure 11 Examples of United Nations transportation hazard labels

14
Figure 12 Note the UN transportation hazard label (diamond)

15
 16
Figure 13 Simplified labeling can improve identification.
 Figure 14 Bulk tanks using HAZCOM label as sign

B.2 Transportation Playcards

Another easily recognized identification system is the United

Nations, Department of Transportation and International Maritime
Organization (UN/DOT/IMO) Transportation Placard and Labeling
system.

Placards serve the same purpose for transportation containers as a

sign does for fixed locations. These 11.5” by 11.5” diamonds are to
be placed on all four sides of tankers for identification. A four digit
number may identify the product and assists emergency
responders in the event of an accident or spill.

These placards will be covered in detail in section 6

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 Class Color Symbol
1 Explosive Orange Exploding bomb
2.1 Flammable gas Red Flame
2.2 Non-flammable gas Green Cylinder
2.3 Poisonous gas White Skull and crossbones
3 Flammable liquid Red Flame
3 Combustible liquid Red Flame
(placard only)
4.1 Flammable solid Red / white Flame
vertical stripes
4.2 Spontaneously White over red Flame
4.3 Dangerous when wet Blue Flame
5.1 Oxidizer or oxygen Yellow Burning o
5.2 Organic peroxide Yellow Burning o
6.1 Poisonous substances White Skull and crossbones
6.2 Infectious substances White symbol Biohazard
7 Radioactive Yellow and white Acid eating metal
bar & hand tissue

Figure 15 UN Placards and Labeling System

18
C. HAZCOM Label:
Industrial Hygiene has designed a simple Hazard Communication
(HAZCOM) Label linked to Saudi Aramco Chemical Hazard
Bulletins. This label was tested at Shedgum Gas Plant. It will be
made available throughout Saudi Aramco, during HAZCOM
implementation.

Hazard Icons are picture symbols that denote a hazard or the type
of personal protective equipment recommended for common use.
These may be seen on labels, signs or MSDS’s. Some colors and
shapes are very specific and easy to recognize.

Figure 16 Saudi Aramco HAZCOM label

19
 Figure 17 Saudi Aramco HAZCOM label exhibited on drum.

Figure 18 Use of Saudi Aramco HAZCOM label as sign for bulk sulfuric acid tank

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 A Package of bags A Pallet of drums

Package of other containers

A container may be a drum or smaller

container or even a box containing
more than one (1) gallon (four (4)
liters) or three (3) kilograms total.

Small containers (each small container

1 gallon (4 liters) or less or 3 kilograms
do not require HAZCOM Labels on the
individual containers.

21
 SAUDI ARAMCO HAZCOM PROGRAM CHEMICAL
CONTAINER LABELS IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINE

1. The HAZCOM label is one key element of the HAZCOM Program

implementation plan. The label identifies the material and
alerts employees to major hazards associated with the chemical
in the container.

2. The HAZCOM label provides essential precautionary handling

information on safety, health and fire prevention. All portable
hazardous chemical containers (e.g., drums) and stationary
chemical storage tanks will have a HAZCOM label or signs.

3. The HAZCOM label will be used in conjunction with Chemical

Hazard Bulletin (CHB). The CHB should be displayed in the area
for more detailed information.

Size:
The following standard sizes will be followed:
1. For 35 – 200 gallon drum or containers: 20 cm X 40 cm for
combined English & Arabic.
2. For 1 – 30 gallon containers: 12 cm x 24 cm for combined English
& Arabic.

One HAZCOM Label is required on each container.

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Placing the Label:
1. The proponent organization will assign an individual to be
responsible for placing the HAZCOM label. This will provide
uniformity and consistency of label implementation as well as
preventing any potential error.
2. Until applied to containers, HAZCOM Labels should be stored
in a cool, dry, clean and ventilated area.
3. One HAZCOM Label is required on each container.
4. No HAZCOM Label is required for a gas cylinder, but a
HAZCOM Label sign and the CHB should be located in the
area in which cylinders are stored.
5. Before applying HAZCOM Label to container, check for any
conflicts in labeling. There must be same name as on the
Manufacturers Label and same stock number as on label or
stencil. There must be no conflict in all the labeling. If any
label does not refer to the same chemical or stock number, a
HAZCOM Label must not be attached and the appropriate
HAZCOM Label must be acquired. No HAZCOM Label may be
applied to unlabeled or unknown material until the material
is positively identified as the material on the HAZCOM Label.
6. The area to place the label must be located and properly
prepared (cleaned, dried, etc.) container surface in which the
label will adhere and stay placed. The HAZCOM Label should
not cover the Manufacturers Label or Transportation
(diamond) hazard Label or stenciled identification.
7. The label must be placed carefully (squarely, level and
smoothly) on properly prepared (cleaned and dried, etc.)
container surface avoiding wrinkles in a location where it is
easily seen. They should be on upper 2/3 of the container, not
at very bottom, unless no other option, and then only with
approval. The HAZCOM Label should not cover the
Manufacturers Label or Transportation (diamond) hazard
Label or stenciled identification.
8. Small containers (each small container less than 1 gallon (4
liters) or 3 kilograms do not require HAZCOM Labels.
9. For materials shipped in packages from Material Supply
Organization (MSO), at least one HAZCOM Label should be
attached to at least two (2) sides of the package.
10. For site storage, one HAZCOM label should be attached to
each container stored. The container may be a drum or
smaller container or even a box containing more than one (1)
gallon (four (4) liters) or three (3) kilograms total.
11. The HAZCOM label will be used in conjunction with Chemical
Hazard Bulletin (CHB). The CHB should be displayed in the
area for more detailed information.

23
The label or stencil must have the manufacturers label or
appropriate name, stock number, or Material Master number
(SAP). Never apply a Hazcom label to any material that has not
been positively identified.

The location for the label must be properly cleaned and dried in order for the
label to adhere.

24
The label must then be placed carefully (squarely, level and
smoothly) on the container surface avoiding wrinkles and in a
location where it is easily seen. They should be on upper 2/3 of the
container, unless there is no other option, and then only with
approval. The HAZCOM Label should not cover the Manufacturers
Label or Transportation (diamond) hazard Label or stenciled
identification.

For materials shipped in packages from Material Supply

Organization (MSO), at least one HAZCOM Label should be
attached to two of the four sides of the package. For site storage,
one HAZCOM label should be attached to each container stored by
the site personnel.

25
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs

SECTION 3: CHB HEADING

3.1 The Chemical Hazard Rating categories consist of three rat-
ing: Health Hazard (H), Fire Hazard (F), and Reactivity
Hazard (R).

H: Health
F: Fire
R : Reactivity

Each hazard rating category includes the following numerical

hazard description and key words associated with it:

4 : Extremely Hazardous
3 : Highly Hazardous
2 : Moderately Hazardous
1 : Slightly Hazardous
0 : Non Hazardous

For example, the statement Highly Reactive means R = 3.

How would a material with H = 4 be described?

3.2 Physical description

The physical description defines the material in terms relating to
hazards and routes of exposure.
H2S gas is colorless Chlorine gas is greenish- Nitrous Oxides (NOx) are
with odor yellow and irritating reddish brown and irritating

SOLID - dust particles may be a hazard

LIQUID - give off vapor hazards into the air
GAS - mix with the air for explosion or health hazard

Note the description of physical state of the material. How does a

gas differ from a liquid or solid material in terms of hazard?

26
3.3 Note the descriptive codes found in the right lower corner
of the heading:
UN : This is a four digit United Nations identification number
that is found on transportation placards and markings. It
identifies approximately 3000 specific materials and
classifications that relate to Emergency Response Guides
(GUIDE) published in 2000 by the United States Department
of Transportation (DOT). This is a useful guide for Emergency
Response.

The Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registration Number

identifies materials to the Chemical Society.

The HAZCHEM emergency action code (EAC) is used in Saudi

Aramco as a guide for training emergency responders in the
event of a large spill, release or incident involving specific
hazardous materials is given in the CHB heading.

Find the location of Saudi ARAMCO AMS Stock numbers in the CHB
heading
• What is BULK quantity?
• Of what importance is the quantity of a material? How
does the size effect user requirements?

The Hazardous Material icons and the Chemical Hazard Rating and
Colors are as follows:

COLOR HAZARD ICON

RED FIRE

BLUE HEALTH

YELLOW REACTIVITY

27
3.4 Find the Hazard Symbols found on the CHB. Note the haz-
ard symbols or icons used are on the CHB heading when the
hazard rating is high or extreme.
Locate the Chemical Hazard Ratings on example CHB.
Locate the Chemical Hazard Icons on CHBs.
a) Health Hazard Icon (Skull and Crossbones) is used if Health
Hazard Rating (H) is high (3) or extreme (4).
b) Fire Hazard Icon (Flame) is used if Fire Hazard Rating (F) is
high (3) or extreme (4).
C) Reactivity Hazard Icon (Exploding Bomb) is used if
Reactivity Hazard Rating (R) is high (3) or extreme (4).

Figure 19 Chemical Hazard Awareness Training (CHAT) instructor explaining the

Saudi Aramco Chemical Hazard Rating in 1998.

28
 Figure 20 Gases are often stored under pressure in cylinders.
Note the Small United Nations (UN) transportation label (diamond) on cylinder neck.

29
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs
SECTION 4: HEALTH HAZARDS

4.1 How can Hazardous Materials be

identified?
• TOXICITY: Ability of a chemical by contact
(exposure) to cause personal injury or death.
A POTENTIAL EXPOSURE: The material is present and contained
but you do not come in contact unless there is an accident or
emergency where you will be exposed.
B ACTUAL EXPOSURE: To come in contact with molecules of
hazardous materials.
C OVEREXPOSURE: Contact with a quantity shown by
experiment or experience to be harmful to health.

4.2 Locate the following on example CHB box labeled “Health

Hazards”
VAPOR/ LIQUID; DUST/MIST; EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE;
INHALATION/INGESTION; EYE/ SKIN:

4.3 Find the Health Hazard Ratings (H). Chemical Health Hazard
Ratings fit the following descriptions.

0: NONE: Materials which will produce toxic effects only

with overwhelming dosage.

1: SLIGHT: Materials which on exposure cause irritation but

only minor, reversible injury.

2: MODERATE: Materials which on intense or continued

exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or injury
includes allergens.

3: HIGH: Materials which on brief intense

exposure or repeated low level exposure could
cause serious temporary or permanent injury.

4: EXTREME: Materials which on brief intense

exposure or repeated low level exposure could
cause death or major injury.

30
4.4 Health hazards warning signs may be seen in industry
warning employees of health hazards. These signs alert
employees to danger, so it is important to be able to
recognize hazard warnings and information sources such as
CHBs, MSDSs, labels, etc.

Some toxic effects due to the physical state of materials:

4.5 STATE OF EXAMPLE HEALTH TERMS

MATERIAL
Gas Hydrogen TLV = 10 PPM
Sulfide
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Skin, Local
Solid Soda Ash Local tissue death on contact
with skin or eye.

4.6 Warning Properties

If we sense any irritation, odor, or taste, this is known as a
warning property of contact or exposure.

SIGHT, TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE, HEARING

4.7 Routes of Exposure

1. INHALATION: Toxic materials may be inhaled into the lungs
by breathing vapor, gas, dust, or mist.
2. ABSORPTION: Toxic materials may be absorbed into the
skin or mucous membranes of the eyes and other body
organs with eye and skin contact.
3. INGESTION: Toxic material may be absorbed through
swallowing while eating, smoking, or drinking.
4. INJECTION: Toxic materials may be injected into or through
the skin, cuts and abrasions, pressurized leaks.

4.8 Inhalation Exposure Limits

The inhalation of toxic chemicals should be limited as much as
possible. Exposures (contact) must be controlled below the
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) and other exposure guidelines. In
severe cases, the correct respirator must be properly worn to
avoid inhalation overexposure.

31
Inhalation Terms:

• PPM - Parts Per Million parts of air by volume of

Vapour or gas or other contaminant.
• mg/m3 - Milligrams weight per cubic meter volume.
• Overexposure - Actual exposure of individual to chemicals
above the exposure limits.

What is a “part per million?” It is difficult to comprehend how

small concentrations expressed in parts per million really are.
Compare a one gallon can to a million gallon holding tank. The
gallon then represents one part per million (PPM). In fact, if you
stacked up 10,000 of these one gallon cans, all together, they can
hold only one percent of the holding tank! That is, there are
10,000 PPM in one percent.

Figure 21 Air mixtures

If you write parts per million in terms of percentage, then 0.015%

(150 PPM) H2S deadens your sense of smell. 0.6% (600 PPM) is
RAPIDLY FATAL, and 4% (40,000 PPM) H2S in air may explode and
burn.
Exposure Limits:
• Threshold Limit Value - Eight hour time weighted
(TLV) or TLV-TWA - average limit
• STEL or TLV-STEL - Fifteen minute time weighted
average limit
• CEILING or TLV-C - Maximum limit to exposure,
even instantaneously.

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4.9 Systemic Toxin Definitions

• SKIN NOTATION: The potential for cutaneous absorption of a

listed material as identified by the American Congress of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

• SKIN ABSORBENT: Same as the above definition except

identifying source is any other than ACGIH. (i.e. Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or National Health for Occupational
Safety and Health Institute (NIOSH).

• ACUTE: Descriptive word that refers to a type of toxicity that

occurs either immediately or very shortly after exposure.

• CHRONIC: Descriptive word that refers to toxicity that is

cumulative and occurs over time rather than immediately. (i.e.
days, weeks, months, or years).

4.10 Health Effect Definitions

• EXPOSURE: Contact with molecules of hazardous materials.

• OVEREXPOSURE: Contact with molecules of hazardous
materials in amount or of duration that causes injury.
• LOCAL TOXICITY: Injury that occurs at the site of contact.
Local toxins affect only the body tissue directly contacted by
materials (i.e. strong mineral acids).
• SYSTEMIC TOXICITY: Bodily injury that occurs beyond the site
of contact. Systemic toxins are usually absorbed through the
skin, ingested, or inhaled. They travel through the blood to
susceptible target organs.
• LOCAL SKIN: A primary, local, and injurious reaction to skin
tissue contact (i.e. chemical burn). The most common type of
damage to the skin is redness and cracking due to defatting
of tissue. This can lead to dermatosis and skin may not return
to normal again.
• SYSTEMIC SKIN: An injury that occurs when toxins are
absorbed through the skin, enter the bloodstream, and cause
injury to target organs.

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4.11 Local Toxin, Corrosives:
• A Corrosive material destroys tissue or
metal on contact.
• An irritant causes pain or discomfort
and is considered often reversible.
However, an irritant may cause extreme
discomfort leading to disorientation
and dangerous responses such as
temporary blindness. Continued
exposure to strong irritation may lead
to permanent tissue damage.
• A primary irritant is determined by
laboratory testing upon exposure to skin and eyes. A primary
irritant is an agent that produces irritation especially of the
skin, on the first exposure to it.
Toxicity due to CORROSIVE properties or CORROSION is related to
strength of acid or base.

increasing acidity neutral increasing basicity

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Figure 19 Acid and Base (Alkaline) pH

A pH below 7 is acidic with a high hydrogen ion (H+) concentration

with 0 being pure acid (theoretical). The lower the pH, the
stronger the acid. Orange juice is acidic with a pH around 3.
However, a material with a pH of 2 will be ten times as strong an
acid as orange juice because the scale is logarithmic. The acid pH
range of 0 to 2 is most dangerous.

A pH above 7 upto14 is known as basic or alkaline with a high

Hydroxide ion (OH) concentration, with 14 being a pure base
(theoretical). The higher the pH, the stronger the base. The basic
pH range of 12 to 14 is most dangerous.
• Sensitization. Sensitizing materials may cause no early
symptoms, but after exposure for some threshold amount and
time, allergic type of toxic reaction occurs. A bee sting is one
example of sensitization. Once sensitized employees may not
be able to work around this material again because of
reaction, just as a person allergic to bees may have to stay
away from bees.

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Question: Is sensitization (See above) a local or systemic toxic
response?

4:12 Health Hazard Exposure Controls include:

A Engineering Controls refer to specially designed equipment or
“engineered” controls and equipment that protect workers
from contact with hazardous vapors, liquids or solids.

Figure 22 Engineering Controls

B Safe Work Practices and procedures must be followed and

tasks should be clearly defined and written .
• Careful training, written work practices, and proper use
of PPE can avoid inhalation and ingestion of toxic
chemicals.
• Safe work practices for working with pressurized
chemicals, personal protective equipment and first aid
for cuts will reduce injection hazards.
• Work permits, confined space entry permits, hot work
permits are tools of safe work procedure.
C Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Chemical
Protective Clothing (CPC), and Gloves are “barrier” controls
against skin absorption. (or preventing skin exposure.)

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4.13 CARCINOGENIC (Cancer Causing hazards):
Materials that are recognized to potentially cause cancer and
require extremely careful handling with good exhaust
ventilation such as a fume hood and zero target exposures.
Extremely low exposures are established for the TLV or PEL.
There are three classifications used, listed here, where 1 is the
highest hazard.
1. Known Human Carcinogen
2. Suspected Human Carcinogen
3. Animal Carcinogen

4.14 Additional Health Hazard Definitions:

• Pulmonary Edema - Abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the lungs. It may be characterized by difficulty breathing,
volumes of pink serous fluid (if inter-alveolar), and bluish
discoloration of nailbeds, and around the mouth.
• Respiratory Tract - The passage through which air enters
and leaves the body.
• Asphyxiation - Suffocation or the lack of adequate
oxygen to sustain life.
• Upper Respiratory Tract - includes the nose, throat, and
upper esophagus.
• Lower Respiratory Tract - includes the bronchioles of the
lungs to the alveoli, and air sacks of the lung.
• Cyanosis- A bluish discoloration, especially in skin and
mucous membranes due to decreased oxygen levels in
the blood and a lack of oxygen at the tissue level.

4.15 The following sentence is highlighted in the Health Hazard

Box of CHBs to remind you to select the proper PPE:

WEAR RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

There will be further information regarding this in section six.

36
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs

SECTION 5: FIRE AND REACTIVITY

FIRE HAZARD
5.1 A material with dangerous physical properties such as a low
flash point, a low ignition temperature, or a wide flamma-
ble range, or that has special properties such as heat or
shock sensitivity, or pyrophoric (spontaneously combustible)
properties is a fire hazard.

FIRE
Description:
Fire is a chemical reaction that occurs when three
things are in the correct proportion.
HEAT FUEL
1) FUEL
2) OXYGEN
3) HEAT
OXYGEN

5.2 Flammability Definitions:

• Flash Point The temperature at which enough
vapor is generated to reach the LEL.
For example, methanol has a
flashpoint of 12˚C. Above this
temperature, the fire hazard is most
dangerous for methanol.
• Lower Explosive Limit The lowest percentage of fuel in air in
(LEL) which there is sufficient fuel
molecules present in the air mixture to
ignite (fuel explosion)

37
• Upper Explosive Limit The highest percentage of fuel in air
(UEL) in which there is sufficient oxygen
molecule in the air mixture to ignite
(fuel explosion).
Example for H2S: LEL = 4.3 %
UEL = 46 %
• Flammable Range The explosive range of vapor or gas
mixture in air between the LEL and
the UEL.
• Ignition Temperature The minimum energy (temperature)
required to ignite a combustible
mixture in air of a flammable vapor or
gas. For example, gasoline has an
ignition temperature of approximately
600˚F. Any spark or ignition source
above this temperature will add to the
ignition leg of the triangle. If the fuel
and oxygen are in the right
proportions, a vapor explosion can
occur. Carbon disulfide has a
dangerously low ignition temperature
of 180˚F.
5.3 Find the Fire Hazard Ratings (F). Chemical Fire Hazard
Ratings fit the following descriptions.

0: NONE: Materials which will not burn.

1: SLIGHT: Materials which on must be preheated before

ignition can occur. Includes liquids with flashpoints above
200˚F (93.4˚C).
2: MODERATE: Materials which must be moderately heated
or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures
before ignition can occur. Includes liquids with
flashpoints between 100˚F and 200˚F (37.8˚C and 93.4˚C).

3: HIGH: Materials which can

be ignited under almost all
ambient conditions. Includes
liquids with flashpoints
between 73˚F and 100˚F
(22.8˚C and 37.8˚C).

38
 4: EXTREME: Gases and mate-
rials which rapidly vaporize
at ambient temperature
and pressure. Includes liq-
uids with flashpoints below
73˚F (22.8˚C).

5.4 Additional definitions for the fire section of the CHB.

• FLAMMABLE: In Saudi Aramco FP < 128˚ F (53˚C).
• COMBUSTIBLE: In Saudi Aramco FP > 128˚ F (53˚C).
• PYROPHORIC: A material that will ignite spontaneously in
contact with air. Otherwise stated, a material in which the
ignition temperature is below the ambient air
temperature.

5.5 Typical phrase information found on CHBs in this section

Includes (with appropriate data filled in EXAMPLE CHB 47:
BENZENE)
“The flashpoint for this product is -10°C (14°F), with an
explosive range in air of 1.3% (LEL) to 7.1% (UEL)”
“Firefighters must use self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) and protective clothing”
“During combustion, oxides of carbon and nitrogen may be
formed, also toxic organic vapors and smoke”
“Closed containers may rupture in fire conditions”
“Keep containers cool with water spray”
“Vapors are heavier than air and can flow along surfaces to
distant ignition sources and flashback”

5.6 Every CHB contains information that tells which fire-fighting

media should be used.

EXTINGUISH FIRES WITH DRY CHEMICAL, CO2, FOAM, OR

WATER FOG.

39
 REACTIVITY HAZARD

The likelihood of a chemical reaction with the air or an

incompatible chemical such as an oxidizer contacting an organic
fuel source. The product of this reaction may give off a poison or
explosive gas, or may be an unstable liquid or solid, that gives off
large amounts of heat and more reaction. The product may
expand and if contained without release, a catastrophic pressure
explosion may occur. Shock sensitive materials may detonate from
shock or heat. Proper storage, labeling, and containment prevent
these dangers.

5.7 Reactivity Definitions

5.8 Find the Reactivity Hazard Ratings (R). Chemical Reactivity

Hazard Ratings fit the following descriptions.

0: NONE: Materials which are stable even under fire

exposure conditions.

1: SLIGHT: Materials which are normally stable but may

become incompatible with other chemicals at elevated
temperatures and pressures.
2: MODERATE: Materials such as strong oxidizers which are
incompatible with many other materials and will undergo
violent but not explosive chemical reaction when mixed
with incompatible chemicals.
3: HIGH: Materials which will
explode if heated, detonated
or react explosively if mixed
with hydrocarbons or oxidizers.
Includes materials which react
explosively with water.

4: EXTREME: Materials which are

basically unstable, i.e. will vio-
lently polymerize or decom-
pose explosively at normal
temperatures and pressures.

40
REACTIVITY: A hazard rating of 4 would be Extremely Reactive
possibly shock sensitive.
• INCOMPATIBILITY: When two or more incompatible
materials are mixed, a dangerous reaction may occur. The
REACTIVITY rating describes how likely a hazardous
reaction is.
Incompatibles are materials that when mixed can result in a
chemical reaction with the following:
1. Explosion
2. Fire
3. Release of explosive or toxic gas.
4. Displacement of air with possible asphyxiation.
5. Expansion in size from reaction, leading to pressure
explosions in closed containers.
6. Generation of heat.

5.9 Explosions or Explosive Reactions

Explosions are identified in terms of DETONATION and
DEFLAGRATION as described in below.
• DETONATION: Explosions
generated by materials that are
shock or heat sensitive and
propagate a shock wave with a
greater velocity than the speed
of sound, 1100 feet per second.
A sonic boom may be heard.
• DEFLAGRATION: Flammable
vapor or gas explosions
propagating a shock wave
explosion with a velocity less
than the speed of sound. An
example is the explosion of
gasoline vapor in a pit, with
small sound and slower
explosion.

41
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs

SECTION 6: HANDLING, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

A standard to refer to for additional information on the proper
and recommended use and storage of hazardous materials is the
OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1910.101 to 1910.111.

CHB Phrases:
6.1 Usage:
• There are two usage concepts.
A. What is the product used for? This is the first sentence.
B. What are the proper uses and precautions? These statements
may follow.
• General statement of specific use.
• Use adequate ventilation.
• No smoking.
• Do not breathe vapors, dust, or mist.
• Ground and bond when transferring.

Figure 23 A bulletin board displaying Saudi Aramco

Chemical Hazard Bulletins (CHBs)

42
43

Figure 24 Storage area for chemicals.

Figure 25 Follow work practices and procedures when loading or unloading chemicals.

6.2 Storage: Depending on the material, storage requirements

may include:
• Store in a well ventilated, cool, dry area, away from
ignition sources.
• Keep containers labeled, upright, and tightly closed when
not in use.
• DO NOT store in direct sunlight.
• Avoid storage near incompatible material.
Safe storage conditions may include defining:
• Ventilation
• Grounding and bonding
• Explosion proof wiring
• Maximum temperatures
• Incompatibles from which must be separated in storage
• Signs to display warning of storage areas

6.3 Transport: This section should identify transportation hazard

diamond required on placard
• For transportation, label packages with DOT-IMO Class 3,
hazardous warning label (diamond): FLAMMABLE LIQUID.
• For transportation, packages do not require DOT-IMO
hazardous warning label (diamond).

44
DOT stands for the US Department of Transportation System and
IMO stands for the International Maritime Organization System.
This is covered in detail in Lesson 2 adopted by the United Nations
(UN) Hazardous Materials Transportation System.

6.4 Spills / Leaks: If a spill or leak occurs:

• Evacuate all unnecessary personnel.
• Shut off sources of ignition.
• Stop the flow if it can be done safely.
• Dike to prevent entry into sewer.
• Absorb with sand, place in a clean, dry, closed container,
and label.
Small spills and leaks require fewer precautions and PPE
recommendations depend upon the size (quantity of material) of
spill. It may be necessary to consult an Industrial Hygienist.

6.5 Disposal:
For proper disposal methods and locations for chemical or
chemical contaminated material, contact the Environmental
Engineering Division of Environmental Protection
Department at 874-6426 or 874-6428.

6.6 Safety Equipment:

• Provide ventilation to control vapor concentrations below
the TLVs.
• Safety goggles and neoprene gloves must be worn when
handling this material.
• APR or SCBA should be worn if conditions warrant.
• Maintain an eyewash fountain and emergency shower
where the material is being stored/used.
• Remember that chemical use and quantities may
determine the selection of PPE. Industrial Hygiene Unit of
Environmental Protection Department should be
consulted when any question occurs.

USE CONFINED SPACE PROCEDURES

IF CONDITIONS APPLY

45
• SCBA is a Self Contained Breathing Apparatus.

Figure 26 Employeem wearing SCBA.

46
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Figure 26 Employee donning PPE in plant.

Safety Equipment includes hard hats, safety glasses, electrical

gloves, safety shoes and boots, heat protective clothing etc.
Chemical Protective Equipment includes chemical protective
equipment such as goggles and respirators, and chemical
protective clothing such as boots, gloves, and clothing.

47
Posters show examples and identify actual examples of
personal protective equipment (PPE) found in Saudi
Aramco Material Supply Organization and referred to
in the Safety Equipment section of CHBs. Examples of
the following AMS Stock number materials will be
identified.

GOGGLES:

Safety Goggles

Use of Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is a control method

to reduce inhalation exposure.

• SCBA is a Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

• APR is an Air Purifying Respirator

APR stands for Air Purifying Respirator

S/N 21-371-401 (MSA cartridge respirator)
95-200-230 (ammonia and methylamine cartridge)
95-200-235 (HEPA cartridge for asbestos fibers,
dusts mists fumes, radioactive nuclides)
Disposable organic respirators
21-370-800 (small)
21-370-810 (medium)
21-370-820 (large)

GLOVES:

GLOVE FAILURE occures due to one of the three following

weaknesses.
1. PERMEATION: a three step process that involves
a. Absorption
b. Diffusion
c. And Desoption
2. PENETRATION
3. DEGRADATION

48
BOOTS:

APRONS:

CLOTHING:

Level C: 90% Skin Protection without Respirator

Level A: Full Chemical Protective Clothing

OTHER INFORMATION ON PPE:

See Table 6.1 PPE in Saudi Aramco Material Supply Stock List of
Safety and Personal Protective Equipment.
• Classroom set-up PPE for the Chemical Hazard Awareness
Training (CHAT) objectives
• Classroom container list for the Chemical Hazard
Awareness Training (CHAT) objectives

49
Figure 27 Wear chemical protective equipment at work when
chemical hazards are present..

50
51

Figure 28 Use appropriate personal protective equipment at work when chemical hazards are present..
Figure 29 Know the location of safety equipment..

52
 Table 6.1
NUMBER
CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING
INFORMATION UPDATE FOR CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS ISSUE DATE REPLACES
2003 1997
SUBJECT: SAFETY EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FROM MATERIALS APPROVAL PAGE NUMBER
SUPPLY FOR HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 1 OF 1

This exhibit lists the main items of personal safety equipment available for use when handling
hazardous material. The type of equipment and the quantity held in stock at any particular
location are dependent on the nature of the hazardous material handled there. Contact
Environmental Protection for advice at telephone 872-2623 (DH), 572-4538 (AB), 678-4868
(RT) or 427-0155 (JID).

LIST OF SAFETY AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

Catalog Number Material Master Description
Number (SAP)
21-311-231 1000127427 Scott Air Pak
21-328-101 1000127821 Eye Bath and Safety Shower
21-330-347 1000127829 Mask Face Piece
21-333-573 1000127989 Emergency Fountain
21-333-625 1000128023 Eyewash Fountain
21-333-630 1000128041 Portable Eyewash Fountain
21-342-550 1000128098 Oxygen Deficiency Indicator
21-370-444 1000128163 Respirator Cartridge, Filter and Retainer
21-370-800/810/820 1000128213/216/240 Disposable Cartridge Respirator
21-370-500 1000128165 Disposable Dust Mask
21-371-401 1000128242 Dual Cartridge Respirator
21-372-365 1000128433 Emergency Shower Set
21-404-181 1000128583 Neoprene Apron - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-404-199 1000128631 Vinyl Apron - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-408-555/-559 1000128776/778 Over Boots - Impermeable to Asbestos Fibers
21-408-736/-740/ 1000128955/958/ Rubber Safety Boots
-744/-748/ 971/975/978 Rubber Safety Boots
-752/-756/ 760 /129031/035 Rubber Safety Boots
21-416-650/-660/ 1000129137/180/ Coveralls - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
-670/-680 185/187 Coveralls - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-417-015/-024/ 1000129231/235 Coveralls - Acid- and Flame-Resistant
-033/-041 238/250 Coveralls - Acid- and Flame-Resistant
21-426-121 1000129345 Face Shield
21-432-080 1000129418 Neoprene Gloves
21-432-510/-513/ 1000129492/601 PVC Gloves
-516/-519 606/620 PVC Gloves
21-432-570/-576/ 1000129624/ 628 PVC or NBR Gloves
-582/-591 631/634 PVC or NBR Gloves
21-432-624 1000129635 PVA Coated Rubber Gloves
21-434-249 1000129810 Safety Goggles
21-435-173 1000129873 Safety Glasses
95-257-650 1000489597 Respirator Cartridge (replaces 21-370-420)
95-200-230 1000483189 Respirator, Half-mask Face piece, twin
cartridge; Ammonia
95-257-650/651/652 1000489597/598/599 Respirator Part
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

53
 Table 6.2

CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING NUMBER

INFORMATION UPDATE FOR CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS (CHAT) ISSUE DATE REPLACES
2000 New
SUBJECT: CLASSROOM CONTAINERS FOR DEMONSTRATION APPROVAL PAGE NUMBER
AND DISCUSSION 1 OF 1

This exhibit lists the main items of hazardous materials containers to be available for classroom
use typical for hazardous material. Contact Industrial Hygiene Unit for advice at telephone
872-2923 (DH), 572-3553 (AB), 678-4902 (RT) or 638-2788 (JID).

LIST OF EMPTY CHEMICAL CONTAINERS (EXAMPLES):

Minimum required Description
1 Steel Drum, 55 gal with poor label
1 Steel Drum, 55 gal., with manufacturers label +
UN/DOT/IMO/ transportation hazard label +
HAZCOM label
2 Steel Containers, small ex. 5 gal, with labels
1 Plastic Corrosive Drum, 55 gal, with labels
2 Plastic Containers, small (5 gal.) with labels
5 Assorted Laboratory containers, less than 1 ga, good labels
2 Laboratory containers, 1 gal, with labels
1 Plastic Container, with manufacturers label + Oxidizer
UN/DOT/IMO label

Figure 30 Chemical Hazard Awareness Training (CHAT) classroom displaying

personal protective equipment (PPE)

54
55

Figure 31 Receiving HAZCOM chemical hazard awareness training (CHAT) Course

 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs

SECTION 7: FIRST AID

Employees will recognize that the first thing to do when a person
is injured and hazardous materials are involved is to alert help,
assure it is safe for rescue, and only give first aid if they are trained
and qualified to administer. The following common statements are
found on CHBs regarding FIRST AID.

7.1 Get Medical Aid Immediately (Call 110)

Additional points to remember include NEVER give an
unconscious person anything by mouth.

7.2 Inhalation:
Move affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
If breathing has stopped, give cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
(CPR).
Keep person warm and quiet.

7.3 Eye / Skin Contact:

Flush eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15
minutes.
Lift eyelids occasionally.
Wash skin thoroughly with water.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes promptly, and wash
clothing before re-use.

7.4 Ingestion:
DO NOT induce vomiting. Aspiration of material into the
lungs due to vomiting can cause chemical pneumonitis which
can be fatal.
If conscious, drink one-two glasses of water to dilute.
Keep person warm and quiet.
Never give fluids to an unconscious person or person having
difficulty breathing.

56
 CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING:
CHBs
SECTION 8: NFPA SIGNS, TRANSPORTAION LABELS AND PLACARDS
8.1 NFPA 704A Warning Sign: Employees should be familiar with
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704
Sign/Labeling system (signs for Bulk, Fixed Storage). This sign
is used to identify heath, fire and reactivity hazards of
chemicals in bulk tanks or containers for emergency
responders.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION

(Blue) (Red)
Health Fire

(White) (Yellow)
Other Reaction

Figure 32 NFPA 704 A Example

8.2 What is Global Harmonized System?

It is a system for the classification and labeling of chemicals
adopted by the UN in order to protect people and the
environment from the mismanagement of chemicals.

57
 the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704
Sign/Labeling system (signs for Bulk, Fixed Storage). This sign
is used to identify heath, fire and reactivity hazards of
chemicals in bulk tanks or containers for emergency
responders.

8.2 What is Global Harmonized System?

It is a system for the classification and labeling of chemicals
adopted by the UN in order to protect people and the
environment from the mismanagement of chemicals.
This system benefits the general public and to the environment by:
• Facilitating a quicker and safer emergency response in
case of spills
• Improving safety in the transportation and delivery of
hazardous materials bulk chemicals

8.3 Saudi Arabia’s Role in Implementing the Global Harmonized

Hazard Label System:
• The Kingdom is committed to implementing the United
Nations requirements for “A Global Harmonized Hazard

Specification Hazard Warning Panel

48 CM 52 CM

Substance Name
12 CM

U.N. Number
12 CM Hazard Warning Label

HAZCHEM
12 CM

Manufacturers Name of Local Agent Company Logo

12 CM
Tel. Number

12 CM

Size of Hazard Warning Panels for Tankers, Containers & Tanks

58
Substance Name
Hydrogen
Peroxide
U.N. Number

2014

HAZCHEM

2P

Manufacturers Name of Local Agent

Saudi Aramco
Tel. Number

2 P

Figure 28 Example of Hazard Warning Panels

for Tankers, Containers & Tanks

Substance Name
Carbon
Tetrachloride
U.N. Number

1846

HAZCHEM
2Z

Manufacturers Name of Local Agent

Saudi Aramco
Tel. Number

2 Z

Figure 29 Example of Hazard Warning Panels

for Tankers, Containers & Tanks

Substance Name

SULFUR
U.N. Number

2448

HAZCHEM

1Y
Manufacturers Name of Local Agent
Saudi Aramco
Tel. Number

1 Y

Figure 34 Example of Hazard Warning Panels for

Tankers, Containers & Tanks

59
Figure 35 Example of truck showing rear placard

Figure 36 Example of truck showing side placard

60
 GLOSSARY

• Acute toxicity: an immediate response, or a very short time

after exposure until the toxic response.
• APR: Air Purifying Respirator.
• Asphyxiation: Suffocation or the lack of adequate oxygen to
sustain life.
• BULK: Large quantity containers or tanks of materials. These
may refer to fixed tanks on site or transportation tankers.
Bulk has been defined by the DOT as a container of materials
having mass greater than 1000 pounds.
• Carcinogen (or carcinogenic): Cancer causing materials
which are recognized to knowingly or potentially cause
cancer.
• CAS. No.: The Chemical Abstract System Registration Number
identifies materials to the Chemical Society.
• Ceiling Limit or TLV-C: Maximum vapor concentration limit
to inhalation exposure, even instantaneously.
• Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC): Includes as chemically
resistant clothing barriers to contact.
• Chemical Safety Equipment: includes chemical protective
equipment such as goggles and respirators.
• Chronic toxicity: Delayed response, or a long time (days,
weeks, months or years) after exposure or accumulated
exposure until the toxic response.
• Combustible: Materials in Saudi Aramco with a flash point
(FP) greater than (>) 128˚F(53˚C).
• Corrosive: A material that destroys tissue or metal on
contact.
• Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration, especially in skin and
mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of
reduced hemoglobin in the blood (Lack of oxygen at the
tissue level).
• DOT: Department of Transportation.
• Deflagration: Flammable vapor or gas explosions
propagating a shock wave explosion with a velocity
less than the speed of sound.

61
• Dermatitis or dermatosis: This skin condition or disease
may be caused from chemical contact and once it occurs and
may never return to normal healthy skin

• Detonation: An explosion including materials that

are shock sensitive and propagate a shock wave
with a greater velocity than the speed of sound,
1100 feet per second. A sonic boom may be heard.

• Engineering Controls: Specially designed or “engineered”

equipment or system to protect workers from contact with
hazardous vapors, liquids or solids.

• Explosion: Extremely energetic and fast chemical reaction

identified in terms of a DETONATION and a DEFLAGRATION.

• Exposure: To come in contact with molecules of hazardous

materials.

• Fixed: Non-movable tank or container (not used to

transport).

• Flammable: Materials in Saudi Aramco with a flash point (FP)

less than (<) 128˚F(53˚C).

• Flammable Range: The explosive range of vapor or gas

mixture in air between the LEL and the UEL.

• Flash Point: The temperature at which enough vapor is

generated to reach the LEL. Above this temperature, the fire
hazard is most dangerous.

• Hazardous Material: Any material which may cause adverse

health and safety effects to individuals and property. This
includes most liquids, gases, and solid particulate materials
but excludes foods and medical regulated substances.
Includes any chemical, compound, mixture, substance,
dangerous substance or chemical product.

• Ignition Temperature: The minimum energy (temperature)

in which there is sufficient energy to ignite a combustible
mixture in air of a flammable vapor or gas.

• IMO: International Maritime Organization.

• Incompatibility: When two or more incompatible materials

are mixed, a dangerous reaction will occur. REACTIVITY
defines the hazardous reaction is likely.

62
• Irritant: Causes pain or discomfort and is considered often
reversible. However, an irritant may cause extreme discomfort
leading to disorientation and dangerous responses such as
temporary blindness. Continued exposure to strong irritation
may lead to permanent tissue damage.

• Local skin: A primary local reaction to skin contact would be

destructive to skin tissue on first contact, for example, a
severe chemical burn. The most common skin damage is
dryness, redness and cracking of the skin due to defatting of
tissue. Severe cases of this lead to skin damage and disease
known as dermatitis or dermatosis.

• Local Toxicity (Site of Contact): Local toxins affect only the

body tissue directly contacted by materials such as many
mineral acids.

• Lower Respiratory Tract: includes the bronchioles of the lungs

to the alveoli, and air sacks of the lung.

• Markings: Lettered print and number descriptions on

transportation containers or vehicles describing materials
being transported.

• mg/m3: Milligrams weight per cubic meter volume of air.

• Overexposure: Contact with hazardous materials in amount

and time to cause injury. Prevention of overexposure by
recognizing the hazard and controlling the exposure below
overexposure is the objective of Industrial Hygiene.
Overexposure also refers to an actual exposure of individual
to chemicals above the exposure limits.

• Overexposure: Contact in quantity shown by experiment or

experience to be harmful to health.

• Packages: Transportation containers that hold a mass less

than bulk (1000 pounds).

• PPM: Parts per Million parts of air by volume of vapor or gas

or other contaminant.

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Includes Respiratory

Protective Equipment (RPE), Chemical Protective Clothing
(CPC), and Gloves, etc.

• Primary irritant: An irritant that is determined by laboratory

testing upon exposure to skin and eyes. A primary irritant is

63
 an agent that produces irritation especially of the skin, on the
first exposure to it.

• Pulmonary Edema: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in

the lungs. Pulmonary Edema Medical Definition: - “Fluid in
the tissue and air spaces due to capillary pressure,
permeability or damage. It may be characterized by difficulty
breathing, volumes of pink serious fluid if inter-alveolar, and
cyanosis if severe.”

• Pyrophoric: A material that will ignite spontaneously in

contact with air. Otherwise stated, a material in which the
ignition temperature is below the ambient air temperature.

• Reactivity: likelihood an explosion or hazardous chemical

reaction to occur when mixed with incompatible materials or
when safe storage or handling conditions are not practiced.

• RPE: Respiratory Protective Equipment. Includes APR and

Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus.

• Respiratory Tract: The upper or lower respiratory tract, the

area of air flow into the lungs.

• Safety Equipment: Includes hard hats, safety glasses,

electrical gloves, safety shoes and boots, heat protective
clothing and Chemical Safety Equipment (chemical protective
equipment such as goggles and respirators) and chemical
protective clothing (CPC) such as boots, gloves, and clothing.

• SCBA: Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.

• Sensitization: Sensitizing materials may cause no early

symptoms, but after exposure for some threshold amount and
time, allergic type of toxic reaction occurs.

• Short Term Exposure Limit: STEL or TLV-STEL. Fifteen

minute time weighted average inhalation concentration limit.

• Skin absorbent: A SKIN ABSORBENT hazardous material is

identified by a source other than ACGIH (such as MSDS or
other data source, NIOSH, etc.) that toxic amounts may be
readily absorbed through the skin.

• Skin notation: The ACGIH defines SKIN NOTATION as a listed

material identified as toxic amounts may be readily absorbed
through the skin. Additional PPE for barrier protection
including gloves and splash protection is recommended for
these materials.

64
APPENDIXES

65
 CHEMICAL HAZARD BULLETIN NO. 45
HYDROFLUORIC ACID 1000183236 500 ml Bottle
APPENDIX A

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
COLORLESS FUMING LIQUID. BOTH VAPOR AND LIQUID CAS : 7664-39-3
Health 4
ARE EXTREMELY CORROSIVE AND TOXIC. NON- UN : 1790
Fire 0 FLAMMABLE. HIGHLY REACTIVE. DISSOLVES GLASS GUIDE : 157
Reactivity 3 EAC : 2X

GAS/LIQUID: The TLV for HF is a Ceiling Value of 3 ppm.

EFFECTS OF OVER-EXPOSURE:
INHALATION: Intensely irritant and corrosive to tissue at concentrations of 100 mg/m3.
Inhalation of vapors may cause ulceration of the upper respiratory tract.
Chronic exposures to low levels can cause fluorosis and bone deformity. health
EYE/SKIN: Contact with the eye will cause immediate and permanent blindness. Skin hazards
contact causes painful and long lasting damage. The effects of contact with
dilute solutions may be delayed for several hours but are no less serious.
INGESTION: Intensely corrosive to the digestive tract.
WEAR RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

The anhydrous acid, its vapor and aqueous solutions are non-flammable. In contact with a fire
highly toxic fumes may be released. Fire fighters should wear self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) and full protective acid resistant clothing. fire and
REACTIVITY: The acid reacts violently with many organic materials, bases etc. It attacks and reactivity
dissolves glass and most metals.
EXTINGUISH AREA FIRES WITH WATER SPRAY, CO2 OR DRY CHEMICAL

USES: Laboratory reagent used to treat rock specimens. Oilfield chemical for
acidizing wells. Anhydrous HF is catalyst for alkylation. Avoid contact. Do not
breathe vapors or mist.
STORAGE: In a cool dry well ventilated store. In polythene, polypropylene or rubber
bottles, away from incompatible materials.
TRANSPORT: For transportation, always label containers with DOT/IMO Class 8, hazardous
warning label (diamond); CORROSIVE LIQUID.
SPILLS/LEAKS: Always wear full protective clothing and air-supplied breathing apparatus.
Apply magnesium sulfate to contaminated areas and isolate all material. handling,
DISPOSAL: For proper disposal methods and locations for the chemical or chemical
contaminated material, contact the Environmental Engineering Division at
storage &
874-6426 or 874-6428. disposal
SAFETY Provide ventilation to control exposures below the TLVs. Air supplied or SCBA
EQUIPMENT: (1000127427) should be available. Chemical goggles (1000129810), face shield,
PVC gauntlet gloves (1000129601) or rubber gloves, PVC boots (1000128971)
and apron (1000128583) must always be worn when handling quantities of
hydrofluoric acid.
Maintain eyewash fountain and emergency shower and calcium gluconate gel
(2.5%) in storage area and wherever used.
USE CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES IF APPLICABLE

EYE/SKIN Immediately, flush eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes
CONTACT: holding eyelids apart. Remove contaminated clothing/shoes. Wash skin
thoroughly with soap and water. Apply calcium gluconate gel(2.5%) liberally
and massage into skin. All cases of HF exposure must immediately be sent to
emergency room of district clinic for assessment and treatment. Do not re-use
any contaminated clothing even after laundering. first aid
INHALATION: Remove those exposed to fresh air. If breathing is difficult administer oxygen.
If breathing has stopped, apply cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
INGESTION: Give water to drink if conscious. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITTING. Keep warm and
quiet.
GET MEDICAL AID IMMEDIATELY (CALL 110)
For further information call Environmental Protection: 872-2623 (DH), 678-4868 (RT), 574-6796 (ABQ) or 427-0155 (JID)
Hazard Ratings: 0 = Insignificant, 1 = Slight, 2 = Moderate, 3 = High, 4 = Extreme

66
67
APPENDIX B
 TREND SCIENTIFIC – C4320-4B BAXTER 10%
BUFFERED FORMALIN FIXATIVE
TREND SCIENTIFIC -- C4320-4B BAXTER 10% BUFFERED FORMALIN FIXATIVE Page 1 of 2
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
NSN: 685000F055209
Manufacturer's CAGE: 63862
Part No. Indicator: A
Part Number/Trade Name: C4320-4B BAXTER 10% BUFFERED FORMALIN FIXATIVE
================================================================
General Information
================================================================
Company's Name: TREND SCIENTIFIC INC
Company's Street: 368 W COUNTY RD D
Company's P. O. Box: 12266
Company's City: NEW BRIGHTON
Company's State: MN
Company's Country: US
Company's Zip Code: 55112-5000
Company's Emerg Ph #: 612-633-0925/800-328-3949
Company's Info Ph #: 612-633-0925/800-328-3949
Record No. For Safety Entry: 001
Tot Safety Entries This Stk#: 001
Status: SE
Date MSDS Prepared: 01JUN94
Safety Data Review Date: 09FEB98
Preparer's Company: TREND SCIENTIFIC INC
Preparer's St Or P. O. Box: 368 W COUNTY RD D
Preparer's City: NEW BRIGHTON
APPENDIX C

Preparer's State: MN
Preparer's Zip Code: 55112-5000
MSDS Serial Number: CGJDN
================================================================
Ingredients/Identity Information
================================================================
Proprietary: NO
Ingredient: FORMALDEHYDE, FORMALIN (SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGEN BY
IARC;
ACGIH; SUSPECTED CARCINOGEN BY NTP; IARC - GROUP 2A) *97-4*
Ingredient Sequence Number: 01
Percent: 4
NIOSH (RTECS) Number: LP8925000
CAS Number: 50-00-0
ACGIH TLV: 0.37 MG/CUM IC (2A)
-------------------------------------
Proprietary: NO
Ingredient: METHANOL (METHYL ALCOHOL), COLUMBIAN SPIRITS *97-4*
Ingredient Sequence Number: 02
Percent: 1
NIOSH (RTECS) Number: PC1400000
CAS Number: 67-56-1
OSHA PEL: 200 PPM
ACGIH TLV: 200 PPM
Other Recommended Limit: 200 PPM
-------------------------------------
Proprietary: NO
Ingredient: PHOSPHORIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT, MONOHYDRATE *97-3*

68
TREND SCIENTIFIC -- C4320-4B BAXTER 10% BUFFERED FORMALIN FIXATIVE Page 2 of 2
Ingredient Sequence Number: 03
Percent: 0.4
NIOSH (RTECS) Number: 1001942PA
CAS Number: 10049-21-5
-------------------------------------
Proprietary: NO
Ingredient: SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS, DISODIUM PHOSPHATE
Ingredient Sequence Number: 04
Percent: 0.65

NIOSH (RTECS) Number: WC4500000

CAS Number: 7558-79-4
-------------------------------------
Proprietary: NO
Ingredient: WATER
Ingredient Sequence Number: 05
Percent: 90
NIOSH (RTECS) Number: ZC0110000
CAS Number: 7732-18-5
================================================================
Physical/Chemical Characteristics
================================================================
Appearance And Odor: COLORLESS LIQUID W/A PUNGENT ODOR
Boiling Point: 212F
Vapor Pressure (MM Hg/70 F): 25 Vapor Density (Air=1): 1.02
Specific Gravity: 1
Solubility In Water: MISCIBLE
pH: (SUPP)
================================================================
Fire and Explosion Hazard Data

APPENDIX C
================================================================
Flash Point: 185F
Flash Point Method: TCC
Lower Explosive Limit: 7
Upper Explosive Limit: 73
Extinguishing Media: CO2, DRY CHEMICAL, WATER SPRAY, ALCOHOL FOAM
Special Fire Fighting Proc: USE NIOSH APPROVED SELF CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS.
Unusual Fire And Expl Hazrds: FORMALDEHYDE VAPORIZES READILY FROM AIR &
IS FLAMMABLE IN AIR.
================================================================
Reactivity Data
================================================================
Stability: YES
Cond To Avoid (Stability): IGNITION SOURCES
Materials To Avoid: STRONG OXIDIZERS: PEROXIDES/HYDROGEN/NITROGEN/
PERFORMIC ACID/PERCHLORIC ACID/STRONG ALKALIS/PHENOL/ANALINE/UREA/ (SUPP)
Hazardous Decomp Products: CO, CO2
Hazardous Poly Occur: NO
================================================================
GELATIN, BISULFIDES, IRON PREPARATION, SALTS OF COPPER, ARSENIC,
STRONG ACIDS-HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
==================================================================
Transportation Data
==================================================================
Disposal Data
==================================================================
Label Data
==================================================================

69
 NUMBER
CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS TRAINING
INFORMATION UPDATE FOR CHEMICAL HAZARD AWARENESS ISSUE DATE REPLACES
2003 1997
SUBJECT: SAFETY EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FROM MATERIALS APPROVAL PAGE NUMBER
SUPPLY FOR HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 1 OF 1

This exhibit lists the main items of personal safety equipment available for use when handling
hazardous material. The type of equipment and the quantity held in stock at any particular
location are dependent on the nature of the hazardous material handled there. Contact
Environmental Protection for advice at telephone 872-2623 (DH), 572-4538 (AB), 678-4868
(RT) or 427-0155 (JID).

LIST OF SAFETY AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

Catalog Number Material Master Description
Number (SAP)
21-311-231 1000127427 Scott Air Pak
21-328-101 1000127821 Eye Bath and Safety Shower
21-330-347 1000127829 Mask Face Piece
21-333-573 1000127989 Emergency Fountain
21-333-625 1000128023 Eyewash Fountain
21-333-630 1000128041 Portable Eyewash Fountain
21-342-550 1000128098 Oxygen Deficiency Indicator
21-370-444 1000128163 Respirator Cartridge, Filter and Retainer
21-370-800/810/820 1000128213/216/240 Disposable Cartridge Respirator
21-370-500 1000128165 Disposable Dust Mask
21-371-401 1000128242 Dual Cartridge Respirator
21-372-365 1000128433 Emergency Shower Set
21-404-181 1000128583 Neoprene Apron - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-404-199 1000128631 Vinyl Apron - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-408-555/-559 1000128776/778 Over Boots - Impermeable to Asbestos Fibers
21-408-736/-740/ 1000128955/958/ Rubber Safety Boots
-744/-748/ 971/975/978 Rubber Safety Boots
-752/-756/ 760 /129031/035 Rubber Safety Boots
21-416-650/-660/ 1000129137/180/ Coveralls - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
-670/-680 185/187 Coveralls - Acid- and Oil-Resistant
21-417-015/-024/ 1000129231/235 Coveralls - Acid- and Flame-Resistant
-033/-041 238/250 Coveralls - Acid- and Flame-Resistant
21-426-121 1000129345 Face Shield
21-432-080 1000129418 Neoprene Gloves
APPENDIX D

21-432-510/-513/ 1000129492/601 PVC Gloves

-516/-519 606/620 PVC Gloves
21-432-570/-576/ 1000129624/ 628 PVC or NBR Gloves
-582/-591 631/634 PVC or NBR Gloves
21-432-624 1000129635 PVA Coated Rubber Gloves
21-434-249 1000129810 Safety Goggles
21-435-173 1000129873 Safety Glasses
95-257-650 1000489597 Respirator Cartridge (replaces 21-370-420)
95-200-230 1000483189 Respirator, Half-mask Face piece, twin
cartridge; Ammonia
95-257-650/651/652 1000489597/598/599 Respirator Part
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Table 6.1

70
 HAZCOM LABEL GUIDELINES:
1. The proponent organization will assign an individual to be
responsible for placing the HAZCOM label. This will provide
uniformity and consistency of label implementation as well as
preventing any potential error.
2. Until applied to containers, HAZCOM Labels should be stored
in a cool, dry, clean and ventilated area.
3. One HAZCOM Label is required on each container.
4. No HAZCOM Label is required for a gas cylinder, but a
HAZCOM Label sign and the CHB should be located in the
area in which cylinders are stored.
5. Before applying HAZCOM Label to container, check for any
conflicts in labeling. They must be same name as on the
Manufacturers Label and same stock number or Material
Master Number (SAP) as on label or stencil. There must be no
conflict in all the labeling. If any label does not refer to the
same chemical or stock number or Material Master number
(SAP), a HAZCOM Label must not be attached and the
appropriate HAZCOM Label must be acquired. No HAZCOM
Label may be applied to unlabeled or unknown material until
the material is positively identified as the material on the
HAZCOM Label.
6. The area to place the label must be located and properly
prepared (cleaned, dried, etc.) container surface in which the
label will adhere and stay placed. The HAZCOM Label should
not cover the Manufacturers Label or Transportation
(diamond) hazard Label or stenciled identification.
7. The label must be placed carefully (squarely, level and
smoothly) on properly prepared (cleaned and dried, etc.)
container surface avoiding wrinkles in a location where it is
easily seen. They should be on upper 2/3 of the container, not
at very bottom, unless no other option, and then only with
approval. The HAZCOM Label should not cover the
Manufacturers Label or Transportation (diamond) hazard
Label or stenciled identification.
8. Small containers (each small container less than 1 gallon
(4 liters) or 3 kilograms do not require HAZCOM Labels.
9. For materials shipped in packages from Material Supply
Organization (MSO), at least one HAZCOM Label should be
attached to each of the four (4) sides of the package.
10. For site storage, one HAZCOM label should be attached to
each container stored. The container may be a drum or
smaller container or even a box containing more than one (1)
gallon (four (4) liters) or three (3) kilograms total.
11. The HAZCOM label will be used in conjunction with Chemical
Hazard Bulletin (CHB).
The CHB should be displayed in the area for more detailed
information.
 Environmental Protection Department

http: //engsvcs.aramco.com.sa/epd/publications/hazcom
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