FIBER OPTIC SPLICING & PREPARATION

WORK SHOP
 FIBER OPTIC SPLICING & PREPARATION
WORK SHOP
BASIC NETWORK
INTRODUCTION FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
FIBER CONSTRUCTION - P2P
COMPONENTS - P2mP (PON)
- CABLE
- CONNECTOR HANDS-ON
- ENCLOSURE/CLOSURE TEST EQUIPMENT
COLOR CODING - OTDR
- CABLE - OLTS
- CONNECTOR/COUPLER - VFL

HANDS-ON
SAFETY PRACTICE
TERMINATION & SPLICING
- MECHANICAL
- FUSION Trainor:
Fredrik Dilodilo, ECE, CFOS/H
0917-5504780 / 0925-5013456
rik@diloengineering.com
 HISTORY OF
COMMUNICATION
 HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
1876 1955
1965-1970
1830-1840 ALEXANDER
TAT 1- Trans-Atlantic
Telecomunication Fiber Optic
SAMUEL MORSE GRAHAM BELL
Telephone cable
(TELEGRAPH) (TELEPHONE)

Fiber Optics
Technology still
developing

1962
FIRST
COMMUNICATION
1858 1901 SATELLITE
(TELSTAR)
1982
FIRST TELEGRAPH GUGLIELMO TAT-8 FIRST
CABLE MARCONI TRANS-ATLANTIC
(WIRELES RADIO) FIBER OPTIC
CABLE
 Today there are over 300 submarine cables that connect the world

Fiber optics is either the dominant medium or a logical choice for every
communication system.
Reference: www.submarinecablemap.com
 INVENTOR OF FIBER OPTICS

In 1965 Charles Kao working with Standard Telecommunication

laboratories (STL) had researched and discovered that attenuation of
fiber optics was caused by impurities in manufacturing considering
that optical waveguide has an information carrying capacity.
“If the attenuation could be lowered sufficiently, they theorized
fiber optics could be used as a practical means of
communication.”
 INVENTOR OF FIBER OPTICS
The attenuation barrier was broken in
1970 by three research scientists working
for Corning Glass Works (now Corning
Inc.), Robert Maurer, Donald Keck & Peter
Schultz who made the first low loss fiber

When fiber was just being

introduced.
It was expensive and
required PhD's from Bell
Labs
 DIFFERENT TYPE OF COMMUNICATION MEDIUM

Wireless approach -
Satellite & Microwave

Wired approach -
Copper, Coax &
Fiber Optic
 FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGE OVER COPPER
- Fiber Optic is a nonconductor
material made of glass or plastic
which is Immune to Electro
Magnetic interference (EMI) &
Radio Frequency Interference
(RFI).

- Can be run alongside power cables

without picking up excessive noise

- Does not pose sparks hazard in

a chemically volatile environment.

- immune to lightning and many

other environmental factors that
affect copper cable
 FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGE OVER COPPER
- Difficult to tap providing greater
security

- Less susceptible to temperature

fluctuations (copper expand &
contract)
- Abundance of raw materials (silica)
- Cost for FOC, components and
hardware is steadily decreasing.
 FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGE OVER COPPER

Smaller size & weight

- Since FOC is lightweight, thinner and durable than copper

cable, it takes less space in cabling ducts, walls or in aerial
installation.
 Copper telephone requires 1
pair of copper wire (Tip & Ring)
connection per link in able to
connect to the other user.

Switchboard was an essential

component of a manual Telephone
Exchange & operated by switch
board operator to interconnect
different phone lines.
Public switched telephone
network (PSTN) automates the
process which is located in
Telephone Exchange or Central
Office (CO).
 FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGE OVER COPPER

Greater Bandwidth capacity

- Fiber optic carry high speed signals

over long distances while copper is
limited in length due to the voltage drop
DATA RATE ON COPPER NETWORK

- Copper cable data rate is affected by the length of the

cable.
- Copper is not intended for long distance communication.
- Copper Download and upload is asymmetric
COPPER SPEED TEST FIBER SPEED TEST
 OVERVIEW:
Fiber Optics, as an international technology, utilizes the METRIC
SYSTEM as the standard form of measurement.
• Meter or kilometer “m” or “km”
Fiber optic cable lengths

• Millimeter: “mm ”
1000 mm = 1 meter
Measurement for cable jacket
• Micron/Micrometer: “μm ”
1000 μm = 1 mm
Measurement for fiber optic diameters
• Nanometer: “nm”
1000 nm = 1 μm
Measurement for fiber optic Wavelength of transmitted light
(signal)
In communications, we used the following terms:

Outside plant (OSP)

telephone networks , CATV, metropolitan networks, utilities, etc.

Premises
House, buildings and campuses
INTRODUCTION TO
FIBER OPTIC
WHAT IS FIBER OPTIC
It is a medium in which signals are sent in a form of light
through a thin fiber of glass or plastic.

It is a communication technology that sends signal using

pulses of light (modulated light).

HOW FIBER OPTIC WORK

The operation is based on the principle of
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.
Where light reflects (bounces back) or refracts (alters its
direction while penetrating a different medium), depending on
the angle at which it strikes a surface.
Envision a person looking at a lake. By looking down at a less
steep angle, the individual is likely to see a reflection. Because air
and water have different index of refraction.
 Index of refraction (refractive index)
Is a measurement of the bending of a ray of light when
passing from one medium into another.

Vacuum – 1.0000
Water – 1.3330
Glass – 1.5000
Diamond – 2.4170
Light reflects (bounces back) or refracts (alters its direction while
penetrating a different medium), depending on the angle at which it strikes a
surface.
 Signal travel inside reflecting

The CLADDING that surrounds the CORE has a lower refractive

index which results on reflection of the signal.
 Fiber Optic Construction
An optical fiber consists of two different types of highly pure solid glass
composed to form the CORE (center) and the CLADDING (surrounding
the core).

Core diameter varies from 9, 50 & 62.5 micrometer

Cladding diameter is normally 125 micrometer while
 Fiber Optic Cable Construction
Optical fibers (core & cladding) have to be encased in several layers of protection.

Primary Buffer coating (COATING)

The first of these layers is the primary buffer coating (also called as “Coating’’), 
A thin protective coating made of ultraviolet curable acrylate a diameter of
250 micrometer. This thin coating provides moisture and mechanical protection.
 BUFFER TUBE
The next layers of protection is a BUFFER TUBE, that is typically extruded over the coating
to further increase the strength of the single fibers.

This buffer can be either a loose buffer tube (outdoor cable) or a tight buffer tube (indoor
cable).

OUTDOOR CABLE INDOOR CABLE

 STRENGTH MEMBER
It is usually made of aramid yarn (Kevlar), which absorbs the tension needed to
pull the cable & also include a central rod either made of steel & FRP used for
additional strength and to stiffen the cable to prevent kinking and damaging
It also includes the filler to make the cable round & a water block tape for moisture
protection,
OUTDOOR CABLE

INDOOR CABLE
 JACKET
The outermost layer of protection is the Jacket, it is designed to withstand the
environment into which the cable is going to be installed.
An Armor is either installed to serve as rodent protection while other type of cable
is wrap with other protection for different kind of application.
A Ripcord is useful cord to rip the cable jacket.
OUTDOOR CABLE INDOOR CABLE
FIBER OPTIC CABLES
 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Indoor)

Indoor cables normally use 900micron tight buffer tube.

 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)

Can be installed in conduit and aerial

Also called as “Round Cable”, “Conventional Cable”
 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)
AERIAL OR SELF SUPPORTING
CONVENTIONAL
(FIGURE 8) CABLE APPROACH
 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)

Fiber Drop cable is commonly installed in household.

 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)
OPTICAL GROUNDING WIRE (OPGW) CABLE
 Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)
SUBMARINE CABLE
Type of Fiber Optic Cable (Outdoor)

DIRECT BURRIED COMPOSITE CABLE HYBRID CABLE

(ARMORED) CABLE

Armor in a direct buried cable is use to prevent rodent damage aside

from added protection for cable break.
 Air Blow Fiber – ABF (using microduct)

ABF is blown into a “ Microduct” which is like a conduit.

 Air Blow Fiber - ABF

- Future proof and High provision for expansion

- Ideal solution for underground cable
 Air Blow Fiber - ABF

- Low Manpower requirement

- High accomplish installation result (almost 1km blown fiber in an hour)
 Type of Optical Fiber
Multimode fiber (was the first type of fiber to be commercialized)
It has a much larger core diameter (62.5 and 50 microns) allowing
hundreds of modes of light to propagate through the fiber simultaneously,

Singlemode fiber
It has a much smaller core diameter (9 microns). Has a relatively
narrow diameter through which only one mode will propagate.
 Multimode & Singlemode
Multimode fiber
Facilitates the use of lower-cost optical
transmitters
(such as Light Emitting Diodes [LEDs] or a
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
[VCSELs]).

It is used primarily for Short distance

transmission such as premises network.

Singlemode fiber
Use Laser Diode which is typically used for
long distance and higher-bandwidth
applications which is commonly used for
Outside plant.
 Plastic Optical Fiber
Plastic optical fiber (POF): is a large core (usually 1mm) multimode fiber
that can be used for short, low speed networks.
Typically used in consumer HiFi and as part of a standard for car
communication systems called MOST (Media Oriented Systems
Transport). Also used for lighting and decoration.
 Fiber Optic Categories

Multimode is typically used for short distance transmission (premises

cabling) but maximum distance capacity varies on type of fiber
compared with the bandwidth.

Singlemode doesn’t have any issues in terms of length and bandwidth

 Fiber Optic Cable Color Coding

Cable markings on the cable also indicate type of cable, quantity of fiber
Fiber optic is under the Infrared region which is not visible.
 Optical Fiber Wavelength
Wavelength and frequency are related, so some radiation is identified by
its wavelength while others are referred by their frequency.

For the radiation such as light, UV and x-rays, we generally refer to their
wavelength while we use frequency for the longer wavelengths like radio,
TV and microwaves.
Fiber Optic Signal is generally refer to wavelength
 Wavelength of Multimode & Singlemode
Multimode fiber
Uses a wavelength such as
850nm & 1310nm

Singlemode fiber
Uses a wavelength such as
1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm & 1625nm (other wavelength is also
available like 1650 upto 1725)
1310nm operate with a high loss and low dispersion (spreading
out of a light pulse)
but 1550nm operate with a low loss and high dispersion and
often used for longer distance but considering that it has better
performance, it is not logical to always use 1550nm because of
the cost.
Fiber Optic Connector, Adapters & Hardware
Fiber Optic Connector
A Fiber Optic Connector Intermateability Standards (FOCIS) document
is an TIA/EIA component standard written for manufacturers to follow
to insure that their connector will be intermateable with other
manufacturer's connectors of the same type.
Structure of Fiber Optic Connector
 Fiber Optic Connector
The fiber is installed in a long thin cylinder called FERRULE, which act as a
fiber alignment mechanism.

A common diameter size of ferrule is 2.5mm (SC,ST & FC) and 1.25mm (LC).
2.5mm diameter Ferrule Connectors
1.25mm diameter Ferrule Connectors
 Duplex type connectors
1 pieces connector – Simplex
2 pieces combined connector - Duplex
NEW TYPE OF CONNECTORS
 Fiber Optic Connector Ferrule
The next confusing nomenclature for fiber optic connectors came
from the “polishing of the end of the ferrule”,
- Flat (NO LONGER AVAILABLE)
- PC (Physical Contact)
- Ultra PC (UPC)
- Angle PC (UPC) with an 8 degree angle

The endface polishing is a results in a lower Optical Return Loss

(ORL) with less light being sent back towards the power source.
 Fiber Optic Connector Ferrule
PC (Physical Contact) and Ultra PC” (UPC) are similarly flat with
difference on the edge while “Angle PC” (APC) has an 8 degree
angle.
 Fiber Optic Connector Ferrule
With PC or UPC connectors, any reflected light is reflected straight back
towards the light source.
With APC connectors, The angled endface causes reflected light to reflect
at an angle into the cladding. This causes some differences in return loss,
which is a measurement of reflected light that is expressed as a negative
dB value (the higher the value, the better).
 CONNECTORS COLOR CODE

Beige - Multimode
Blue - Singlemode PC or UPC
Green - Singlemode APC

Note: Color code applies to the connector housing/body

or rubber boots
SAMPLE CONNECTORS
COUPLER & ADAPTER

Coupler - connects the same type of connector

Adapter – connect & adapt two type of connector
Common Fiber Optic Coupler
Common Fiber Optic Adapter
Hybrid Adapter
 COUPLER / ADAPTER COLOR CODE
Color coding identifies the connector to be use
in consideration of fiber Type (MM and SM) and
Ferrule (PC or UPC and APC)

Green - Singlemode Aqua Blue - OM3

if ferrule is APC (Multimode)

Blue - Singlemode
Purple - OM4
if ferrule is PC or UPC
(Multimode)

Beige - OM1 or OM2 Lime Green - OM5

(Multimode) (Multimode)
 DIFFERENCE ON CORE SIZE
You cannot mix and match fibers!
Connecting Singlemode to Multimode fiber can cause almost 99% of the power.

Even connections of a Multimode fiber between 62.5/125 and 50/125 can cause
loss of over half the power.
DIFFERENCE ON FERRULE
PATCH CORD
CABLE WITH TWO CONECTOR ON BOTH ENDS

CONNECTOR
TYPE CABLE LENGTH
TYPE
SAMPLE: SC / APC – SC / APC SM Simplex 3.0mm 5meter
FIBER JACKET
FERRULE TYPE DIAMETER
TYPE
PIGTAIL
CABLE WITH ONE CONNECTOR AT ONE END

CONNECTOR FIBER
TYPE TYPE
SAMPLE: SC / APC SM 1.5meter
FERRULE LENGTH
TYPE

NOTE: HANDS-ON ACTIVITY

 GUIDE FOR PATCHCORD CLASSIFICATION
CONNECTOR
TYPE CABLE LENGTH
TYPE
SAMPLE: SC / APC – SC / APC SM Simplex 3.0mm 5meter
FIBER JACKET
FERRULE TYPE DIAMETER
TYPE
CONNECTOR FERRULE
TYPES TYPES

CABLE
TYPES
FIBER
TYPES
 Fire Code Rating
NEC (National Electrical Code) requires indoor fiber optic
cables be marked with their fire and installed properly for its
intended use.
There are types of jacket ratings like Plenum jackets which are
considered the most resistant to fire, whereas general purpose
jackets are least resistant.

Cables contains metallic conductor must be properly grounded

Fiber Optic Color Coding
 Fiber Optic Splitter
Is an important component to share the network with multiple users,
commonly use in PON architecture. The basic principle is to split one
optic light beam into several parts at a certain ratio.

Fiber optic splitters can be divided into PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit)
splitter and FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitter.
 Fiber Optic Splice Closure
Fiber optic splice closures are vertical type and horizontal types that is
used and installed on aerial and within the manhole/handhole.

The basic component inside a closure is the fiber trays (splice trays)
where the fiber splice is protected,
 Closure Fiber Optic Splice tray
Fiber optic splice trays not only provide physical security, but also provide
organization for fusion splices. The expose fiber length will depends on the
closures cable entry.
 Fiber Optic Splice
Enclosure
The termination point of the fiber optic cables to be spliced to a pigtail or
terminated with a connector. Either Wall mounted or Rack mounted.

Also called as FDU (Fiber Distribution Unit), ODF (Optical Distribution

Frame), FPP (Fiber Patch Panel), ATB (Access Terminal Box), IOO (Indoor
Optical Outlet), NIU (Network Interface Unit).
Make sure to have proper looping of fiber within the tray.
 Enclosure Fiber Optic Splice tray
Fiber optic splice trays not only provide physical security, but also provide
organization for fusion splices.
 Enclosure Fiber Optic Splice tray
Fiber optic splice trays not only provide physical security, but also provide
organization for fusion splices.
The fiber within the splice tray should be properly organized
for easy maintenance and troublshooting
FIBER OPTIC TOOLS
 SAFETY RULES IN HANDLING

Always wear clear safety

Keep track of shards and
glasses to protect your eyes splinters, Proper disposal.
from fiber scraps. Thoroughly clean your work
area when you are done.

Hand washing
 Fiber Optic Common tools
CABLE JACKET STRIPPER / SLITTERS
- use only for removing the cable jacket
 Fiber Optic Common tools
BUFFER STRIPPER / SLITTERS
- use only for removing the loose buffered cable
 Fiber Optic Common tools
FIBER OPTIC STRIPPER
- use only for removing the 900micron tight buffer tube & 250micron coating.
 Fiber Optic Common tools
FIBER OPTIC CLEAVER
- use only for precise cutting of fiber to achieve a perfect cut.
FIBER OPTIC SPLICING
Splicing is the process of connecting two optical fiber.
Two method of fiber optic splicing
1. Mechanical - using alignment sleeves to align the two
optical fiber to a tolerable loss
2. Fusion - using fusion machine to heat/fuse the two
optical fiber (lower loss)
 MECHANICAL SPLICING
- used for joining precisely two optical fiber thru alignment and holding it permanently
.

SAMPLE OF MECHANICAL SPLICING

- Coupler & Adapter

MECHANICAL SPLICE CONNECTORQ
 TERMINATION
MECHANICAL SPLICE CONNECTOR
FIBRLOK MECHANICAL CONNECTOR

HANDS-ON
Assembly Tool is required to achieve an ideal splice
 TERMINATION
REPEAT FIBER STRIPPING, CLEANING AND CLEAVING

NOTE: STRIP THE FIBER ATLEAST 3/4“ OR USE THE MEASURING GUIDE AND
CLEAVE ATLEAST 12.5MM
 TERMINATION
Insert the fiber one at the time on each end, the microbend indicated that both of the
fiber reach each other.

Close the lever to fix the splice.

 MECHANICAL SPLICING
PRE-TERMINATED CONNECTOR
- Splice connector mechanical holds the fiber for alignment
 TERMINATION
PRE-TERMINATED CONNECTOR
FIC (FIELD INSTALLABLE CONNECTOR)

HANDS-ON
Also called: Field Assembly, Ftth fast connector
 TERMINATION
STEP 1 STEP 2
Strip according to
connector type

Use of JIG

Use of JIG

1. Strip the Jacket, stripping length (MINIMUM of 45mm)

2. Strip the Coating according to length,
If ever a JIG is available, Place the fiber to the JIG to achieve ideal length of cleave.
(different JIG is available depending on connector)
 TERMINATION
STEP 3 STEP 4

If with JIG

3. Clean the fiber using an alcohol pads

4. Cleave the fiber according to the specified length, Use of a JIG make things easy.
 TERMINATION
INSERTING THE FIBER TO THE CONNECTOR

If with JIG

Note: Microbend indicates that the end of the fiber reach the other side
 TERMINATION

- The Index matching Gel help on the performance of the mechanical

splice point.
 TERMINATION
- TEST THE CONNECTOR USING
A VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR

ASSEMBLING THE BODY OF AN SC CONNECTOR

 FUSION SPLICING
FIBER OPTIC FUSION MACHINE
- used for joining precisely two optical fiber by arc.

Well known brands: Fujikura, Sumitomo, Fitel Furukawa

Difference is low typical splice loss, faster splice time and heating time.
BASIC BUTTONS & MAJOR COMPONENTS
 FUSION SPLICING
REPEAT FIBER STRIPPING, CLEANING AND CLEAVING

NOTE: STRIP THE FIBER ATLEAST 3/4“ AND CLEAVE THE FIBER EITHER 10MM BUT
NOT MORE THAN 19MM (DEPENDING ON THE PROTECTION SLEEVES TO BE
USED)
 FUSION SPLICING
PUT THE FIBER ON EACH SIDE.
Fiber Optic Equipment
 FUSION SPLICES EVALUATION
FUSION SPLICES SAMPLE RESULTS

Note: Common practice is to achieve an ideal splice

 FUSION SPLICES PROTECTION
PROTECTION SLEEVES
- Protection sleeves is required to protect the newly fuse fiber.
- Commonly use is the heat shrinkable sleeves (40mm,
50mm & 60mm in length).
- Other protection sleeves is thru clip and adhesive.
Note: Cleave length should consider the sleeves to be use.
FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to Point (P2P)
Normally requires 2 core fiber per link
Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to Point (P2P)

SFP (Small-form Factor Pluggable) Transceiver

Comparison of media converter and SFP module (transceiver)
Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to Point (P2P)
Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to Point (P2P)
Normally use for backbone
Sample CCTV network (IP Camera)
USING COPPER CABLE (LIMITED LENGTH)
 Copper to fiber optic network

Limited length

NOTE: Fiber Optic Length is dependent on media converter capacity

Copper to fiber optic network
 Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to MultiPoint (PMP)
A PMP is commonly a Passive Optical Network (PON) that provide fiber to the end
consumer/home (FTTH), Most FTTH systems are "triple play" systems offering voice
(telephone), video (TV) and data (Internet access.)
Signals are sent bidirectionally over a SINGLE FIBER using two or three separate
wavelengths of light from the ONU or ONT (subscriber side) which only communicate to the
OLT.
The Fiber Optic splitter is the on major component of a PON.
Three different protocols are in use today such as BPON, EPON & GPON.
 Fiber Optic Splitter
The basic principle is to split one optic light beam into several parts at a
certain ratio.
 Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to MultiPoint (PMP)
If the Video signal is an Analog signal (AM video), An Optical transmitter will be amplified by
the EDFA (Erbium dope fiber amplifier) that sends the Video signal into the network.

BPON (BroadBand PON), shown below, uses a third wavelength for AM video thru EDFA,
 Fiber Optic Architecture
Point to MultiPoint (PMP)
EPON (Ethernet PON) and GPON (Gigabit PON) uses digital IPTV transmission for Video
which also came from the OLT, (no need for an EDFA).
 FTTx NETWORK SOLUTION

Fttx solution is now commonly use due to the advantage of just using 1 core fiber per
link and a cheap passive optical splitter to form a network
FTTH Fiber Optic Architecture
CASCADED SPLIT PON
– Telco usually use 2x (1x8 SPLITTER), 1:64 Subscriber
Copper & Fiber optic Network Comparison
FIBER OPTIC TEST EQUIPMENT
 Fiber Performance Specifications
❏Decibels (dB): Is a unit of measurement used to
express the ratio of one value of a physical
property to another on a logarithmic scale, used to
express a change in value or an absolute value.

❏dB: Optical power referenced an arbitrary zero

level, used to Measures optical LOSS
❏dBm: Optical power referenced to 1 milliwatt,
used to Measures optical POWER from
transmitters or at receivers.
 TEST EQUIPMENT
OTDR - Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
- It works like radar, it sends pulse down the fiber and looks for a return signal
(back scatter),

- Used to measures LENGTH of the cable and verify LOSSES within either
splice, bending & splitter.
- Normally OTDR provides graphic display of the fiber under test.
COMPARISON OF TRACE
 NEWER OTDR EQUIPMENT
Newer OTDR have software to help interpret graph to show as
block diagram.

Anritsu brand – fiber visualizer

Exfo brand – IOLM (Intelligent Optical Link mapper)
Fluke – Eventmap
NEWER OTDR EQUIPMENT
NEWER OTDR EQUIPMENT
NEWER OTDR EQUIPMENT
OTDR platform graphical test result
OTDR software interpreted test result

Mechanical Splitter

Fusion Macrobend
 TEST EQUIPMENT
OLTS - Optical Loss Test Set
- Compose of a Power Meter (P.M.) & a Light Source (L.S.)
- Simulates the equipment to be installed (L.S. as transmit, P.M. as
Receive)
- Use for testing the Insertion loss or System loss.
- Testing parameters should be within the same wavelength

POWER METER LIGHT SOURCE

 CALIBRATION or REFERENCING
Note: Should be the same wavelength

dB if LOSS Measurement
dBm if POWER Measurement
TEST THE FIBER LINK FROM POINT TO POINT

- Measured LOSS (dB) is compared to the LOSS Budget

- Measured POWER (dBm) is compare to the equipment specification
 LOSS BUDGET CALCULATION
PASSIVE OPTIC NETWORK

Cable length is 10km

LOSS BUDGET: @1310nm

Splicing loss = 0.05dB/splice x 5 splice = 0.25 dB

Connector loss = 0.3 dB/conn x 6 conn = 1.8 dB

Cable loss = 0.36dB/km x 10km = 3.6 dB

Splitter loss = 10.5dB/split x 2 split = 21 dB

LOSS BUDGET (sum) = 26.65 dB

- Acceptable figure on OSP contractor

 LOSS BUDGET CALCULATION

Cable length is 10km

LOSS BUDGET: @1310nm

Splicing loss = 0.05dB/splice x 5 splice = 0.25 dB

Connector loss = 0.3 dB/conn x 6 conn = 1.8 dB

Cable loss = 0.36dB/km x 10km = 3.6 dB

Splitter loss = 10.5dB/split x 2 split = 21 dB

LOSS BUDGET (sum) = 26.65 dB

- Acceptable figure as per Converge standard on OSP contractor

 NETWORK DIAGRAM

+5dBm to -8dBm to -15dBm to -15dBm to

0dBm -12dBm -21dBm -24dBm
 NETWORK DIAGRAM

+5dBm to -8dBm to -15dBm to -15dBm to

0dBm -12dBm -21dBm -24dBm
 SAMPLE PON NETWORK

- LCP & NAP are in separate Enclosure

- 8 port per NAP enclosure
 ACTUAL ENCLOSURE

- LCP & NAP are in separate Enclosure

- 8 port per NAP enclosure
 SAMPLE PON NETWORK

- LCP & NAP are in separate Enclosure

- 2x 1:8 NAP per enclosure
 SAMPLE PON NETWORK

- LCP & NAP are in separate Enclosure

- 2x 1:8 NAP per enclosure
SAMPLE PON NETWORK

- LCP & NAP 1-2 are in the same Enclosure

- 2x 1:8 NAP per enclosure
SAMPLE PON NETWORK

- LCP & NAP 1-2 are in the same Enclosure

- 2x 1:8 NAP per enclosure
POWER BUDGET
 TEST EQUIPMENT
Inspection probe or Fiber Microscope
- Inspection of connector end face.

Note: Always ensure “NO” signal is present before inspecting any

connector with a microscope
 CONNECTOR END FACE CHECKING

Particles closer to the core will have more impact than does farther out.
 CLEANING
WHY WE DO CARE?

Connector contamination &

damage is one of the root cause
of network failure.

Inspecting & cleaning before

connecting saves
troubleshooting costs, downtime
& improves performance.
EXAMPLES OF END FACE RESULTS
There are several types of cleaners which can be used.
DRY cleaners are very convenient and fairly effective.
They may generate a static charge on the end of the fiber optic
connector ferrule that attracts airborne dust.
Rubbing a glass rod with a silk cloth is a classic method of
demonstrating static electricity but some of the dry cleaners now
have been designed to be conductive to prevent static buildup.
CASSETTE TYPE CLEANER
ONE CLICK CLEANER
The WET cleaning is using IPA (IsoPropyl Alcohol) to loosen dirt and
contamination.
the recommended was to use reagent-grade 99% isopropyl alcohol. Isopropyl
alcohol (IPA) was an effective solvent to remove most oily contamination and
was not harmful to the epoxies used in termination.
 BEST CLEANING METHOD
Wet/dry cleaning is generally the preferred method of cleaning connectors.
The wet/dry process works with a fairly large wipe or the boxes of cleaning wipes
shown below. You wet on end of the cleaning wipe with a cleaner solution then
wipe the connector from the wet to the dry side of the wipe. This quick process
should get the connector clean but only visual inspection will confirm the
connector has been properly cleaned.
 BEST PRACTICE
MAKE SURE CONNECTORS IS CLEAN
BEFORE YOU CONNECT.
 TEST EQUIPMENT

VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR

- Use visible RED colored light (650nm) for tracing and verification.
- The output power (1mw, 5mw, 10mw upto 30mw) correspond with the
distance capacity

- Use to check continuity - Use to trace fiber

- Use to find break - Use to check bending loss
Macrobend Testing
Bend Radius
In General, The minimum bending radius of a cable
shall not be less than
- 10 times the cable diameter for fiber cable
- 20 times the cable diameter for fiber cable (if under
tension)
Standard Minimum Bending Diameter of a Fiber

G.652 – Standard Singlemode fiber

G.657 – Bend Insensitive Fiber (SM)

G.657 Fiber is usually use for Ftth

installation
 TEST EQUIPMENT

FIBER IDENTIFIER
- Use to check cable if it is working and its signal direction

- Checking for live fiber & direction

 TEST EQUIPMENT
TEST EQUIPMENT USAGE
OTDR Measurement of Cable
(Optical Time Domain Length & event loss
Reflectometer)
OLTS Measurement of Insertion
(Optical Loss Test Set) loss / System loss
compose of power meter &
light source
Power meter Measure loss & power
Light Source Simulate signal of the
equipment
Visual Fault Locator Visual tracing of fault
 SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
FIBER CONSTRUCTION
COMPONENTS
- CABLE
- CONNECTOR
- ENCLOSURE/CLOSURE
COLOR CODING
- FIBER / BUFFER / CABLE
- CONNECTOR / COUPLER
SAFETY PRACTICE
TERMINATION & SPLICING
- MECHANICAL
- FUSION

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

- P2P & PmP
TEST EQUIPMENT
- OTDR
- OLTS
- VFL
 QUESTION &
ANSWER
For other inquiry:
Fredrik Dilodilo
09175504780
rik@diloengineering.com