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principle of WDM
V1.1
Technical Specifications
2
Background
WDM
TDM
SDM
3
PDH, SDH and DWDM
G.692
DWDM
G.957 G.691
SDH
155M 622M 2.5G 10G
PDH
4
Relationship between DWDM
and Other Services
IP
DWDM
Physical Fiber
5
WDM Definition
1 2 N
1 1
2 2
N N
OA
OMU ODU
6
WDM Classification
7
DWDM Concept
8
DWDM system
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver
Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1 OTU1
Input
OMU
ODU
┇ LA ┇ Output
BA PA
Ch N λs λs λs λs Ch N
OTUn OTUn
λn λn
OSC
OSC OSC
EMS
9
Common NE in DWDM System
Client side Line side
λ
1
λ
n
λ
1 Line side Line side
λ
n
OTM
λ1 λn λ1 λn
Line side
Line side
Client side
OADM
OLA
10
Difference between DWDM and SDH
Electrical
Transmitter Receiver
Regenerator
1 TDM: Electrical Regenerator for
T R
Single Wavelength
1 2 N
1 1
2 2
DWDM: Multi-wavelength on Single
Fiber, for Optical Amplification OA
N N
11
DWDM Features
Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.
12
DWDM Features
SDH
DWDM
Electrical Regenerator
Light Amplifier
13
DWDM Development Trend
1 1
OTM 2 2
N N
OADM
i i k k
OXC OXC
Technical Specifications
15
Structure of Optical Fiber
Coating Cladding Core
n2 n1
16
Transport characteristics of
optical fibers
Attenuation (Loss)
Dispersion
Non-linear Effect
17
Attenuation
18
Attenuation
Absorbency Attenuation
Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation
Impurity Absorbency Attenuation
Scattering Attenuation
Additional attenuation
19
Division of Low-loss window
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak
1.5
OH- absorption
1.0 peak
0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)
20
Feature Comparison between Low-Loss
Windows
Window I II III IV V
Wavelength
range 600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
(nm)
MMF/ G.652/ G.652/
Fiber type MMF G.652/ G.653/ G.653/ Full-wave fiber
G.653 G.655 G.655
Short Short
distance distance
Applications Long distance and high rate
and low and low
rate rate
21
Dispersion
SMF
power power
time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse
22
Influence of Dispersion
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Input
Time
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time
23
Kinds of Dispersion
1. Chromatic Dispersion
24
Chromatic Dispersion
25
Influences of Chromatic Dispersion
1) Pulse spreading
A major influence of chromatic dispersion to system performance.
When transmission distance is longer than fiber dispersion length,
pulse spreading is too large. At this time, the system will have seri
ous inter-symbol interference and bit errors.
2) Chirp effect
Dispersion not only results in pulse spreading but also makes pul
se generate phase modulation. Such phase modulation makes dif
ferent parts of the pulse make different offset from the central freq
uency with different frequencies.
26
Chirp
27
Dispersion Tolerance
Example
28
Polarization Mode Dispersion
This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its
length. Due to bending and twisting, as well as temperature
changes, the fiber core is not exactly circular. The result is that the
modes in the fiber exchange power with each other in a random
fashion down the fiber length, which result in different group
velocities; the signal breaks up. In effect, the light travels faster on
one polarization plane than another.
29
Polarization Mode Dispersion
30
Nonlinear Effects
31
Single Phase Modulation (SPM)
Intensity
Intensity
Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity, refr
active index changes during optical pulse continuance, with pulse peak phase d
elayed for both front and rear edges. With more transmission distance, phase s
hift is accumulated continuously and represents large phase modulation upon c
ertain distance. As a result, spectrum spreading results in pulse spreading, whi
ch is called SPM .
32
Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are simult
aneously transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude modulation
of each frequency wave will result in the corresponding change of the
fiber refractive index, resulting in non-linear phase modulation of the
optical wave with other frequencies, which is called XPM.
33
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
P P
I Out
nput put
34
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
(SBS)
Power
Scattering
Output Power
Input Power
35
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
f
FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple
optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber, when multiple
frequencies of optical carriers with high power are simultaneously
transmitted in the fiber.
FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing channels
and channel crosstalk.
36
Common Types of SMF
G.652 : Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-disper
sion wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.
G.653 : Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm wi
ndow, easy to cause FWM.
G.655 : Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window. L
ess dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission dista
nce can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM
37
G.652
SMF 20
1.0 G.653
Attenuation DSF
Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
Attenuation (dB/km)
0.8
EDFA 10
Bandwidth
0.4 0
NZDF+
G.655+
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-
0.1 -20
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (nm)
38
content
WDM Overview
Technical Specifications
39
DWDM system
Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1 OTU1
OMU
Input
ODU
┇ BA LA PA ┇ Output
λ λ λ λ
Ch N s Ch N
OTUn s s s OTUn
λn λn
OSC
OSC OSC
EMS
40
Key technologies of DWDM
Optical source
Optical Mutiplexer And Demultiplexer
Optical Amplifiers
The Supervision Of WDM System
41
Key technologies of DWDM
42
Type of Optical Sources
43
Types of Modulation
1. Direct Modulation
2. Indirect Modulation
44
Direct modulation
45
Electrical-absorption (EA)
LD EA
Voltage applied
46
Mach-Zehnder external modulator ( M-Z )
LD
47
Comparison of Modulation
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator
48
Wavelength Stabilization technology
49
Optical Muliplexing and Demultiplexing
Technology
50
Optical Muliplexer and Demultiplexer
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Fiber
51
Common Techniques Used
Diffraction Grating
Coupling Type
52
Diffraction Grating
53
Thin Film Filter (TFF)
54
Array Waveguide (AWG)
By coupling each input to all outputs and controlling the characteristics of the
coupling, a wavelength at any input can be coupled to a selected outputs.
55
Coupling Type
λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
λ5
λ1 , 2 , 3……
λ6
λ7
λ8
It is a surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are closed to
each other and are properly melted.
56
Relationship between DWDM
Systems and Typical OM/OD
Type of OM OD
OM/OD Below 32 40 Below 32 40 Above 80
Above 80
wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths
Coupling _ _ _ _ _
√
Type
AWG √ √ _ √ √ _
TFF √ √ _ √ √ _
Diffraction _ _ _ _
√ √
Grating
57
Key Performance Indices
1. Multiplexing channel quantity
Represents the quantity of optical channels multiplexed/ demultip
lexed made by the OM/OD, closely related to resolution and isola
tion of the device.
2. Insertion loss
The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly affects
system transmission distance.
3. Channel isolation
Represents the isolation distance between multiplexed optical ch
annels in the optical devices.
58
continuation
4. Reflection coefficient
The ratio between the reflection optical power and incidence opti
cal power at the input end of the OM/OD. Smaller coefficient is pr
eferable.
5. Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the passband feature of
the OD.
Channel bandwidth at -20 dB describes the stopband feature of t
he OD.
59
Spectrum Requirements for OM/OD
Relative power
wavelength
Requirements : power equalization for each channel ;
better spectrum characteristic.
60
Optical Amplifier Technology
61
Optical Amplifier
Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed
long distance transmission - receiving optical power limit.
It amplifies all the wavelength at once and without optical-elect
rical-optical conversion.
62
Classifications of Optical Amplifier
Resonance Type
{
{
Semiconductor OA
Progressive Wave Type
1550 nm fiber amplifier (EDFA)
{
{
Lanthanon Doped FA
1310 nm fiber amplifier (PDFA)
Fiber amplifier
{
Raman FA (SRA)
Non-linear FA
Brillouin FA (SBA)
63
EDFA Composition
Erbium
Doped Fiber
Isolator Isolator
Coupler
PIN POUT
64
Working Principle
N3~0
1550 nm N2
signal light
1550 nm
980 nm 1480nm stimulated
pump light emission
N1
65
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
O O
• M •
M •
• U U
• OLA OPA •
OBA OLA
λn λn
EDFA includes:
Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA) - high optical output power
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) - compensate the loss of the transmission line
Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA) - low noise
66
Key Performance Indices
1. Gain (G)
The ratio between output optical signal power and input optical
signal power.
3. Bandwidth
The working wavelength range of DWDM system covers C and
L bands. The optical amplifier needs to amplify all the multiplexi
ng channel signals of the system, so its bandwidth should be w
ide enough.
67
continuation
4. Gain flatness
The allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified
working band range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum
doped technology is usually used in the EDF.
68
Problems of EDFA
Non-liner effect
Bandwidth
Optical surge
Dispersion
69
Problems of EDFA
1. Non-linear effect
When the optical power is increased to a certain degree, fiber non-linear effect will occur. Ther
efore, in the use of fiber amplifier, it is required to control the value of the in-fiber optical power
in a single channel.
2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the range of the optical wavelength which can be amplified flatly. The work
ing wavelength range of the EDFA in C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561 nm, and in L band is 1565 nm
~ 1625 nm.
70
continuation
3. Optical surge
Under normal condition, the erbium ions stimulated by the pu
mp light are carried off by the signal light, and thus implement
amplification of the signal light. If the signal light is interrupted,
the metastable ions still converge continuously, so energy tran
sient will occur leading to optical surge.
71
continuation
4. Dispersion
72
Supervision System Technology
73
Supervision System
Detection, control and management are basic requirements of
all network operations.
To ensure secure operation of DWDM system, physically, the
monitoring system is designed as an independent system sepa
rated from working channels and devices.
Used to transmit the NE management and supervision informat
ion related to DWDM system
74
Functions
1. Fault alarm
2. Fault location
5. EDFA supervision.
75
Requirements of OSC
1. It cannot restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of t
he pump light source in the optical amplifier.
2. It cannot restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
3. It cannot restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength.
4. It should still be available upon failure of the LA.
5. OSC transmission is bidirectional to ensure the supervision informa
tion can be received by the line terminal when one fiber is broken.
6. OSC transmission segment can be dropped on each optical amplifi
er relay station and DWDM system office station and added with ne
w supervision signals.
76
Optical Supervision Control (OSC)
ODU OMU
77
2M OSC
1510nm
78
content
WDM Overview
Technical Specifications
79
DWDM Technical Specifications
80
Integrated System & Open System
155MSDH Open
622MSDH
2.5G SDH O G.692
10G SDH
PDH T
IP U O
ATM
M
155MSDH
622MSDH G.692 U
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated
81
Working Wavelength in 1550nm Window
C Band: 1530nm~1565nm
L Band: 1565nm~1625nm
82
Working Wavelength of DWDM System
8/16/32/40-wavelength system
83
Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79
3 192.3 1558.98
4 192.4 1558.17
5 192.5 1557.36
6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75
8 192.8 1554.94
9 192.9 1554.13
10 193.0 1553.33
11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72
13 193.3 1550.92
14 193.4 1550.12
15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51
17 193.7 1547.72
18 193.8 1546.92
19 193.9 1546.12
20 194.0 1545.32
84
Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz Interval
on C Band
21 194.1 1544.53
22 194.2 1543.73
23 194.3 1542.94
24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35
26 194.6 1540.56
27 194.7 1539.77
28 194.8 1538.98
29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40
31 195.1 1536.61
32 195.2 1535.82
33 195.3 1535.04
34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47
36 195.6 1532.68
37 195.7 1531.90
38 195.8 1531.12
39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55
85
Working Wavelength of DWDM System
80-wavelength system
86
Wavelength Allocation of 80CH/50GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 196.05 1529.16
2 196.00 1529.55
3 195.95 1529.94
4 195.90 1530.33
5 195.85 1530.72
6 195.80 1531.12
7 195.75 1531.51
8 195.70 1531.90
9 195.65 1532.29
10 195.60 1532.68
11 195.55 1533.07
12 195.50 1533.47
13 195.45 1533.86
14 195.40 1534.25
15 195.35 1534.64
16 195.30 1535.04
17 195.25 1535.43
18 195.20 1535.82
19 195.15 1536.22
20 195.10 1536.61
87
Working Wavelength of DWDM System
160-wavelength system
88
Optical Parameter - Power
Watt (W)
The unit of power. In optical transmission, power is small, hence, it is
expressed in milliwatt (mW).
Decibel (dB)
The logarithmic ratio between the output power to the input power.
dB = 10log10 (POUTPUT / PINPUT)
dBm
Measurement of power in decibels using 1mW as the reference point.
Power in dBm = 10log10 (P / 1mW)
89
Optical Parameter—Power
P1/P2
P1
P2
P0
90
Optical Parameter - Attenuation
Fiber
P1 P2
Fiber loss=P1/P2
91
Optical Parameter - Gain
Amplifer
P1 P2
Amplifer Gain=P2/P1
92
Optical Parameter - OSNR
93
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