WCDMA Overview

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

Global Footprint MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
A Global Player with Global Resources
CANADA
Toronto
KUWAIT
ASIA PACIFIC
OMAN New Delhi , Noida,
NORTH AMERICA Gurgaon
Richardson , TX Muscat
Headquarters
AFRICA
Kenya,
LATIN AMERICA South Africa
Brazil
AUSTRALIA
New South
Wales
Capabilities MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Broad Skill Sets Across Wireless Industry
VAS
Staffing
Solutions
Transport
Services
Packet Switching In- Building
Services
Software
Development
Agenda
 Global Scenario
 Convergence
 Evaluation of 3G and Releases
 Technology Concept
 UMTS Fundamental
 WCDMA Principle
 Frequency Band Allocation
 Spreading Principle
 Processing gain
 Comparison UMTS and GSM
Communication
A Process of Exchanging information through Signal by Establishing

link between two entities:
Generally Transmitter and Receiver

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological

means, particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic wave
Communication
Telecommunication
Wireline Wireless
Internet AMPS/GSM/
UMTS/LTE
Broadband
Generations
Mobile Network and Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 1G
 2G/2.5G
 3G/3.5G
 4G TD LTE
FD LTE
4G
Generations MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Multimedia
Today’s Category MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Narrowband Wideband Broadband

4G
3G
2G
Service
1G
Type Voice
~ 384 ~ 21 ~ 100
Kbps Mbps Mbps
Convergence-ICT MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Fiber Optical Networks Mobile Networks

Circuit Switched Voice Packet Switched Voice
Application Services Mobile Data
Global Networks Mobile TV
TELECOM INDUSTRY
VoIP
Main Frame Computers PC’s FMIC IPTV

Internet
Web-Services The
ERP, CRM, SCM Client-Server Technology ICT WORLD Convergent
Packaged Software Enterprise Integration Industry
IT INDUSTRY Triple/Quadruple Play

Gaming
Radio, TV and Print Electronic Publishing Digital Audio & Video
Digital photography Video On
Optical Storage Demand
( CD/ DVD) Digital Broadcasting
Flat Screen Technology

MEDIA INDUSTRY
1970 1980 1990 2000 2012

Standardization
Vision MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Universal Global Roaming
 Multimedia (Voice, Data & Video)
 Increased data rates
 Up to 2 Mbps
 Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
 IP architecture
International Standardization MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

– Radio standards and spectrum
 IMT-2000
– ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000
 National and regional standards bodies are collaborating in 3G
partnership projects
– ARIB (Japan), TIA (North America), TTA (South Korea), TTC
(Japan), CWTS (China). T1 (North America), ETSI (Europe)
 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)

– Focused on evolution of access and core networks
1850
1800
GSM
PCS
DECT
1900
PHS UMTS (TDD)

PCS
unlicensed
IMT-2000
1950
(FDD)
UMTS
PCS
IMT-2000
Mobile
Mobile Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite Satellite
2000
Satellite
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000(TDD) UMTS (TDD)
2050
UMTS Frequency Allocations
ITU
USA
Europe
Japan
2100
(FDD)
UMTS
2150
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Mobile
Satellite Mobile Mobile Mobile
Satellite Satellite Satellite
2200 MHz
3GPP Releases MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Rel.99 to LTE
3GPP Releases MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
S. 3GPP DL UL DL
No. Releases Feature Throughput Throughput Modulation UL Modulation Remarks
1 Rel 99 UMTS 2 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK
Introduction of MSS, MGW

2 Rel 4 UMTS in Core Network
16 QAM,
3 Rel 5 HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK Scheduling of Codes
IMS
16 QAM,
4 Rel 6 HSUPA 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps QPSK Dual BPSK
5 Rel 7 HSP+ 28 Mbps 11 Mbps
6 Rel 8 LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Fourth Generation

Modulation
Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Modulation is a process in which high frequency carrier signal is varied accordance to the
modulating signal.
 During signal modulation, a high-frequency sine signal is often used as the carrier signal.
One sine signal involves three parameters: amplitude, frequency and phase. Modulation
of each of these three parameters is respectively called amplitude modulation, frequency
modulation, and phase modulation.
 In the WCDMA system, the modulation is Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). If High
Speed Downlink Package Access (HSDPA) is used, the downlink modulation mode can also
be 16QAM.
bit Symbol
Modulation
Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Signals are of low amplitude strength with low frequency (20 Hz to 20 KHz).
 To send the signal up to longer distance Modulation is required.
Depend on the Modulation:

Three types of Modulation schemes are introduced.
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
• GMSK is used for GSM for Modulation

• QPSK is used for WCDMA for Modulation
Modulation Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Baseband 0 1 0
Signal
Frequency
Modulation
Amplitude
Modulation
Modulation Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Baseband
0 1 1 0
Signal
Phase
Modulation
Modulation Method in WCDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channels

• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
• 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
16QAM Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• 16QAM allows for twice the peak data rate compared to QPSK
• Constellation diagram for 16QAM:
1 Modulation Symbol represents 4 data bits
Modulation efficiency = 4 bits/symbol

64QAM Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• 64QAM peak data rate is 50% higher in comparison to 16QAM
• Constellation diagram for 64QAM:

Q
1 Modulation Symbol represents 6 data bits
Modulation efficiency = 6 bits/symbol

Multiple Access
Multiple Access Techniques MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Multiple Access – Achieved by dividing the available radio

frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given access at
the same time.
 FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

– ( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)
 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
– ( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8 timeslots)
 CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
– (eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique code)
Radio Access Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
FDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
TDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
CDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UMTS Fundamental
Agenda MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 UMTS Cocktail Party

 Technology
 Spreading Factor
 Processing Gain
 Codes
 Rake Receiver
WCDMA Cocktail Party MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
What do YOU hear...

If you only speak Japanese?
If you only speak English?
If you only speak Italian?
If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanese-speaking
person is all the way across the room?
If you only speak Russian, but the Spanish-speaking
person is talking very loudly?
UMTS Air Interface Technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
• WCDMA – FDD
• WCDMA – TDD
WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of
networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same
frequency
UMTS Air Interface technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Frequency Division Duplex ( FDD ) Time Division Duplex ( TDD )
power time power time

Uplink Downlink
Downlink
Uplink
f1 f2 frequency f1 frequency
f3
duplex distance
Symmetric Services Asymmetric Services

UMTS Air Interface Technologies MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency
WCDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in time
 Flexible time duration for UL and DL for Asymmetrical traffic
WCDMA Technology MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
WCDMA Carrier Users share same time and
Frequency
3.84 MHz
frequency
5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers
UMTS – FDD Frequency Band MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Release 99
I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,
Japan, India
 II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
New in Release 5
 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
New in Release 6
 IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
 V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
New in Release 7
 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
 VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
Calculation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
UMTS-2100 Uplink Downlink
Duplex Frequency :2110-1920 = 190 MHz

Bandwidth :1980-1920 = 60 MHz
Carriers :60 / 5 = 12
UL : 1959 MHz – 1979 MHz

DL : 2149 MHz – 2169 MHz
Channel Numbering
UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)

UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):
UARFCN = 5 x fCenter [MHz]

Uplink/Downlink
Uplink/Downlink
UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
Calculations
 E.g. Frequency to UARFCN
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= fcenter <= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= fcenter <= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
UMTS & GSM Network Planning MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Differences in WCDMA & GSM MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Services with
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
Different scheduling scheduling with GPRS
quality
requirement
Efficient
packet data
Layered Network MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2 F1
200 - 500 m
F3
50 - 100 m Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
Quality Of Service
3G Applications MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
3G Services Required Data Rates
Video Conferences
Video-telephony UMTS offers flexible and

Services
dynamic data rates:

Tele-shopping
8 – 2000 kbps
Electronic Newspaper, Image/Sound Files
Tele-banking Financial Services
Database Access Information Service
Email
Voice
10 100 1000 10000

UMTS QoS Classes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
3GPP define two major classes (according to delay sensitivity)

 Real time
• Conversational class
• Streaming class
 Non-real time
• Interactive class
• Background class
Quality of Service
 QoS defines preferential delivery service for the applications by

ensuring sufficient bandwidth, controlling latency and jitter, and
reducing data loss.
 The following table describes these network characteristics
Network Characteristics Description

Bandwidth The rate at which traffic is carried by
the network.
Latency The delay in data transmission from
source to destination.
Jitter The variation in latency.
Reliability The percentage of packets discarded by

a router.
QoS Class MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Call
CS Call PS Call
Interactive Class Background Class

CS Data Call CS Voice Call PS Data Call PS Data Call
NRT Data Call
Conversational Streaming Class

Class PS Data Call
CS Data Call
RT Data Call
Streaming MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Highly asymmetric
 Real time, relatively low delay required
 Typically between server and client
Example Applications
 Web broadcast
 Video on demand
 Miscellaneous streaming multimedia

Interactive MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Request response pattern
 Preserve data integrity
 Relatively delay sensitive but not real time
 Treated as non-real time packet based service
Example applications:
 Web browsing
 Location based services
 Database retrieval
QoS For Different Services MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Quality Of Service Classes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Conversational Interactive
Traffic class Streaming class Background
class class
Preserve time
relation between Destination is
information Preserve time Request response not expecting
entities of the relation between pattern the data within
Fundamental stream a certain time
information
characteristics
entities of the Preserve data
Conversational stream integrity Preserve data
pattern (stringent integrity
and low delay)
Voice, Web browsing, Background

Example of the Streaming
videotelephony, download of
application multimedia network games
video games emails
Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UMTS Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Delivery Order
• Whether the SDU (Service Data Unit) should be delivered in order
 Maximum SDU size
• The maximum allowable size of SDUs
 SDU Format Information
• The possible actual sizes of SDUs, which might be useful for RLC operation in UTRAN
 SDU Error Ratio
• The fraction of lost or detected erroneous SDUs
 Residual Bit Error Ratio (BER)
• The undetected bit error ratio of a delivered SDU
 Delivery of Erroneous SDUs
• Whether the detected erroneous SDU should be transmitted

UMTS Bearer Attributes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Transfer Delay
• The maximum delay of 95th percentile of the delay distribution of all delivered
SDUs
 Traffic Handling Priority
• The priority for SDUs
 Allocation/ Retention Priority
• The priority for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer
 Source Statistics Descriptor
• Shows the traffic characteristics of SDUs
• Studies have shown that speech holds a discontinuous behavior, in which there are
talking and silent periods
• By specifying the source characteristics, it helps the system in making a decision for
admission control to achieve statistical multiplex gain
Features
WCDMA Features MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Separate users through different codes
 Large bandwidth
 Continuous transmission and reception CDMA

code
 Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
 No frequency planning
 Scrambling code planning
 5 MHz carrier separation frequency
 Fast Power Control
 Soft/Softer Handover
http://www.3gpp.org
 Admission Control
 Load Control
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project
WCDMA Data processing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Common Terms MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

 A bit is the input data which contain information
 A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving
 A chip is the output of spreading
 Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
 Closely related to spreading factor, SF.
 Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to mobile station
 Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to base station
WCDMA Source Coding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
– Multi-rate:
• 8 kinds of coding rates
• Benefit multi-mode terminal design
– Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease speech rate of part of
subscribers automatically so as to support more subscribers.
WCDMA Channel Coding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• Purpose:
– Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs.
• Types
– Speech service: Convolutional code（1/2、1/3）
– Data service: Turbo code (1/3)
DS-CDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:

 Differentiate channels/users
 Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
t MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3
f
5 MHz
Spreading Principle MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Spreading consists of 2 steps：

• Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the
bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading
Factor (SF).The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF code.
• Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.
Data bit Chips after

spreading
OVSF Scrambling
code code
Spreading Principle MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the
symbol rate
Information signal
Spreading signal
Transmission signal
Spreading Using Direct Sequence CDMA
• Multiplication of the data with a specific code (chips)

• Every single bit will be masked by a number of chips.
Spreading / De-spreading
Symbol Symbol
Spectrum
+1
Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Code
(pseudo
-1
noise)
+1
Data x
Code
-1
Despreading
+1
Code
-1
+1
Data
-1
Spreading Example MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Data stream x Spreading factor = 3.84 Mcps

 Possible SF:
 FDD UL: 4 – 8 – 16 – 32 – 64 - 128 – 256
 FDD DL: 4 – 8 – 16 – 32 – 64 - 128 – 256 – 512
Data rate
SF Chip rate FDD Example:
(After channel coding)
960 kbit/s 4 3,84 Mcps A Call requires a 12.2 kbit/s voice
channel. With special channel coding
480 kbit/s 8 3,84 Mcps
it will increase up to 30 kbit/s.
240 kbit/s 16 3,84 Mcps
Looking into the table will indicate
120 kbit/s 32 3,84 Mcps to use SF=128 (C128).
60 kbit/s 64 3,84 Mcps
30 kbit/s 128 3,84 Mcps
15 kbit/s 256 3,84 Mcps
7,5 kbit/s 512 3,84 Mcps
Correlation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.

EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1 (a)
-1 1 -1 1
+1 1 1 1 1
0
1 correlation
-1
Identical signals
+1
0 -1 1 -1 1 (b)
-1 11 11
-1 1 -1 1
+1 Zero correlation
0 Orthogonal signals
-1
Spreading and De-spreading MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Spreading
• Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS.
• This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!!
• The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R
De-spreading
• The spread user data/chip sequence with the same 'x' code chips to recover the
original data.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f
Noise
Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)
f Spreading code f
Codes in WCDMA
Code Understanding MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Code = Scrambling code + Channelization code
• Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

 Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
 Separates different cells (in downlink)
• Channelization codes
 Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same
scrambling code
 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
 Period depends on data rate
Orthogonality Principle
Case 1
+1
0
Spreading -1
11 001100
+1
0 1 0
+1 User -1
0 data
-1 +1
0
Despreading
-1
11 001100
+1 Spreading
0 code Case 2
-1
+1
0
-1
+1 Chip
0 sequence 101 01010
-1 +1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
Property MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Orthogonality
• Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner product is
zero.
Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another

– Then : S1* S2 = 0
Eg: (1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal:
(1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0
DL & UL Channelization Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Walsh-Hadamard Codes:
Orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
 SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,
512}
 SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good Orthogonality Properties:

cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
 Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation
(where synchronization between various channels is guaranteed)
Channelization Codes: Code Tree MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=256 SF=512

C8(0)=[11111111] C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C4(0)=[1111]
C16(2)=[............]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16(5)=[............]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C16(6)=[............]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C16(7)=[............]
C0(0)=[1]
C16(8)=[............]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C16(9)=[............]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C16(10)=[...........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C16(13=[...........]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C16(14)=[...........]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(15)=[...........]
DL & UL Channelization Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
 In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data

(and control) channels coming from the same NodeB
CC3, CC4
CC1, CC2
CC5, CC6, CC7
 In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels from the same UE
CC1, CC2
CC1 , CC2, CC3
CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

Spreading Factor Calculation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

factor symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with
rate (kbps) rate range ½-rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
W
RSymbol  Rb _ phy  2  RSymbol
SF
(QPSK modulation)
Gain
Processing Gain MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
User bit
rate
R
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W  const  3.84 Mchip

sec
G p dB 
W
Processing Gain:
R
Processing Gain MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Spreading
sequences have a
different length
Frequency (Hz) Processing gain
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) depends on the user
R data rate
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Power density (W/Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Combination MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Separates users through different codes

Codes are used for two purposes:
 Differentiate channels/users
 Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
Spreading consists of 2 steps：

 Channelization operation
 Scrambling operation
Data bit Chips after

spreading
OVSF code Scrambling code

Scrambling Property MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special

code to distinguish between different transmitters.
 Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized
 The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length – longer

codes, better separation (but not 100%)
 Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Scrambling Codes
 Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
 Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
 Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
 Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips
512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes

16.8 million UL Scrambling Codes
Scrambling Distribution
SC 48
SC 0 SC 64
SC 16 SC 40 SC 56 SC 49
SC 8 SC 24 SC 1 SC 65
SC 32 SC 17 SC 41 SC 57
SC 9 SC 25
SC 33
Scrambling Codes
 In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator – SC planning)
 In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned
by network)
Cell “1” transmits using SC1
SC1 SC1
SC3 SC4
Cell “2” transmits using SC2
SC2 SC2
SC5 SC6
Channelization & Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CCP + CCB
2 data channels
1 data channels
Voice (voice, control)
(control)
Conversation SC1 + CC1 + CC2
SC1 + CC3 Uplink
Packet Data
2 data channels 2 data channels
(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 SC4 + CC1 + CC2
Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CCP + CCB Video
3 data channels 4 data channels
Video (voice, video, control) conference
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7 with Data
conference
3 data channels
4 data channels
(voice, video, control)
(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4
DL Spreading and Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio frame = 15 time slots

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1 Pilot
P-CPICH BCCH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2
P-CCPCH User 3
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3
DPCH1 Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
+
3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5
X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X
3.84 MHz bandwidth

Codes Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1 Node B
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
Codes Multiplexing MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
Channelization & Scrambling Codes MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channelisation code Scrambling code

Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data Uplink: Separation of mobile
(DPDCH) and control channels Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 s) Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
Downlink also 512 chips 66.7 s = 256 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length Option (2) can be used with advanced
of the code base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling Uplink: 16.8 million
code = spreading factor Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
Correlation
Transmission Power MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user
Time
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power

Multipath Propagation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between

different replica of the desired signal
Multipath Propagation
Transmitted
signal
t2
t0 t3
t1
Received
signal
Time
RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Principle of RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance
of the system
RAKE Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
• Each multi-path component is called a “finger”
• Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:

 Delay
 Amplitude
 Phase
• The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by coherent combining of

multi-path components belonging to the respective user.
Summary MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Global Scenario
 Convergence
 Evaluation of 3G and Releases
 Technology Concept
 UMTS Fundamental
 WCDMA Principle
 Frequency Band Allocation
 Spreading Principle
 Processing gain
“HAPPY LEARNING”

www.mcpsinc.com
www.mmentor.com

WCDMA Overview

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA Overview

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

A Global Player with Global Resources

Broad Skill Sets Across Wireless Industry

A Process of Exchanging information through Signal by Establishing

Generally Transmitter and Receiver

Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological

Narrowband Wideband Broadband

Fiber Optical Networks Mobile Networks

Global Networks Mobile TV

Main Frame Computers PC’s FMIC IPTV

IT INDUSTRY Triple/Quadruple Play

Flat Screen Technology

1970 1980 1990 2000 2012

 Universal Global Roaming

 Multimedia (Voice, Data & Video)

 Increased data rates

 Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)

PHS UMTS (TDD)

Introduction of MSS, MGW

5 Rel 7 HSP+ 28 Mbps 11 Mbps

6 Rel 8 LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Fourth Generation

 To send the signal up to longer distance Modulation is required.

Depend on the Modulation:

• GMSK is used for GSM for Modulation

• BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channels

• Constellation diagram for 16QAM:

1 Modulation Symbol represents 4 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 4 bits/symbol

• 64QAM peak data rate is 50% higher in comparison to 16QAM

• Constellation diagram for 64QAM:

1 Modulation Symbol represents 6 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 6 bits/symbol

Multiple Access – Achieved by dividing the available radio

 FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

 UMTS Cocktail Party

What do YOU hear...

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions

WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution

Frequency Division Duplex ( FDD ) Time Division Duplex ( TDD )

power time power time

Symmetric Services Asymmetric Services

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

WCDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

WCDMA Carrier Users share same time and

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

UMTS-2100 Uplink Downlink

Duplex Frequency :2110-1920 = 190 MHz

UL : 1959 MHz – 1979 MHz

UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)

UARFCN = 5 x fCenter [MHz]

 E.g. Frequency to UARFCN

3G Services Required Data Rates

Video-telephony UMTS offers flexible and

dynamic data rates:

Tele-banking Financial Services

Database Access Information Service

10 100 1000 10000

3GPP define two major classes (according to delay sensitivity)

 QoS defines preferential delivery service for the applications by

Network Characteristics Description