Module5 SA1 PDF

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS-1
MODULE 5
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

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College of Engineering, Kannur
Module 5
Arches: Theory of arches – Eddy’s theorem; Analysis of three-hinged arches;
Normal thrust and radial shear due to simple cases of loading.
Moving loads and influence lines: Introduction to moving loads - concept of
influence lines - influence lines for reaction, shear force and bending
moment in simply supported beams and over hanging beams – analysis for
single concentrated load, several concentrated loads, uniformly distributed
load shorter and longer than the span – conditions for maximum bending
moment and shear force –

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Beam
Several types of stress could develop in a typical beam when subjected to
applied loads. For our purposes, we generally represent the state of internal
stress in beams using shear force and bending moment, as shown in Figure

3
• In the context of structural design, there is a direct relationship
between the magnitude of these forces and the size and the
depth of the beam.
• The larger the force, especially the bending moment, the deeper
the cross-section of the beam needs to be in order to carry the
load safely.
• For beams with a relatively long span, the bending moment
could become excessively large, which would require the use of
an even deeper cross-section.
• In situations such as these it may be desirable to curve the
beam to form an arch.
• This configuration results in a significant reduction in bending
moment, but at the expense of compressing the member
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Arches

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Classification of arches
we can classify arches based on their boundary conditions. An arch could be fixed
at both ends with no hinges present or we can have an arch with a hinge at its
crown. You could also have two-hinged and three-hinged arches. The degree of
indeterminacy of these arches varies from three to zero. With a degree of
indeterminacy of zero, the three-hinged arch is considered a statically determinate
system
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Types of arches
Material: Masonry, Steel, Concrete
Shape: Polygonal, Parabolic, Circular, Elliptical
Support conditions: Fixed, Two hinged, Three hinged, One hinged

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Suspended cable and linear arch
• A suspended cable assumes the shape
of its own funicular polygon reversed.
• A linear arch has only compression in it.
• It has the shape of its own
funicular polygon.
• The funicular polygon for an arch of
any shape with similar loading
is same as this.

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Linear arch (theoretical arch)
• The polygon ABCDE is the funicular polygon for the elliptical actual arch.
• A linear arch represents BMD of a beam with similar loading.
• It also represents the shape of the arch for which there will be only axial
compression in the arch. This shape is called the linear arch.
• It is not practical to provide this shape to an arch, since the loads may have
different positions.
• Thus the actual arch will have shapes like parabolic, circular, elliptical
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Construction of linear arch
Shape of the linear arch is that of the funicular polygon drawn with the
particular pole o such that oa, ob, oc etc. represent the thrusts (compressive
forces) in various parts of the arch.

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Bending moment on an arch
Bending moment at any point x2 of an arch,
Where 𝝁𝒙 is the bending moment at x1 of a simple beam with the same

loading

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Funicular polygon (for a beam)
Funicular polygon represents BMD of a beam to some scale

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Funicular polygon represents BMD of a beam to some scale:
proof

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Eddy’s Theorem
Bending moment at any section of an arch is represented by the vertical intercept
between theoretical arch and the centre line of the actual arch.
Let the arch be drawn to a scale 1 cm = p metres.

Let the load line be drawn to a scale 1 cm = q kN
Let oe = h in cm.

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Three hinged arch
• Statically determinate structure

• 4 unknown reaction components: 3 eqns. of static eqlm. + 1 additional eqn.
due to the third hinge

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Parabolic arch
Equation of parabola with left hinge A as origin=
Consider an arch having a height of 10 meters and it spans 50

meters in length. We wish to analyze it under a concentrated load
of 120 kN placed at its crown, as shown in Figure

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Knowing h and L, we can rewrite f(x) as
Since the arch rests on a pin at either side, its free-body diagram
involves a horizontal force and a vertical force at each end, as
shown in Figure

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In this case, the two vertical reactions can be easily determined
using the equilibrium equations, as shown below

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To determine the horizontal reactions, let’s separate the left and
right halves of the arch and draw the free-body diagram for each
half

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Since the bending moment at a hinge is zero, we end up with
only two unknown forces, Cx and Cy , at each cut point. Also,
due to the symmetrical nature of the problem, we have identical
forces at the left and right sides of Point C. Now we can
determine Ax using the left half of the arch. Summing the
moments about the cut point, we have the following
We then solve the equation for Ax ,

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We can determine Bx in a similar manner, as shown below
The arch support reactions

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Suppose we are now asked to determine the internal forces in the arch
including the axial force, the shear force, and the bending moment
To find these internal forces, we will cut the arch at some distance x from
the origin. The free body diagram of the structure’s left segment is shown in
Figure. Note the horizontal and vertical distances from the origin to the cut
point. We have labelled the horizontal distance x, so the vertical distance
becomes

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The free-body diagram involves the three unknown forces M, H,
and R. We can determine M by writing the sum of the moments
about the cut point as shown in Equation
Solving the equation for M, we get

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As the above equation suggests, the bending moment in the arch varies as a
function of x in a nonlinear manner. Furthermore, since the sum of the forces in the
x-direction must be zero,H must be 150 kN and R must be 60 kN in order for the
sum of the forces in the y-direction to be zero.
However, note that H is NOT the axial force and R is NOT the shear force in the
member. The axial force must be in the tangential direction at x, and the shear force
must be in the radial direction, as shown in Figure
Internal forces in the arch in the local coordinate system

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If we refer to the angle that the tangent to the curve makes with
the horizontal axis as θ, then the tangent of the angle can be
expressed in terms of the derivative of f(x) with respect to x.
Knowing the tangent of an angle, we can determine the angle

itself. We can now express N and Vin terms of H, R, and θ as
shown in Equations

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Since H is 150 kN and R is 60 kN, Equations can be rewritten as
the following
To draw the moment diagram:

Note that since the geometry and the load are symmetrical about
the center line of the arch, the diagram for the right half of the
structure will be identical to that of the left half.

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Bending moment at the hinge at either end of the segment is zero. We can
also determine the point at which the maximum moment occurs by setting
the derivative of the moment equation to zero, and then solving for x, as
shown in Equation

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Solving the above equation for x, we get: x =12.5 meters
The equation tells us that the maximum moment occurs 12.5
meters to the right of A. The magnitude of the maximum
moment equals 375 kNm as shown in Equation
The complete moment diagram for the arch is given in Figure

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To draw the diagram for the axial force:
Using the trigonometric properties of an angle, we can then
express the sine and cosine of the angle in terms of its tangent, as
shown in Equations
Axial thrust

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The graph of this equation is depicted in Figure
To determine the maximum axial force in the segment, we set the

derivative of N to zero, as shown in Equation

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Solving the above equation for x, we get the following
Therefore, the maximum axial force in the arch occurs 12.5 meters
from the left support

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Again, the diagram for the right half of the arch is identical to that of the left
half, so the complete thrust diagram for the arch can be constructed as
shown below in Figure
to draw the shear diagram:

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Note the numerator of the equation which tells us that the shear is zero
when x= 12.5m. The graph of the equation is shown in Figure
The shear is negative 46.85 kN at the left end of the left side segment of the
arch.

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Moment, thrust, and shear diagrams for the arch

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Example 1: Parabolic 3-hinged arch. Find BM, normal thrust, and radial
.
shear at a section 5 m from the left hinge. Find maximum BM on the arch

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Example 2: Parabolic 3-hinged arch. Find BM, normal thrust, and
radial shear at a section 5 m from the left hinge. Find maximum
BM on the beam

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Circular arch

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Example1: For the circular arch shown, find BM, normal thrust,
and radial shear at a section 6 m from the left hinge

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Rolling(moving) loads
Loads can be moving across a beam
Eg: live loads in the case of roads and bridges
STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

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Figure:
In the figure , consider the bridge ABCDEF, supported at A and
F.
BG and DH are the pillars( columns) supporting the bridge
The live load of the vehicle is rolling load or moving load.
The bridge experience different shears and moments for different
positions of loads
Structure has to be designed for the most severe conditions.
It is required to find load positions that result in maximum
stresses
Influence lines help in this
Eg: to design the column BG , we should find the maximum
reaction experienced by the column, and the position of vehicle
for maximum reaction
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Moving loads and influence lines

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Rolling(moving) loads
Most common loads acting on the structure are dead load and
live loads
For dead loads the variation of stress function or force function (

reaction, shear force, bending moment , axial force) can be
computed and plotted
For live load the variation of stress function or force function (

reaction, shear force, bending moment , axial force) are computed
using influence line diagram

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Influence line diagram( ILD)
It is a graph, showing for any given section of a beam, the magnitude and
character of some function (e.g., shear force, bending moment, reaction etc.)
for all positions of a moving unit load, as it crosses the beam from end to the
other
Notes:
1. Here unit load means it has a magnitude of 1 unit, but no dimension
2. The variation of ILD for statically determinate structure is linear, for
statically indeterminate structure the variation of ILD is non-linear.
3. Shear force / bending moment / reaction from ILD due to point load =
ordinate under the load x load
4. Shear force / bending moment / reaction from ILD due to UDL= area
under the load x load
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ILD for statically determinate structure
ILD FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Consider the simply supported beam AB. It is required to draw

influence line diagram for reaction, shear force, bending
moment of the beam when unit load is at x1.
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ILD for reaction at A and B
Now, 𝑅𝐴 from the ILD for 𝑅𝐴 = ordinate under the load x load
ordinate under the load = from the similar triangle find the ordinate at X1.
1 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= =
𝐿 𝐿−𝑥1
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𝐿−𝑥1
ordinate under the load=
𝐿
𝑅𝐴 = ordinate under the load x load
𝐿−𝑥1 𝐿−𝑥1
= x1=
𝐿 𝐿
𝑥1
Similarly , 𝑅𝐵 =
𝐿

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ILD for SF at C
Assume load is left side of C , but analyze from right side

Shear force at C= −𝑅𝐵

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Assume load is on right side of C, but analyze from left side
Shear force at C= 𝑅𝐴

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To get the ILD for SF at C, combine the ILD for 𝑅𝐴
& 𝑅𝐵
ILD for SF
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Note: sign convention for SF

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ILD for BM at C
Assume load is left side of C , but analyze from right side

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Assume load is on right side of C, but analyze from left side

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To get the ILD for BM at C, combine the
TWO
ILD for BM at C

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Example 1:A simple supported beam AB has span of 5
m. Draw the influence lines for 𝑹𝑨 , 𝑹𝑩 , 𝑺𝑭𝒙 , 𝑩𝑴𝒙 for a
section x at a distance of 2.5 m from the left support

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How are influence lines useful?
• To find the value of a function (SF, BM etc.) at the section (for

which the influence line is drawn) when any system of loading
is acting on the beam
• To find the position of a loading system under which a function

(SF, BM etc.) is maximum at a section (for which the influence
line is drawn)

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To find SF &BM at C due to many point loads,
using ILD
To find the SF , BM at C due to loads

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ILD for SF
ILD for SF at C
Total SF at C= ordinate under load X load
= V1W1+ V2W2+ V3W3

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ILD for BM
ILD for BM at C
Total BM at C= ordinate under load X load
= M1W1+ M2W2+ M3W3

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To find SF &BM at C due to uniform load,
using ILD

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ILD for SF
ILD for SF at C
SF at C= 𝒘𝑋 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

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ILD for BM
ILD for BM at C
BM at C= 𝒘𝑋 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

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Example 2: Four equal loads of 80 kN each , equally spaced at 2m apart
followed by a uniformly distributed load of 60 kN/m run at a distance of 2
m from the last 80 kN load cross a girder of 20 m span from right to left.
Using influence lines, Calculate the SF and BM at a section 8 m from the
left hand support when the leading 80 kN load is 5 m from this support.

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ILD for an overhanging beam
Consider the overhanging beam ABC

Let Supports A is roller and B is hinged

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ILD for reaction at A and B
To draw ILD for 𝑅𝐴 push the support A by one unit, B is hinged

so zero vertical movement , but rotation is possible. So position of
C is changed. From similar triangles find the value of vertical
ordinate at C.
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To draw ILD for 𝑅𝐵 push the support B by one unit, A is hinged
so zero vertical movement , but rotation is possible. So position of
C is changed. From similar triangles find the value of vertical
ordinate at C

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ILD for shear at a cross section D
Assume load is left side of C , but analze from right side

−𝑥
Shear force at D= −𝑅𝐵 =
𝐿
Assume load is right side of C , but analze from left side
𝐿−𝑥
Shear force at D= −𝑅𝐴 =
𝐿

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ILD for shear at a cross section D (𝑉𝐷 )

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ILD for BM at across section D
ILD FOR BM

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Maximum shear in a beam supporting
UDL
Let the UDL w per unit length moving from left to right .
Following two cases shall be considered
1. Rolling UDL longer than span

2. Rolling UDL shorter than span

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Rolling UDL longer than the span
The maximum positive and negative shear is equal to the reaction
at the support
The maximum positive shear in the beam is induced at the

support A and maximum negative shear is induced at the
support B, when the load completely covers the span

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w per m length
Maximum +ve shear in the beam

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w per m length
Maximum -ve shear in the beam

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Maximum shear at any intermediate section in a beam due to
UDL
• Consider the rolling load is moving from left to right
• Maximum negative shear at any given section is induced when

the head of the load is at the section
• Maximum positive shear is induced when the tail of the load is

at the section
• In any case shear force is given by the load intensity multiplied
by the area of the ILD covered by the load.
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Maximum -ve shear at an intermediate section
1 𝑥
Maximum negative shear= -w{ . . 𝑥}
2 𝐿

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Maximum +ve shear at an intermediate section
1 (𝐿−𝑥)
Maximum positive shear= w{ . . (L − 𝑥)}
2 𝐿

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Rolling UDL shorter than span
If a UDL shorter than the span crosses the girder(beam) from left
to right ,
The maximum positive shear in the beam is induced when the

tail of the load is at the left support, and is equal to the reaction at
left support
The maximum negative shear in the beam is induced when the

head of the load is at the right support, and is equal to reaction at
right support

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Maximum +ve shear at an end section

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Maximum -ve shear at an end section

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Maximum shear at any intermediate section in a beam due to
UDL
• If a UDL shorter than the span crosses the girder(beam) from

left to right
• Maximum negative shear at the section is induced when the
head of the load is at the section
• Maximum positive shear induced when the tail of the load is at

the section
• Shear force in any case is given by the load intensity multiplied

by the area of ILD covered by the load
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Maximum BM in a beam supporting
UDL
Let the UDL w per unit length moving from left to right .
Following two cases shall be considered
1. Rolling UDL longer than span

2. Rolling UDL shorter than span

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Rolling UDL longer than the span
The maximum BM at the section is induced when the load
completely covers the span. Its value equal to equal to load
intensity multiplied by the area of the influence line covered.
1 𝐿−𝑥 𝑥
Mmax= w.{ .L. }
2 𝐿
Maximum BM at a section
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Rolling UDL shorter than the span
For maximum BM at any section X, the load position is such that the
section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span.
Average load on AX= average load on XB
𝑎𝑋 𝑋𝑏
=
𝐴𝑋 𝑋𝐵
Note: if above condition satisfied ILD coordinate at the ends of the

UDL will be equal & maximum area of ILD covered under the UDL

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Example1: A UDL 40 kN/m longer than span rolls over a girder of 30m
span. Find the maximum SF and BM at a section 12m from the left support .

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1 12
Maximum -ve shear at a section 12m from A=40x ( x12x )= -96
2 30
kN

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1 18
Maximum +ve shear at asection 12m from A= 40x ( x18x )=
2 30
216 kN

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1 30−12 𝑥12
Maximum BM at a section12 m from A = 40x( x30x )= 4320
2 30
kNm

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Example2: A UDL 6 kN/m of length 10m rolls over a simple
beam of 8 m span. Find the maximum SF and BM at a section 3
m from the left support.

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Example3: A UDL 5 kN/m of length 2 m rolls over a simple
beam of 7m span. Find the maximum SF and BM at a section 3
m from the left support.
Vmax(-ve)= -2.857kN
Maximum-ve shear at a section 3m from A

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Vmax(+ve)= 4.285kN
Maximum +ve shear at a section 3m from A

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For maximum BM at a section
𝑎𝑋 𝑋𝑏
=
𝐴𝑋 𝑋𝐵
𝑎𝑋 (2−𝑎𝑋)
=
3 4
aX= 0.86 m
Xb= 1.14 m
BMmax= 14.6 kN/m

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Maximum shear and BM due to two Rolling
Concentrated loads
Consider two rolling concentrated loads moving from left to right

of the beam

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Maximum –ve shear at a section
Case1: 𝑥 ≤ 𝒅
There can be 2 positions
Position1: When W1 reaches X, W2 is outside the beam
Hence a maximum –ve shear occurs when W1 is just to the left of X.
𝑥
Vx=-W1
𝑙
Position2: When W1 crosses X, shear drops
When W2 approaches X, -ve shear increases again
Thus, another –ve maximum occurs when W2 is just at the left of X.
𝑥 𝑙−𝑥−𝑑
Vx=-W2 + W1
𝑙 𝑙
From the above two positions, take the larger value as the maximum
–ve SF at the section

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Case2: 𝑥 > 𝒅
Position1: Place W1 just to the left of X
Calculate Vx

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Position2: When W1 crosses X, -ve shear drops.
When W2 approaches X, -ve shear increases again
Place W2 just to the left of X.
Calculate Vx
From the above two positions, take the larger value as the
maximum –ve SF at the section

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Position1:Place W1 on X.
Calculate BM at X
Position2:Place W2 on X.
Calculate BM at X
From the above two positions, take the higher value as the
maximum BM for the section
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Example4: Two point loads 10kN and 20kN, 2m apart, are
moving across a simple beam of span 10m rightwards with
10kN leading. Find position of the loads for maximum -ve SF,
+ve SF and BM at a section 4m from left end. Also find
maximum -ve SF, +ve SF and BM at the section.
Solution: x= 4m, d=2m
here, x>d
For maximum –ve shear at X
Position1:Place 10 kN just to the left of X
(4−2) (4)
SF= -20x( )-10x = -8kN
10 10

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Position2:Place 20 kN just to the left of X
(4) (10−4−2)
SF=-20x( )+10x = -4kN
10 10
Hence, maximum negative SF at X= -8 kN
For maximum +ve SF at the section

Position1:Place 10 kN just to the right of X
(4−2) (10−4)
SF= -20x( )+10x = 2 kN
10 10

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Position2:Place 20 kN just to the right of X,
(10−4) (10−4−2)
SF= 20x( )+10x = 16 kN
10 10
Hence, maximum positive SF at X= 16 kN
For maximum BM at X
Position1:Place 10kN on X
(10−4)(4−2) 10−4 𝑋4
BM= 20x( )+10x = 48 kNm
10 10

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Position2:Place W2 on X
(10−4)(4) 10−4−2 𝑋4
BM= 20x( )+10x = 64 kNm
10 10
Hence , maximum BM at X= 64 kNm

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Example: 5 Two point loads 8kN and 16kN, 2m apart, are
moving across a simple beam of span 10m rightwards with 8kN
leading. Find position of the loads for maximum -ve SF and
BM at a section 4m from left end. Also find maximum –ve SF
and BM at the section
Homework

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A series of Rolling Concentrated
loads
Consider a series of moving concentrated loads moving from
right to left of the beam
It is required to find
1. Absolute maximum shear force in the beam
2. Maximum shear force at a section X
3. Maximum bending moment at a section X
4. Maximum bending moment under a load
5. Absolute maximum bending moment in the beam

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A series of Rolling Concentrated loads

1.Maximum(+ve) shear at an end section

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• When W1enters span and approaches A, shear increases.
• Shear decreases when W1 goes out of span
• When W1crosses A and W2 approaches A,
σ 𝑊𝑎
the shear change at A, dv= -W1
𝐿
• Similarly, when W2crosses A and W3 approaches A,
σ 𝑊𝑏
shear change at A, dv= -W2
𝐿
If dV is +ve, shear increases. If dV is -ve, shear decreases
Therefore, for maximum SF, the first load crossing the beam
which causes –ve change in shear (critical load) should be
placed on A.

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Example: 6 ( source: mechanics of structures, volume II, S.B
Junnarkar & Dr. H.J Shah)

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Solution

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2. Maximum (+ve) shear at a section X

When W1 approaches X, +ve shear increases.

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• +ve shear decreases when W1 crosses X.
• The first +ve maximum shear occurs when W1is at X (just to the right)
• Similarly, when W2 approaches X, shear increases. Shear decreases when W2
crosses X
• the second maximum shear occurs when W2is just to the right of X.
• When W1crosses X and W2 approaches X,
σ 𝑊𝑎
the shear change at A, dv= -W1
𝐿
• Similarly, when W2crosses A and W3 approaches A,
σ 𝑊𝑏
shear change at A, dv= -W2
𝐿
Therefore, for maximum SF, the first load crossing X which

causes –ve change in shear (critical load) should be placed
on X.

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Example: 7 ( source: mechanics of structures, volume II,
S.B Junnarkar & Dr. H.J Shah)

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3.Maximum BM at a section X


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Generally, the maximum BM at a section X on a simply
supported beam occurs when the average loading on the portion
AX is equal to the average loading on the portion XB
When the cross section divides the load in the same ratio as it
divides the span, as in the case of UDL.
When loads are moving leftwards, for max BM at section X, the

first load, while crossing the section, causes left portion heavier
than right portion (critical load) is placed on X

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Example8: A series of loads are moving across a simple beam
(of span 15m) from left to right with 30kN load leading. Find
position of the loads for maximum -ve SF and BM at a section
7m from left end. Also find maximum-ve SF and BM at the
section
Maximum –ve SF
When the loads are moving rightwards, for maximum –ve SF, the
first load crossing the beam which causes –ve change in shear
should be placed just to the leftof X

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σ 𝑊𝑎
dv= -W1
𝐿
When the 30kN load crosses X and 40kN approaches X,
105𝑋2
dv= -30=-16
15
dV is –ve. Hence place 30kN load just to the left of X.
From , ILD for SF,

7 5 3 1
-ve SF= -30X( )-40X -20X -15X =-32.3 kN
15 15 15 15

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Maximum BM
The maximum BM at a section X on a simply supported beam
occurs when the average loading on the portion AX is equal to
the average loading on the portion XB
The trials may be tabulated as follows
Average load on Average load on

left side right side
When the 30 kN 75 30
= 10.71 = 3.75
crosses X 7 8
=8.75
=5 8
crosses X 7
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• Hence when the 40 kN load crosses X, right portion becomes
heavier . So it is placed on X for maximum BM at X
• Hence 40 kN load is the critical load
From , ILD for BM,

6𝑋7 8𝑋7 8𝑋5 8𝑋3
BM= 30X( )+40X +20X +15X = 310 kNm
15 15 15 15

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Example9: A series of loads 10 kN, 15 kN, 20 kN, 35 kN, 25 kN are moving
across a simple beam (of span 10m) from left to right with 10kN load
leading. Find position of the loads for maximum BM at a section 4m from
left end. Also find maximum BM at the section

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The maximum BM at a section X on a simply supported beam
occurs when the average loading on the portion AX is equal to
the average loading on the portion XB
The trials may be tabulated as follows
Average load on left Average load on right
side side
= 8.75 = 1.67
crosses X 4 6
=4.17
=5 6
crosses X 4
= 8.75 = 7.5
crosses X 4 6
=9.17
= 6.25 6
crosses X 4
139
When the 35kN load just crosses X, the right side of X becomes
heavier. Hence 35kN load is the critical load
2𝑋6 4𝑋6 4𝑋3
BM= 25X( )+35X +20X +15X 0+10X0= 138 kNm
10 10 10

140
4. Maximum BM under a given load
When a series of point loads crosses a simply supported beam, the
max BM under any given load occurs when its axis and the CG of the
loads on the beam are equidistant from the centre of the span
In the figure W4 and CG(WR) of total load is equidistant(c) from the

centre.
141
5. Absolute maximum BM anywhere on a beam( section and load
is not given)
Generally, when a series of point loads crosses a simply
supported beam, the absolute max BM on the beam occurs under
the load nearest to the CG of loads on the beam, when the axis
of that load and the CG of the load system on the beam are
equidistant from the centre of the span.
Absolute max BM occurs under W3since it is the nearest load to

the CG of loads on the span
142
Note: If the load nearest to the CG of loads is relatively smaller,
the absolute max BM may occur under some other load. This has
to be checked.

143
Example 10: A series of loads are moving across a simple beam
of span 20m. Find the maximum BM under the 15kN load. Also
find the absolute maximum BM anywhere on the beam

144
Max BM under 25kN load occurs when its axis and the CG of the
loads on the beam are equidistant from the centre of the span.
10𝑋9+15𝑋8+20𝑋5+35𝑋2
Distance of CG of the loads from 25kN load= y=
10+15+20+35+25
y= 3.62 m from 25 kN
8−3.62
C= =2.19 m
2
BMmax= 310.19 kNm
Load position for max BM under 15kN load

145
Absolute max BM can occur under 20kNsince it is the nearest
load to the CG of loads on the span
5−3.62
C= =0.69 m
2
BMmax= 370 kN
Load position for absolute max BM on the
beam

146
since 20kN is comparatively smaller, check the max BM under
35kN load(occurs when 35kN and R are equidistant from the
centre).
3.62−2
C= =0.81 m
2
BMmax= 393.44 kN
Hence, the absolute max BM, which occurs under 35kN, is 393.44
kNm

147
The END

148

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STRUCTURAL

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Shape: Polygonal, Parabolic, Circular, Elliptical

Support conditions: Fixed, Two hinged, Three hinged, One hinged

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Bending moment at any point x2 of an arch,

Where 𝝁𝒙 is the bending moment at x1 of a simple beam with the same

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Funicular polygon represents BMD of a beam to some scale

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Let the arch be drawn to a scale 1 cm = p metres.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

• Statically determinate structure

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Consider an arch having a height of 10 meters and it spans 50

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

We then solve the equation for Ax ,

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

The arch support reactions

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Solving the equation for M, we get

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Internal forces in the arch in the local coordinate system

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Knowing the tangent of an angle, we can determine the angle

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

To draw the moment diagram:

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

The complete moment diagram for the arch is given in Figure

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

To determine the maximum axial force in the segment, we set the

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

to draw the shear diagram:

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

For dead loads the variation of stress function or force function (

For live load the variation of stress function or force function (

STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Consider the simply supported beam AB. It is required to draw

STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

Assume load is left side of C , but analyze from right side

STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.

STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS1 MANU P RAJ Govt.