Sanjoy K.

Ghoshal ME 13101 (Solid Mechanics)

IIT(ISM), Dhanbad

Axially Loaded Members

Sanjoy K. Ghoshal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBERS

Spring subjected
to an axial load P

Elongation of an axially loaded spring

Stiffness and flexibility: P  k ,   fP, k  1/ f
spring constant and compliance
 Prismatic bar

FIG. Prismatic bar of circular cross

section

P PL
 
A EA

 The product EA is
L
known as the axial
  E rigidity of the bar. k
EA
, f 
L
L EA
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
• Bars with Intermediate Axial
Loads
1. Identify the segments of the bar
(segments AB, BC, and CD) as
segments 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
2. Determine the internal axial forces
N1, N2, and N3 in segments 1, 2
and 3, respectively.

• Internal axial forces are positive

when in tension and negative
when in compression
Bar consisting of prismatic segments having different axial forces,
different dimensions, and different materials
 Bars with Continuously Varying Loads
or Dimensions

FIG. Bar with varying cross-

sectional area and varying
axial force
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES

• equation of
equilibrium
• equation of
compatibility
• force-displacement
Statically
relations
determinate bar Statically
indeterminate bar
Analysis of a statically indeterminate bar
• A solid circular steel cylinder S is encased in a hollow circular copper
tube C. The cylinder and tube are compressed between the rigid plates
of a testing machine by compressive forces P. The steel cylinder has
cross-sectional area As and modulus of elasticity Es, the copper tube has
area Ac and modulus Ec, and both parts have length L. Determine the
following quantities: (a) the compressive forces Ps in the steel cylinder
and Pc in the copper tube; (b) the corresponding compressive stresses σs
and σc; and (c) the shortening δ of the assembly.
 Thermal Effects

 : The coefficient of thermal expansion.

FIG. Block of material subjected to
an increase in temperature

temperature-displacement relation:
 Fig. Statically indeterminate structure
FIG. Statically determinate
truss with a uniform
temperature change in each
member
Statically indeterminate bar
with uniform temperature
increase
 STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS

stress element
Stresses on Inclined Sections

FIG. Stress element at point C of the

axially loaded bar: (a) three-dimensional view of
the element, and (b) two-dimensional view
of the element
Prismatic bar in tension showing
the stresses acting on an inclined
section pq: (a) bar with axial forces
P, (b) three-dimensional view of
the cut bar showing the stresses,
and (c) two-dimensional view
 Notation and sign convention for stresses acting on
inclined sections

Normal stresses are positive when in tension and shear

stresses are positive when they tend to produce
counterclockwise rotation
It is important to recognize that above Eqs. are derived only from statics, and
therefore they are independent of the material. Thus, these equations are
valid for any material, whether it behaves linearly or nonlinearly, elastically or
inelastically.
Maximum Normal and Shear Stresses
The shear stresses acting on perpendicular planes are equal
in magnitude and have directions either toward, or away
from, the line of intersection of the planes
• If a bar is loaded in compression
instead of tension, the stress x
will be compression and will have
a negative value.
• Consequently, all stresses acting
on stress elements will have
directions opposite to those for a
bar in tension.
• Even though the maximum shear
stress in an axially loaded bar is
only one-half the maximum
normal stress, the shear stress
may cause failure if the material
is much weaker in shear than in
tension.
Shear failure along a 45° plane
of a wood block loaded in compression
Slip bands (or
Lüders’ bands) in a
polished steel
specimen loaded in
tension
 Numerical Problem
A prismatic bar having cross-sectional area A = 1200 mm2
is compressed by an axial load P= 90 kN.
(a) Determine the stresses acting on an inclined section
pq cut through the bar at an angle q =25° .
(b) Determine the complete state of stress for q =25° and
show the
stresses on a properly oriented stress element.
STRAIN ENERGY

Load-displacement diagram
Elastic and Inelastic Strain Energy
Linearly Elastic Behavior
Nonuniform Bars

•strain energy is not a linear

function of the loads, not
even when the material is
linearly elastic.
•Thus, we cannot obtain the
strain energy of a structure
supporting more than one
load by combining the strain
energies obtained from the
individual loads acting
separately
 Strain energy
• Since the work done by an axial load is positive
regardless of whether the load causes tension or
compression, it follows that strain energy is always a
positive quantity.
• Strain energy is a form of potential energy because it
depends upon the relative locations of the particles or
elements that make up the member.
• When a bar or a spring is compressed, its particles are
crowded more closely together; when it is stretched,
the distances between particles increase. In both cases
the strain energy of the member increases as
compared to its strain energy in the unloaded position.
 Strain-Energy Density
• Defined as the strain energy per unit volume of
material.
• u=U/(AL)
• u=/2

• The strain-energy density of the material when it is

stressed to the proportional limit is called the modulus
of resilience ur

• Resilience represents the ability of a material to absorb

and release energy within the elastic range.
 Toughness
• Another quantity, called toughness, refers to the ability
of a material to absorb energy without fracturing.
• The corresponding modulus, called the modulus of
toughness ut, is the strain-energy density when the
material is stressed to the point of failure.
• It is equal to the area below the entire stress-strain
curve.
• The higher the modulus of toughness, the greater the
ability of the material to absorb energy without failing.
• A high modulus of toughness is therefore important
when the material is subject to impact loads