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Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur
2
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Columns
7
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Classification of Columns Based on Slenderness Ratios (Cl. 25.1.2),
Charts are given in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 of the Code for determining
the effective length ratios of braced columns and unbraced columns
respectively in terms of coefficients 1 and 2 which represent the
degrees of rotational freedom at the top and bottom ends of the
column.
Ratio of the unsupported length (l) to the least lateral dimension (d)
of a column
l 500 + Dx 30
ex ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm
l 500 + D y 30
e y ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm
This is required:
where
long is the diameter of longitudinal bar to be tied
D is the least lateral dimension of the column
The diameter and pitch of the spiral may be computed as in the case
of ties except when the column is designed to carry a 5 percent
overload (as permitted by the Code), in which case
pitch
and
P0 = Cc + Cs = f cc Ac + f sc Asc
= f cc ( Ag Asc ) + f sc Asc
= f cc Ag + ( f sc f cc ) Asc
Effective length ratios kx and ky are less than unity (since the column
is braced against sideway in both directions,)
and hence the slenderness ratios are both less than 12.
l 500 + Dx 30
ex ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm
( )
Pu = 0.4 f ck Ag + 0.67 f y 0.4 f ck Asc
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
3. Factored Load Pu = 2000 x 1.5 = 3000 kN
600
450
4#20
8@300c/c 4#25
Arrangement of bars:
Pu 1400 103
= = 0.389
f ck bd 20 300 600
Mu 280 106
= 2 = 0.13
f ck bd 2
20 300 600
600
8@200c/c staggered
300
where Ag denotes the gross area of the section and Asc the total area
of steel in the section.
Given: Dx = Dy = 400 mm, l = 3500 mm, Pu = 1300 kN, Mux = 190 kNm,
Muy = 110 kNm, fck = 25MPa, fy = 415MPa.
1. Slenderness ratios
Applied eccentricities:
Pu
f ck bd = 0.325
Referring to Chart 45
Mu
=0.165
f ck bd 2
= 264 kNm
which is significantly greater than Mux = 190 kNm and Muy = 110 kNm
n= 1.273
n n
M ux M uy 190
1.273 1.273
110
+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 264 264
= 0.986 < 1.0
long ,max 4 25 4
tie diameter t = =
6 mm 6 mm
D 400
tie spacing st = 16long ,min = 16 25 = 400
300 mm
300 mm
where d is the least lateral dimension of the column (or diameter of the
core in a spiral column). Alternatively, for more exact calculations,
le
Cr = 1.25
160rmin
2
Pu b ley
2
P D l
M ax = u ex M ay =
2000 D 2000 b
M uy = M uy + M ay = Pu ( e y + eay )
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Mux, Muy are the primary factored moments (obtained
from first-order structural analyses)
Puz Pu Puz Pu
kx = 1 ky = 1
Puz Pb , x Puz Pb , y
Also, M u M 2
c) Make preliminary design for Pu and Mut and find area of steel.
Thus p is known.
Since the minimum moments are larger than these, the primary
moments for design are:
M ux = 33.276 kNm M uy = 29.28 kNm
From Table 60 of SP :16, the ultimate loads Pb,x and Pb,y at balanced
failure can be determined.
Pb , x p
For d/Dx = 0.15, k1= 0.196, k2= 0.203, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, x = 570.03kN
Pb, y p
For d/Dy = 0.2, k1= 0.184, k2= 0.028, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, y = 455.34 kN
Puz = 0.45fck Ag + (0.75fy 0.45fck)As
= (0.45 20 300 400) + (0.75 415 0.45 20) 4909 = 2563.7 kN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Modification factors:
= 71.706 kNm
Mux1 = 0.18 30 300 4002 = 172.8 kNm > M ux
= 77.74 kNm
Muy1 = 0.152 30 400 3002 = 109.44 kNm > M uy
n= 1.447
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
n n
M ux M uy 71.706
1.447
77.74
1.447
+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 172 . 8 109.44
= 0.89 < 1.0 Hence, safe
Given:
2. Minimum eccentricities
n= 1.477
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
n n
M ux M uy 87.23
1.477 1.477
94.21
+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 194.4 124.2
= 0.971 < 1.0 Hence, safe
isolated footings
P1 P2 P1 P2
central beam
(if required)
combined footings
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Isolated Footings
The soil bearing pressures from below tend to make the base slab of
the footing bend upwards, hence the footing needs to be suitably
reinforced by a mesh provided at the bottom
safe soil bearing capacity (allowable soil pressure), qa, given to the
structural designer by the geotechnical consultant is applicable for
service load conditions, as qa includes the factor of safety.
GROUND LEVEL
backfill
P
footing
FOUNDING
LEVEL GROSS SOIL PRESSURE
q = (P+P)/A
area A = BL
B
The load P acting on a footing may act eccentrically with respect to the
centroid of the footing base due to:
e = M/P
e P
P P
C FOOTING C FOOTING
(a) (b)
P
H
e
resultant thrust
P
H
C FOOTING
(c)
a a d/2
B b b +d
b
d/2
Pu
critical section for a +d
Mu d oneway shear critical section (all
around) for two
Vu1 way shear Vu2
d (b)
qu
(a)
t masonry
wall
Pu Pu
Mu Mu
critical section for
moment
d
qu q
u (d)
(c)
Given: P = 2300 kN, qa = 300 kN/m2 (at h = 1.5 m below ground surface)
2300 1.5
qu = = 383 kN/m2
3.0 3.0
d 1275-d
(a) One-way shear 3000
Vu1 Vc1
1464975 1149d 1080d
d 658 mm
450
450+d
where ks = 1.0 for a square column
d/2
c = 0.25 20
450+d critical section (all
= 1.118 MPa (Cl. 31.6.3.1)
around) for two
way shear Vu2
d 585.5
The effective depths in the two directions will differ by one bar
diameter, which is not significant in relatively deep square footings.
3000
450
(Table 2, SP:16, Page 48)
1275
( 0.87 f y )
Required development length Ld = Cl. 26.2.1
4 bd
0.87 415
For M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, Ld = = 47
4 1.2 1.6
750 75
dav = 659
75
3000
SECTION XX
section for
one-way shear
section for
two-way shear
d/2
X X
d/2
450
3000 d
d/2 450
(3000 450)/2
= 1275
PLAN