sMAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CIV 4202: WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING II

GROUP 2 ASSIGNMENT

NAME STUDENT NUMBER REGISTRATION

NUMBER

NDIKO BADEBYE GRHAM 1900728634 19/U/28634

MUTENYO MERCY LILIAN 1900700176 19/U/0176

NALUGO DIANA 1900700655 19/U/0655

ATUHAIRE RACHEAL 1900714354 19/U/14354/PSA

NSAMBA ISAAC 1900715549 19/U/15549/PSA

OCHIENG DENIS 212010857 12/U/13103/PSA

KAFEERO AZHARU 190070649 19/U/0649

Question 1
A geophysical survey was carried out in a Town in Northern Uganda to investigate
whether there were any good groundwater potential points for drilling a potential
production well. Four potential sites were identified and investigated. First, geo-electric
line profiles were run at each of the identified sites by sending current to a depth of 120m
to identify points of fractures or/and thick water saturated weathered formations.
Anomalies were identified along these profiles and vertical electrical soundings taken at
the identified anomalies. The results of the geophysical survey are presented in the tables
in the Appendix below. Plot the resistivity plots for each site and interpret the survey
results as below:

Figure 1: Resistivity plot for site 1

Figure 2: Resistivity plot for site 2

Figure 3: Resistivity plot for site 3

Figure 4: Resistivity plot for site 4

a) The depth range in which the water table is expected to be found

Site 1: 18m to 25m
Site 2:40m to 65m
Site 3: 15m to 24m
Site 4: 17m to 29m
b) The depth of the fresh bedrock
Site 1:33.2 m
Site 2: 42.31m
Site 3: 12.4 m
Site 4: 18 m
c) The expected hydrogeology formation (provide a sketch at each site by making
use of the IPI2WIN software to identify the layers/formations)

Site 1
Site 2

Site 3

Site 4
 Resistivity (Ω m) Height(m) Depth(m) Geological
formation
Site 1 (Fitting error=2.82%)
545 0.667 0.667 Sandy top soil
27.8 7.73 8.4 Clayey soil
223 9.45 17.8 Sandy clay soil
61.3 15.4 33.2 Weathered or
fractured rock
18563 Fresh bed rock

Site 2(Fitting error=4.6%)

184 0.465 0.465 Sandy top soil
6.66 0.765 1.23 Clay soil
80 20.1 21.3 Weathered rock
14.9 21 42.3 Weathered rock
14036 Fresh bed rock

Site 3(Fitting error=25.8%)

161 0.432 0.432 Sandy top soil
2.8 0.654 1.09 Clay soil
16.7 11.3 12.4 Weathered rock
1245 30.8 43.2 Bed rock
14036 Fresh bed rock

Site 4(Fitting error=2.54%)

2050 0.555 0.555 Medium grain sandy
soil
202 2.12 2.67 Fine Sand
47.1 1.49 4.51 Clay
137 0.29 4.8 Sand
247 4.36 9.16 Silt
34.8 4.22 13.4 Weathered rock
49.9 16 26.3 Weathered rock
613 Fresh bed rock
Table showing resistivities, height, depth and geological formations of the layers.

d) Identify whether the water table is in the unconsolidated (overburden) or

consolidated zone (i.e. the fractured zone)
Sites 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all in the fractured zone.
e) Do you think the identified locations will have a good 4roundwater potential?
 The identified locations have good groundwater potential as there is an indication
of groundwater within conduits in the excepted resistivity values though the sites
will have to be ranked on a case by case basis.
Site is the best site from which to extract groundwater has it has the largest range
of depth of resistivity with the possible likelihood of groundwater. Site 4 is the
least likely to have groundwater as it has the largest error indicating a possible
error in collecting data.

f) Provide a simplified design of the borehole to be constructed using a sketch

showing the water level, the depth of the well, the length of the screen, the
position and length of the gravel pack and other features
Site 2 is the chosen site to abstract the groundwater from as it had the largest depth
for resistivity indicating the probability of groundwater.

Well design.
Question 2
The following table gives the results of a sieve analysis of formation samples taken
during the drilling of one of the identified borehole for a production well.

Sieve size (mm) Mass retained (kg)

2 0
1 0.24
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.78
0.125 0.30
0.063 0.05
Mass passing through sieve 0.063 0

a) Describe the main functions of a gravel pack

 The gravel pack prevents fine particles from entering the well.
 It reduces turbidity of the water entering the well by filtering out small dirty particles.
 Inclusion of a gravel pack enables the use of larger screen size openings.
 The gravel pack supports the formation and prevents collapse of the well that would
have caused damage.
 It laterally restrains the casing.

b) Construct a grain size distribution curve

sieve size(mm) Mass retained(kg) Cumulative retained %Retained %passsing
2 0 0 0 100
1 0.24 0.24 13 87
0.5 0.5 0.74 40 60
0.25 0.78 1.52 81 19
0.125 0.3 1.82 97 3
0.063 0.05 1.87 100 0
Total mass (kg) 1.87
 100
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
90

80

70

60

50

%passimg
40

30

20

10

0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01

Particle size

c) Confirm that an artificial gravel pack is required

A gravel pack is required when the coefficient of uniformity Cu is less than 3
Finding the coefficient of uniformity for the soil;
D 60
C u=
D 10

Where D60 is the diameter for which 60% of material is finer and D10 is the diameter for
which 10% of material is finer.
 100
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
90

80

70

60

50

%passimg
40

30

20

10

0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01

Particle size

For our material;

D60 0.5mm
D10 0.18mm

0.5
C u= =2.78
0.18
Since Cu=2.78 which is less than 3 a gravel pack is required.
Also;
D10 = 0.18mm which is less than 0.25mm thus a gravel pack is required.

d) Construct a grading curve for the gravel pack (use the same attached paper)

A gravel pack will normally perform well if the uniformity coefficient is similar to that of the
aquifer that is the grain size distribution curves of the filter pack and the aquifer material are
similar. The grain size of the aquifer material should therefore be multiplied by a constant of
approximately (4-7) with average (5) to create an envelope defining the filter grading.
We shall therefore multiply the natural grain size by 5 to obtain the artificial grain size.
Sieve size Mass Cumulative % Retained % Passing Artificial grain size
(Natural) retained retained (mm)= Natural × 5
(kg)
2 0 0 0 100 10
1 0.24 0.24 13 87 5
0.5 0.5 0.74 40 60 2.5
0.25 0.78 1.52 81 19 1.25
0.125 0.3 1.82 97 3 0.625
0.063 0.05 1.87 100 0 0.315
Total mass (kg) 1.87

e) Suggest a suitable screen slot size.

The suitable screen slot size corresponds to 85% retained that is 15% passing the gravel pack.
Therefore, the suitable screen slot size is 1.3 mm