REPORT OF GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT

LOCATION: NEW BANZAZZAU, ZARIA CITY

KADUNA STATE

CLIENT: ALHAJI SHEHU

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION: FAHBAZ WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING SERVICES.
JULY 2021
Summary
- Geophysical investigation at New Banzazzau, Zaria using Schlumberger configuration.
- Maximum C1 – C2/2 = 60 meters
- Maximum (P1 – P2)/2 = 10 meters
- Geology is predominantly basement rocks composed of gneisses and magmatite and
water is only expected within the fractured and partly weathered layers. -

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Summary 1
Table of content 2
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 Aim 3
1.2 Geology of the Area 3
2.0 Survey Material and Method 3
3.0 Result and Discussion 4
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 5
Appendix 6-8

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The site for the survey is a residential building located at New Banzazzau, Zaria where the

intermittent supply from Zaria Water Supply Scheme has failed to satisfy the water demand at

the site. This makes groundwater to be the only viable option for continuous supply of water

required to satisfy the current and future water demand at the site. But, groundwater exploitation

should be preceded by groundwater exploration especially in areas known to be underlain by

basement complex formation. It is based on this that this investigation is contracted out by the

client to identify a suitable location within the site for sitting of a productive borehole.

1.1 AIM
The aim of this survey is to determine the most suitable location for drilling of borehole to

adequately exploit the groundwater resources at the site of the investigation. The survey was

carried out on the 4th July, 2021 in the presence of the client’s representative.

1.2 GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

The site of the survey lies within the Northern part of Nigeria in which the weathered and the

fractured basement are believed to be the main aquifer components consisting of predominantly

Precambrian crystalline basement complex including gneisses, magmatite and granite. The

dominant rock in the area is granite and granite gneiss while medium to coarse grained granite

occurs as small but discrete bodies with variable shape, intruding the main porphyritic biotite

granite. Others include quartzite and gneisses. The average overburden is relatively thin and

characterized by Red, Sandy, Gravelly Clay, White, Pink and Orange Pebbly, Sandy silty clay.

2.0 SURVEY MATERIAL AND METHOD

Data acquisition
Recognizance survey was carried out to identify a suitable site for the geophysical survey. Three

locations were selected for the survey. The electrical resistivity survey was conducted at the

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selected points on the 4th July, 2021 using Ohmega Electrical Resistivity Equipment. The

Schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted for a total spread (L) of 60 meters. All

necessary geo-electric measurement precautions were duly considered and maintained. The

survey lasted for about two hours under favorable weather condition.

Processing of Electrical Imaging Data

The data was initially subjected to manual computation followed by computerized processing

techniques using MS excel and ipi2win Resistivity Sounding Interpretation software. The result

of data processing by the software package is integrated in order to come up with clear

composition and layering of the subsurface zones.

From the resistance (R) measured by the Ohmega Electrical Resistivity Equipment, the apparent

resistivity (ρa) of each measurement was determined using the equation below:

ρa = KR (1)

where R = resistance in ohms

K = geometric factor

–
K= (2)

and

AB = current electrode spacing

MN = Potential electrode spacing

3.0 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Analytical result presented by the ipi2win software reveals the following sub layers at the VES

locations as shown in the Appendix. The layering, apparent resistivity, layer thickness and

inferred lithology of the VES points is shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

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Table 1: Resistivity pattern and lithological layers of the VES location
Layers Resistivity (ohm-m) Thickness (m) Inferred Lithology
1 142 0.75 Topsoil
2 59.7 19.1 Clay soil
3 10109 Undefined Fairly weathered basement
Overburden 20-22m

Table 2: Resistivity pattern and lithological layers of the VES 2 location

Layers Resistivity (ohm-m) Thickness (m) Inferred Lithology
1 129 1.15 Topsoil
2 74.7 15.8 Clay soil
3 639 Undefined Weathered basement
Overburden 14-17m

Table 3: Resistivity pattern and lithological layers of the VES 3 location

Layers Resistivity (ohm-m) Thickness (m) Inferred Lithology
1 82 0.75 Topsoil
2 82.9 19.7 Clay soil
3 276 Undefined Weathered basement
Overburden 10-11m

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusions

After careful analysis of the survey, it is concluded that borehole can be drilled at the VES

location to a depth of 45-50m until all fractures are fully intercepted.

Recommendations

i. Geologic logging is recommended to aid in the design of casings and screens.

ii. The borehole should be grouted using cement seal to a depth of 5m to prevent

contamination from surface drainages and runoff.

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APPENDIX

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Appendix 1: VES Point Curve and Layers

VES 1

VES 2

VES 3

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 Appendix 2: Schlumberger Array

VES 1 VES 2
AB/2 MN/2 Pa AB/2 MN/2 Pa
1.5 0.5 112.329 1.5 0.5 118.881
2 0.5 82.3994 2 0.5 110.507
3 0.5 71.335 3 0.5 96.14
4.5 0.5 65.08326 4.5 0.5 89.57696
7 0.5 61.1528 7 0.5 77.29481
10 0.5 66.99851 10 0.5 71.76173
10 2 67.62626 10 2 77.8882
12 2 65.07433 12 2 87.25326
14 2 64.64796 14 2 92.92296
15 2 65.7565 15 2 91.261
17 2 71.44973 17 2 92.31162
20 2 75.32904 20 2 95.82526
25 2 88.47422 25 2 106.7641
30 2 99.08378 30 2 117.662
45 2 125.9523 45 2 160.3173
45 10 146.1705 45 10 159.3543
60 10 169.937 60 10 208.9164

VES 3
AB/2 MN/2 Pa
1.5 0.5 84.231
2 0.5 79.768
3 0.5 81.9225
4.5 0.5 87.03216
7 0.5 79.77584
10 0.5 74.30003
10 2 92.4404
12 2 90.706
14 2 88.02196
15 2 88.6238
17 2 88.90925
20 2 88.88952
25 2 95.39999
30 2 105.4876

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 Appendix 3: Sketch of survey site

VES 1
2m
BH

Access
Road

27m

VES 3 2m

1.1m
VES 2