Handout EFA PDF

GLOBAL TRAINING SYSTEMS – PHILIPPINES, INC
G.E Antonino Bldg 4th Floor T.M. Kalaw St. Corner Ermita, Manila
Compendium
BASIC TRAINING – ELEMENTARY FIRST AID
CONTENTS
Chapter
Introduction
1 Assessment of needs of casualties and threats
to own safety
2 Body Structure & Functions
3 Positioning of Casualty
4 Resuscitation techniques
5 Control of bleeding
6 Shock management
7 Burns and scalds, accidents caused by electric
current
8 Rescue and transport a casualty
9 Bandages and other materials in the
emergency kit
Global Training Systems Phil. Inc.

INTRODUCTION
FIRST AID is the emergency treatment given to the ill or injured before professional medical
services can be obtained. It is given to prevent death or further injury, to counteract shock
and to relieve pain.
Certain conditions require immediate treatment if the patient is to survive. In such cases,
even a few seconds’ delay might mean the difference between life and death. However, the
treatment of most injuries or other medical emergencies may be safely postponed for the
few minutes required to locate a crew-member skilled in first aid, or to locate suitable
medical supplies and equipment
All crew-members should be prepared to administer first aid. They should have sufficient
knowledge of first aid to be able to apply true emergency measures and decide when
treatment can be safely delayed until more skilled personnel arrive. Those not properly
trained must recognize their limitations. Procedures and techniques beyond the rescuer’s
abilities should not be attempted. More harm than good might result.
Global Training Systems - Philippines, Inc. P a g e |1

1
ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS OF CASUALTIES AND THREATS TO
OWN SAFETY
STEP 1 Assess the situation: what do you think happened and is there still danger?
1 If giving first aid will expose you to danger, do not do it: call or go for help.
2 If a person is still in danger, remove the danger or the person before giving first aid
3 If bystanders are in danger, warn them.
STEP 2 If you are alone, shout for help.
STEP 3 Choose the best place for first aid.

1 On the spot?
▪ Not if fire is present.
▪ Not if there are potentially dangerous gases in the atmosphere.
▪ Not if there are other risks at the site of the accident.
2 In the ship’s infirmary (sick-bay) or in a cabin?
▪ Not if the delay in moving the person is dangerous.
STEP 4 If there are several injured people, prioritize.

1 Attend first to any unconscious person.
2 If there is more than one unconscious person:
▪ check each for pulse and breathing;
▪ begin resuscitation of a person who is not breathing or has no detectable heart beat
3 Attend to conscious patients:
▪ treat bleeding by applying pressure to the wound;
▪ wait until the patient has been moved to the sick bay before dealing with other injuries,
UNLESS you suspect spinal injury
NOTE 1 DO NOT GIVE FIRST AID if you have doubts about your ability to do so correctly.
2 DO NOT ENTER AN ENCLOSED SPACE unless you are sure it is safe.
3 DO NOT MOVE THE PERSON without checking for:
▪ spinal injuries
▪ fractured long bones.
4 DO NOT GIVE THE PATIENT ANYTHING TO EAT OR DRINK (especially alcohol).

2
BODY STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS
The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like
carbon dioxide. The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards
the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits
movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.

The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following
critical functions for the human body: supports the body. facilitates movement. protects internal organs.
produces blood cells.

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory
system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like
carbon dioxide.


3
POSITIONING OF CASUALTY
During a medical emergency a casualty can be positioned appropriately according to the medical condition
of the victim.
Kinds of positioning:
Recovery Position

4
RESUSCITATION TECHNIQUES
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT is a sequence of actions aimed at resuscitating a person whose life is in
danger.
A person’s life is in danger when one or more of the two vital functions – breathing
(respiratory function) and blood circulation (cardiac function) – have ceased or are about to
cease and death is likely if proper action is not taken immediately.
The purpose of basic life support is to restore the two vital functions: breathing and
circulation. It uses a sequence of actions to ensure an open Airway aimed at restoring
Breathing and blood Circulation.
STEP 1 Check the Scene

Before rushing to help an ill or injured person, stop and take a good look at the scene. This will
form an initial impression. Try to answer these questions:
1 Is the scene safe for you, the ill or injured person, and any bystanders?
2 What happened? How did it happen?
3 How many ill or injured people are there?
4 Is there someone to help?
5 What is your initial impression of the ill or injured person?
STEP 2 Perform a Primary Assessment

If it is safe to do so, quickly check the person to determine his or her initial condition and whether
there are any life-threatening concerns. This is called the primary assessment.
1 Check for RESPONSIVENESS

▪ If the victim appears to be unresponsive, shout, “Are you okay?” (use the person’s name
if you know it) then tap the victim on the shoulder and shout, “Are you okay?” again in a
shout-tap-shout sequence.
▪ If no response, CALL FOR HELP if you have not already done so.
▪ If the victim is face-down, roll the victim onto their back while supporting the head, neck
and back.
2 Open the AIRWAY and quickly check for BREATHING and CIRCULATION (PULSE)
simultaneously for at least 5 seconds, but no more than 10 seconds.

✓ Opening The Airway

When a victim is unresponsive, the tongue relaxes and can block the
flow of air through the airway, especially if the victim is lying on their
back. To check for breathing and give ventilations, you must manually
tilt the head or thrust the jaw to move the tongue away from the back
of the throat. The method used to open the airway depends on the
number of rescuers responding, the position of the rescuer to the victim
and whether you suspect the victim has an injury to the head, neck or
spine. You can open the airway from a position either to the side of the
victim or above the victim’s head, using the following techniques:
▪ From the victim’s side: Use the head-tilt/chin-lift
▪ From above the victim’s head: Tilt the head back using the jaw-thrust maneuver
▪ When the victim is suspected of having an injury to the head, neck or spine, use the jaw-thrust
maneuver (without head extension) method.
✓ Checking for Breathing

To check for breathing, position your ear over the mouth and
nose so that you can hear and feel air as it escapes while you
look for the chest to rise and fall. Normal, effective breathing is
regular, quiet and effortless. Isolated or infrequent gasping in
the absence of other breathing in an unresponsive person may
be agonal breaths, which can occur even after the heart has
stopped beating. Be aware that this is not normal breathing.
Agonal breaths are a sign of cardiac arrest. In this situation, care
for the victim as though they are not breathing at all.
✓ Checking for a Pulse

Feel for a carotid pulse by placing two fingers in the middle of the victim’s
throat; then slide your fingers into the groove of the neck, on the side that
is closest to you. Press in lightly; pressing too hard can compress the artery.
With every heartbeat, a wave of blood moves through the blood vessels.
This creates a beat called the pulse. You can feel it with your fingertips in
the arteries near the skin. Sometimes the pulse may be difficult to find,
since it may be slow or weak. If you do not find a pulse within 10 seconds,
do not waste any more time attempting to find one. Assume that there is
no pulse, and begin care immediately.
STEP 3 Provide Appropriate Care

1 If the victim is not breathing but has a pulse (Respiratory Arrest):
▪ apply rescue breathing (ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION)
2 If the victim is not breathing and has no pulse (Cardiac Arrest):
▪ begin chest compressions and rescue breaths (CADIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION)
3 If unresponsive but breathing and you do not suspect a head, neck or spinal injury:
▪ place the victim in a side-lying RECOVERY POSITION

✓ Rescue Breathing/Artificial Respiration (AR)

If the victim is not breathing but has a definitive pulse, the victim is in respiratory arrest. To care for a
victim experiencing respiratory arrest, you must give ventilations. Giving ventilations is a technique to
supply oxygen to a victim who is in respiratory arrest. Give 1 ventilation every 5 to 6 seconds, with each
ventilation lasting about 1 second and making the chest rise.
MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESCUE BREATHING

1 With one hand under the patient’s neck, keep the patient’s head tilted as far back as it will go –
unless you suspect spinal injury, in which case use minimal tilt.
2 Place the heel of your other hand on the patient’s forehead with the thumb and index finger facing
towards the nose.
3 Pinch the patient’s nostrils with your thumb and index finger to prevent air from escaping.
4 Open the patient’s mouth, take a deep breath, then form a tight seal with your lips over and around
the patient’s mouth.
5 If it is not possible to open the patient’s mouth or to form a seal around it with your mouth, apply
mouth-to-nose rescue breathing.
6 Breathe into the patient’s mouth at a rate of 24 cycles, completely refilling your lungs after each
breath.
7 Continue until the patient’s chest rises and falls with each rescue breath and you feel the patient’s
exhaled breath on your cheek.
8 If you feel no air on your cheek, check if there is a foreign body in the patient’s throat and, if so,
remove it with your fingers before resuming rescue breathing.
MOUTH-TO-NOSE RESCUE BREATHING

1 Use mouth-to-nose rescue breathing if any one of the following conditions applies:
▪ the patient’s mouth cannot be opened;
▪ a tight seal cannot be obtained around the patient’s lips;
▪ an obstruction cannot be removed from the patient’s mouth;
▪ the patient has been rescued from water and the rescuer needs to use one hand to support the
body and is therefore unable to use that hand to close the nose for mouth-to-mouth rescue
breathing.
2 Keep the patient’s head tilted back with one hand: use the other hand to lift the patient’s lower jaw
to seal the lips.
3 Take a deep breath, seal your lips around the patient’s nose and breathe into it forcefully and
steadily until the patient’s chest rises.
4 Remove your mouth and allow the patient to exhale passively.
5 Repeat the cycle 10–12 times per minute.
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USING A BAG AND MASK RESUSCITATOR

1 A bag and mask resuscitator can be used for rescue breathing to replace mouth-to-mouth or mouth-
to-nose breathing.
2 The advantages of a bag and mask resuscitator are that a rescuer can use it for longer before
becoming exhausted, and oxygen tubing can be attached to the bag.
3 To use a bag and mask resuscitator:
▪ lay the patient on his back;
▪ check that the mask is approximately the right size for the patient;
▪ with one hand under the patient’s neck, keep the patient’s head tilted as far back as it will go –
unless you suspect spinal injury, in which case use minimal tilt;
▪ place the mask over the patient’s nose and mouth;
▪ hold the mask in place with one hand, by clamping your thumb over the mask and using your
fingers to hook under the patient’s jaw and pull it up towards the mask;
▪ use your other hand to compress the bag, forcing air into the patient’s lungs;
▪ there is a valve which allows air to escape from the lungs when you release the bag: DO NOT take
the mask off the patient’s face between breaths;
▪ inflate the patient’s lungs at a rate of about 12 per minute;
▪ check with each breath that there is little or no leak of air around the mask: common causes of a
leak are the patient’s head being turned to one side, and the jaw not being pulled upward firmly
enough.

✓ Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR is a skill that is used when a person is in Cardiac Arrest. CPR involves giving sets of 30 chest
compressions followed by sets of 2 rescue breaths; it keeps oxygenated blood moving to the brain and
other vital organs until advanced medical help arrives.
PROCEDURE
1 Place both of your hands on the center of the person’s chest.
2 Apply 30 compressions:
▪ Push down at least 5cm (about 2in), pushing deeply and steadily.
▪ Allow the chest to fully recoil after each compression (do not lean on the chest).
▪ The chest compression rate should be between 100 and 120 beats per minute (30 compressions
in 15 to 18 seconds)
3 Give 2 rescue breaths:

4 Open the airway by doing head-tilt/chin-lift.
5 Place barrier device over the person’s mouth and nose.
6 Give 2 rescue breaths. Each breath should last 1 second, with just enough volume to make the chest
start to rise.
7 Repeat the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 breaths until:
8 EMS personnel take over;
9 another trained First Aider is available and can take over;
10 you are alone and too tired to continue;
11 the scene becomes unsafe;
12 the victim shows obvious signs of life, such as movement

STEP 4 Perform a Secondary Assessment

After you have identified and cared for any life-threatening conditions found in the primary
assessment, you must check the person for other injuries and conditions that may require care.
1 Ask questions:
▪ ask “SAMPLE” questions to get useful information about the person’s condition
2 Check VITAL SIGNS:
▪ pulse
▪ breathing
▪ temperature
▪ blood pressure
3 Perform an INJURY CHECK:
▪ If responsive, do a focused examination
▪ If unresponsive, or is otherwise unable to communicate, do a hands-on check
✓ SAMPLE Questions
Interview the ill or injured person (if he or she is responsive) and any bystanders at the scene to get
more information.
PROCEDURE
S SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS — Do you have any cuts or bruises? How do you feel? Do you feel any pain?
A ALLERGIES — Are you allergic to anything?
M MEDICATIONS — Do you take any medicine? What is it for?
P PAST MEDICAL HISTORY — Do you have any medical conditions? Has this happened before?
L LAST ORAL INTAKE — When did you last eat or drink? What did you have?
E EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE EMERGENCY — What happened?
✓ Vital Signs
The vital signs indicate how well the body is performing its essential functions. The main vital signs are
body temperature, pulse rate and rhythm, respiration rate, blood pressure and level of consciousness.
Check the quality of the person’s vital signs by evaluating his or her level of responsiveness, breathing,
and skin.
PROCEDURE
1 Level of Responsiveness
▪ Is the person alert or sleepy? Does the person seem confused? Is the person’s awareness
increasing, decreasing, or staying the same?
2 Breathing
▪ Listen for sounds. Is the breathing fast or slow? Effective or adequate? Shallow or deep? Is
breathing painful for the person?
3 Skin
▪ Is it dry or wet? Is it an unusual color or temperature?

✓ Injury Check
The goal of an injury check is to look carefully for injuries that were not identified during the primary
assessment. An injury check may involve a focused examination or a hands-on check, depending on the
comfort level of the person and whether the person is responsive.
FOCUSED EXAMINATION
1 If the person is responsive and able to answer questions, do a focused examination.
2 Explain that the purpose of the examination is to identify injuries.
3 Ask the person if anything hurts or feels uncomfortable.
4 If the person indicates an area of pain, discomfort, or concern, look at the area for signs of injury
including discoloration (bruises) or deformities (odd shapes). For privacy reasons, do not remove any
of the person’s clothing unless it makes providing first aid difficult.
5 If there are no signs of any injury, ask focused questions about how the person feels.
6 If the person doesn’t complain of any pain or tenderness, and there are no signs of injuries, ask the
person to rest for a few minutes in a comfortable position. Check the quality of the person’s vital
signs and ensure the ABCs are still unaffected. If there is no visible problem, help the person to stand
up slowly when he or she is ready.
HANDS-ON CHECK
1 If a person is breathing but unresponsive, or is unable to communicate, do a hands-on check.
2 Conducting a hands-on check involves systematically checking the person from head to toe for signs
of injury.
3 Look and feel for any abnormalities such as bumps, soft spots, deformity, bruising, and bleeding.
4 You should also look at the ground around the person for signs of blood or other body fluids.
5 Continue to watch the person’s ABCs and vital signs as you perform this check. If the person’s
condition deteriorates, stop the hands-on check and give first aid immediately.
6 Begin by checking the head, then work downward, focusing on the chest, abdomen, and legs before
checking the arms. This prioritizes the areas that are more prone to life-threatening bleeding and
organ damage.
7 When checking the chest, feel the ribs for signs of deformity. If the person is unresponsive, watch
the rib cage as the person breathes. Both sides should expand at the same time. If the person is
responsive, ask him or her to take a deep breath (if it doesn’t cause any pain) to make it easier to
check the expansion of the rib cage.
8 When checking the abdomen, press on it gently. It should be soft to the touch. If it feels hard or
gentle pressure is painful, check carefully for bruising (some of the person’s clothes may need to be
moved or removed at this point).

5
CONTROL OF BLEEDING
LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING refers to a situation where large amounts of blood loss occur
either externally (outside the body) or internally (within the body). Life-threatening bleeding
can occur whenever one or more of the body’s blood vessels are broken. It must be
controlled immediately.
Bleeding from arteries (arterial bleeding) is often rapid and profuse, and it is always life-
threatening. This is because arterial blood is under direct pressure from the heart, so it
usually spurts from the wound, making it difficult for clots to form. As a result, arterial
bleeding is harder to control than bleeding from veins and capillaries.
Bleeding from veins (venous bleeding) is easier to control than arterial bleeding. Venous
blood is under less pressure than arterial blood and flows from the wound at a steady rate
without spurting. Only damage to veins deep in the body, such as those in the torso or thigh,
produces profuse bleeding that is hard to control. Veins are damaged more often than
arteries because they are closer to the skin’s surface.
✓ Life-Threatening External Bleeding
WHAT TO LOOK FOR

▪ blood spurting or flowing freely from a wound
▪ blood that fails to clot after you have taken all measures to control bleeding
▪ large amounts of blood loss
WHAT TO DO
▪ DIRECT PRESSURE – Place addressing over the wound and apply pressure directly to the bleeding site
with the palm of the hand. Ideally a sterile dressing should be applied; otherwise, the cleanest cloth
should be used. In the absence of dressing or cloth, the bare hand may be used until a dressing is
available. If the dressing becomes soaked with blood, another dressing should be applied over the
first one with firmer hand pressure.
▪ ELEVATION – When there is severely bleeding wound of an extremity or the head, direct pressure
should be applied over the wound with the affected part elevated. This elevation lowers the blood
pressure in the affected part and the blood flow is lessened.
▪ PRESSURE POINTS – When direct pressure and elevation cannot control severe bleeding, pressure
should be applied to the artery that supplies the area. Because this technique reduces the circulation
to the wounded part below the pressure point, it should be applied only when absolutely necessary
and until the severe bleeding has lessened.

TOURNIQUET – A tourniquet is a tight band placed around an extremity (e.g., an arm or leg). It constricts
blood vessels to stop life-threatening bleeding in circumstances where normal bleeding control is impossible
or ineffective. A tourniquet shuts off all normal blood circulation beyond the site of application. Lack of
oxygen and blood may lead to the destruction of tissue, possibly requiring amputation of a limb.
NOTE:
‐ a tourniquet should be applied only when all other means of bleeding control have failed
‐ if a tourniquet is applied, immediate RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE must be obtained
‐ document the time the tourniquet was tightened
‐ never cover the tourniquet with clothing or bandages, or hide it in any way
‐ never loosen a tourniquet, unless a physician advises it
✓ Life-Threatening Internal Bleeding

Internal bleeding is the escape of blood from arteries, veins, or capillaries into spaces in the body. Life-
threatening internal bleeding usually occurs in injuries caused by a violent blunt force, such as when
someone falls from a height. You should suspect internal bleeding after any injury that involved a
forceful blow to the body. Internal bleeding may also occur when a sharp object, such as a knife,
penetrates the skin and damages internal structures.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR

▪ bruising in the injured area
▪ soft tissues (e.g., the abdomen) that are tender, swollen, or hard
▪ blood in saliva or vomit
▪ pain
▪ severe thirst, nausea, and vomiting
WHAT TO DO
▪ Seek medical assistance.
▪ Life-threatening internal bleeding, especially if it results from damage to an organ, requires in-
hospital medical intervention.
▪ Help the injured person rest in the most comfortable position and provide continual care while
waiting for EMS personnel or further instructions via telemedical service.

6
SHOCK MANAGEMENT
SHOCK occurs when the body’s circulatory system is unable to distribute oxygen enriched blood to all parts
of the body. If untreated, the body’s vital organs (brain, heart, lungs and kidneys) can fail, leading to
collapse, unconsciousness and eventually death.
The commonest cause is loss of body fluid from the circulation. It can result, either from external or internal
bleeding (e.g. as occurs in fractures of the thigh), the formation of large blisters and the weeping of fluid
from large burns and from damaged blood vessels in crush injuries. Shock can also be found in severe heart
attacks, and in certain diseases characterized by excessive vomiting and diarrhea.
The first-aider should always be on the look-out for this condition as it can develop even while the casualty
is under close observation and it may be missed. Fear, pain and exposure to cold make shock worse.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR

▪ apathy and unresponsiveness
▪ complaints of feeling faint, cold and thirsty
▪ skin is pale, cold and clammy
▪ pulse is rapid but weak
▪ breathing is rapid and shallow
▪ nausea and vomiting
▪ unconsciousness
WHAT TO DO
The best thing to do when a person is in shock is to seek medical assistance. While waiting for medical
assistance to arrive, the primary aim is to treat whatever condition is causing the shock:
▪ lay the patient flat and, if injuries permit, elevate the feet and legs so that blood flows to the heart
and brain
▪ loosen tight clothing that restricts breathing
▪ keep warm but do not overheat
▪ deal with any pain
▪ give small sips of water if there is no suspicion of abdominal injury but NEVER give fluids if
unconscious
▪ do not move the patient unless in a position of danger
▪ move to a place of safety as gently as possible as rough handling will increase the pain and the shock

7
BURNS AND SCALDS, ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY ELECTRIC
CURRENT
Burns and scalds are injuries caused by thermal, chemical, electrical and radiation in which the cell are
damaged and dies.
Degree of burns:
1. First-degree burns are considered mild compared to other burns in which the epidermis is
damaged
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
• Pinkish to reddish skin color
• Soreness
• Minor swelling
2. Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect the epidermis and the dermis
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
• Extreme pain and redness
• Blister
3. Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) go through the dermis and affect deeper tissues even to
the bone.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
• Waxy and white color
• Charred
• Dark brown color
• Raised and leathery texture
• Blisters that do not develop
Rules of 9

WHAT TO DO
1. Remove the victim from the source of burn.
2. Remove jewelries and clothing on the burn area, however never clean by removing debris present
on the burn area.
3. Irrigate the burn area with running stream of cool and clean water for not less than 15 minutes.
4. Pat dry the burn area.
5. Cover the burn with non-fluffy dressing.
6. Proceed to medical facility accordingly.
First aid for electrical burn
▪ Always ensure your own safety if the scenario is dangers never try to pick up nor touch the
casualty.
▪ The first aid of electrical burn is focused on the victims ABCs. If there are signs of cardiac arrest
proceed with CPR.
▪ Electrical burn is always dangerous to the victim, so transport the casualty to the nearest medical
facility immediately.
▪ Provide first aid according to the first aid of non-electrical burns after the casualty is stable.

8
RESCUE AND TRANSPORT A CASUALTY
▪ Rescue is the method of extracting a casualty from an unsafe location to a safe area.
▪ Transfer is the method of transporting a victim from a safe location to a medical facility.
Proper body mechanics
1. Stand with your feet apart to create a sturdy foundation.

2. Bend at your knees instead of your waist.
3. Keep your neck, back, hips, and feet aligned when you move; avoid twisting and bending at the waist.
Examples of emergency carries:

1. Fireman’s Carry 2. Pack Strap Carry 3. Assist to Walk
4. Chair as a litter 5. Carry by Extremities

9
BANDAGES AND OTHER MATERIALS IN THE EMERGENCY KIT
Bandaging is covering a break in the skin helps to control bleeding and protect against infection.
Dressings are pads of gauze or cloth that can be placed directly against the wound to absorb blood and
other fluids. Cloth bandages cover dressings and hold them in place.
WHAT TO DO
Step 1. Dress the wound

▪ Put on gloves or use other protection to prevent contact with the victim's blood.
▪ Clean the wound with mild soap and water.
▪ Apply a small layer of topical antibiotic if desired.
▪ Place a clean dressing over the entire wound. Gauze dressings let in air for faster healing. Nonstick
dressings have a special surface that won't cling to the wound.
▪ If blood soaks through the dressing, place another dressing over the first one.
Step 2. Cover the bandage

▪ Wrap roller gauze or cloth strips over the dressing and around the wound several times.
▪ Extend the bandage at least an inch beyond both sides of the dressing.
▪ Don't wrap the bandage so tight that it interferes with blood flow to healthy tissue.
Step 3. Secure the bandage

▪ Tie or tape the bandage in place.
▪ Don't secure the bandage so tight that fingers or toes become pale or blue.
Step 4. Check circulation

▪ Check circulation in the area below the bandage after several minutes and again after several
hours. If circulation is poor, the skin may look pale or blue or feel cold. Signs of poor circulation also
include numbness and tingling.
▪ If circulation is reduced, loosen the bandage right away. If symptoms continue, get medical care.
Note: Please see the supplemental material for bandaging.


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GLOBAL TRAINING SYSTEMS – PHILIPPINES, INC

Global Training Systems Phil. Inc.

Global Training Systems - Philippines, Inc. P a g e |1

STEP 2 If you are alone, shout for help.

STEP 3 Choose the best place for first aid.

STEP 4 If there are several injured people, prioritize.

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STEP 1 Check the Scene

STEP 2 Perform a Primary Assessment

1 Check for RESPONSIVENESS

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✓ Opening The Airway

✓ Checking for Breathing

✓ Checking for a Pulse

STEP 3 Provide Appropriate Care

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✓ Rescue Breathing/Artificial Respiration (AR)

MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESCUE BREATHING

MOUTH-TO-NOSE RESCUE BREATHING

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USING A BAG AND MASK RESUSCITATOR

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✓ Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

3 Give 2 rescue breaths:

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STEP 4 Perform a Secondary Assessment

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✓ Life-Threatening External Bleeding

WHAT TO LOOK FOR

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✓ Life-Threatening Internal Bleeding

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WHAT TO LOOK FOR

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WHAT TO LOOK FOR

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Proper body mechanics

1. Stand with your feet apart to create a sturdy foundation.

Examples of emergency carries:

4. Chair as a litter 5. Carry by Extremities

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Step 1. Dress the wound

Step 2. Cover the bandage

Step 3. Secure the bandage

Step 4. Check circulation

Note: Please see the supplemental material for bandaging.

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