Social Change and Development Part 1 PDF

SOCIAL CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENT:
A REVIEW
Prepared by: Jeremiah B. Napone

CONCEPT OUTLINE:
• Social Change
• Development
• Development as Freedom
• Social Development
• Economic Development
• Participatory Development
• Sustainable Development/ Environmental
Perspective
CONCEPTS
SOCIAL CHANGE
For sociologists, social change is changes in human interactions and relationships
that transform cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and
often have profound and long-term consequences for society.

CONCEPTS
DEVELOPMENT
Development is known as the general betterment of the political, social, and
economic environments. It is not restricted to certain places or epochs—development
changes over time and from place to region.

CONCEPTS
DEVELOPMENT
"development" is a progressive set of changes that occur orderly and predictable
(Hurlock, 1959). Some authors define development as “an improvement, qualitative,
quantitative, or both, in the use of available resources” (Pearson, 1992) and “both a
physical reality and a state of mind in which society has secured the means for
obtaining a better life.” (Todaro and Smith, 2006:22).

CONCEPTS
DEVELOPMENT
Development is increasingly seen in how we survive in the future rather than how we
improve in the past. Development was identified with both industrialization and
regulation of disruptive social impacts.

CONCEPTS
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM
Amartya Sen was heavily credited for this concept. In essence, Sen's primary
premise is "a view of development as an integrated process of growth of substantive
freedoms that interact with one another," which affirms the dialectical relationship
between progress and freedom.

CONCEPTS
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
For everyone to function to their best potential, social development aims to improve
their well-being. The wellbeing of every citizen is essential to society's success.

CONCEPTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic growth/development is an increase in the economy's production of
services and goods. It is also a process of wealth production from which the
community benefits. It's an investment in expanding an economy and boosting the
prosperity and quality of life for all inhabitants, not just a jobs program.
CONCEPTS
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
This is a procedure by which organizations and communities decide on their
development goals and create solutions that best meet their primary needs through
open discussion and consensus. The participants are in charge of putting a solution
into action.
CONCEPTS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Brudntland Report defines Sustainable Development as a “development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.”

CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
• In the lens of the scholars and academics
• What does this mean?
CONCEPTS and definition of social change
• For sociologists, social change is changes in human interactions and relationships
that transform cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and
often have profound and long-term consequences for society.
• Sheldon and Moore defined Social change as the “significant alteration of social
structures (patterns of action and interaction), including consequences and
manifestations of such structures embodied in norms (rules of conduct), values,
and cultural products or symbols.”

• According to Henslin and Carl (2011), Social change is a shift in the characteristics
of culture and society.
• Emile Durkheim briefly defined Social Change as transforming culture, behavior,
social institutions, and social structure over time.

• Max Weber has an interesting perspective on Social Change. He contended that
entrepreneurial growth depends on the ethical value system of the society
concerned. This is referenced in his book “Protestant Ethic and Spirit of
Capitalism.”
• For Anderson and Parker, “Social Change is the changes in the structure or
functioning of social forms or processes.”

• Auguste Comte saw Social Change in a “manner of the evolution of human
knowledge.” According to him, “societies progress through a series of predictable
stages.”
• Anthony Giddens defined social change as a change in the “underlying structure of
an object or situation over time”

• M. Ginsberg saw Social Change as “A change in social structure, such as the size
of society, the composition or balance of its parts, or the type of organization.”
• S. Koenig: “Social Change refers to the changes that occur in people’s life patterns
• Gillin and Gillin: “Social Changes are deviations from accepted lifestyles, whether
as a result of changes in geographical conditions, cultural equipment, or
population composition.”
From the definitions of different authors, we can derive the following conclusions:
1. Social Change is an alteration or transformation of society’s norms and practices
regardless of its form.
2. Social Change is a process. A vast, complicated, and continuous process.
3. The change is not exclusively done by a single component but can be a
combination of multiple factors (i.e., culture, technology, environment, media,
etc.) (multi-causal).
4. Change is relative. The degree of change is relative to the setting. Social Change
is a process. A vast, complicated, and continuous process.
5. Change is encompassing regardless of the relativity of culture. (Universal)
6. Social Change can manifest in any form (i.e., economic, social, cultural).
7. Social Change is inevitable.

FACTORS INFLUENCING
SOCIAL CHANGE
Social change happens when there is disruption
within the social norm. Here are some of the
reasons/factors why social changes occur:
Factors influencing social change
1. Population Growth and Composition
2. Culture and Technology
3. Cultural Lag
4. Natural Environment
5. Social Conflict
6. Ideas/Ideologies
Conceptions and dimensions of development:
Economic
Development
Conceptions and dimensions of development
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Economic growth/development is an increase in the
economy's production of services and goods. It is also a process of wealth
production from which the community benefits. It's an investment in expanding an
economy and boosting the prosperity and quality of life for all inhabitants, not just a
jobs program.
Development according to the Classical Theory of Growth
• These classical economists placed a strong emphasis on the analysis of the
economic growth process. The goal of classical economists was to explain the
main factors influencing economic growth and the underlying mechanisms.
• Their findings supported the embrace of free commerce, respect for private
property, and individual free entrepreneurship

Development according to the Neoclassical Theory of Growth
• The thesis contends that technological development significantly impacts an
economy and that economic growth is impossible without them.

Development according to the Endogenous Growth Theory
• A macroeconomic growth theory called endogenous growth theory highlights the
value of improving elements unique to an economy and its population.
• Instead of exogenous causes where technology and scientific advancements are
independent of economic forces, endogenous growth theory emphasizes the
importance that population expansion, human capital, and the investment in
knowledge play in generating macroeconomic growth.

THEORY MEANS TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT
Classical Theory of Development Division of labor; Liberalization
Neoclassical Theory of Growth Labor, capital, and technology
Endogenous Growth Theory Population expansion, human

capital, investment in knowledge
INDICATORS OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Birth and Death Rates. Crude Birth and Death Rates (per 1000) can be used as a
general indicator of a country's healthcare and educational systems, albeit these
figures do not provide a complete picture of a country's status.

The data provided by both birth and mortality rate provides a projection for future
changes in the population. If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, we can
assume that more people are being added to the population than being taken away.
Conversely, if the death rate is higher than the birth rate, this means that the
population is possibly experiencing a decline.

Human Development Index. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines HDI as
the measure of a nation's average performance in three fundamental facets of
human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living.

The following indicators are what the WHO uses to measure Human Development
Index:
i. a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth;
ii. knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of
schooling; and
iii. a decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in
US$.
The HDI draws attention from the media, nongovernmental organizations, and
policymakers and shifts the emphasis from traditional economic statistics to human
consequences. It was developed to underline again that, rather than economic
growth, an essential factor in determining a nation's level of development should be
its people and their capacities.

The HDI is also used to examine national policy decisions and understand how two
nations with comparable income per person can achieve vastly different levels of
human development.
Economic
growth
ECONOMIC GROWTH. Economic growth, defined as an increase in people's real
income, is characterized by a rise in the ratio of people's income to the prices of the
things they can purchase, resulting in decreased poverty.
Economic development cannot take place without economic growth. Economic
growth is a subset of economic development.

INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market worth of all the
finished goods and services produced within a nation's borders during a specific
period. It thoroughly assesses a country's economic health as a broad indicator of
domestic production.
When domestic producers sell more products and services to foreign nations than
domestic consumers buy from foreign consumers, that nation's gross domestic
product (GDP) tends to rise.

Gross national product (GNP) measures the total value of all finished goods and
services owned by a nation's residents, regardless of whether those goods were
made there.
GNP reflects how its citizens contribute to the nation's economy, whereas GDP
measures the local/national economy. While ignoring location, it takes citizenship into
account. It's crucial to understand that the GNP excludes the output of foreign
residents because of this.

The Gross National Income (GNI), the gross national income per capita (GNI per
capita, formerly GNP per capita), is the gross national income divided by the midyear
population and converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method. The
figure is the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign-source revenue.
GNI measures the overall revenue that a country's citizens and businesses have
generated, including investment income, regardless of where that income was
generated. It also includes funds obtained from overseas, such as grants for
economic growth and international investments.

Measures of Economic Development Definition

Gross Domestic Product GDP measures the total market value of all
completed products produced in a nation during a
specific time period.
Gross National Product The gross national product (GNP) includes all
corporate and resident revenue, whether
domestically or internationally. Additionally, it
includes foreign-sourced subsidies and taxes.
Gross National Income GNI is the entire amount of revenue a nation

receives from its citizens and enterprises, whether
they are based domestically or abroad.
DICHOTOMY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH (WAGLE, 2020)
ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Economic growth is a rise in the economy's key The quantitative and qualitative transformation of an
economic indicators. economy.
Economic growth is the increase in the volume of Economic development is the lowering and eventually
commodities and services an economy produces. eliminating poverty, unemployment, and inequality in an
environment of expanding economic activity.
Increase in real national income / national output. improvements in life expectancy, health care, and other
living standards and quality measurements, such as
literacy.
Economic growth focuses on the production of goods Economic development focuses on the distribution of
and services. resources.
Economic growth is one-dimensional since it solely Economic growth is multidimensional since it prioritizes
considers how much people earn. increasing income and raising the population's standard
of living.
DICHOTOMY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH (WAGLE, 2020)
Short-term. Measured in specific periods. Long-term/ continuous. Does not have a specific time
period to measure.
Increase in production Increase in productivity
The means of development The ends of development
Concerned with the increase in economic growth. Concerned with the structural changes in the economy.
Economic development= Economic growth + standard of

living
Economic growth does not guarantee the removal of Economic development is linked to the ending of poverty
poverty and inequality and inequality
A relevant metric in assessing progress in developed A relevant metric in assessing progress in developing
countries countries
Increased Welfare
and Human
Development
INCREASED WELFARE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. This concept argues that
income growth will expand the capacities and options available to households and
governments, and economic expansion will advance human development.

“If a central element of economic growth is allowing agents to discover

and develop their comparative advantage, an increase in the
capabilities and functionings available to individuals should allow more
of them to pursue occupations in which they are most productive. In
this sense human development can be seen as the relaxing of
constraints which may have interfered with profit maximization.
Furthermore, although human development represents a broader
concept, many of its elements overlap significantly with the more
traditional notion of human capital. Thus, to the extent that human
development is necessarily correlated with human capital and human
capital affects the economic growth of a nation, human development is
bound to have an impact on economic growth.”
-Ranis, 2004 (pp. 5-6)

Many nation-states that are members of the UN emphasize the principle of
government responsibility in the conception of human welfare, stressing that human
rights are respected and that the population’s basic needs are met as a standard of
human development.
modernization
MODERNIZATION. In Sociology, modernization is moving from a traditional,
agrarian, rural society to an industrial, secular, metropolitan society. Industrial society
is modern society. Society must first become industrialized to be modernized.

• The concept of modernization emphasizes the role of technology in forwarding
development. The transition of society from its former agrarian characteristic to an
industrialized one is motivated by the existence and emergence of new
technologies that have revolutionized society.
• Technological advancement and population growth increase wealth, increasing
the middle class. A growing middle class creates the social foundation for
democracy.
• Modernization is industrialization. All changes associated with modernity have
similarities to some changes that happened during the rise of industrialism.
• Industrialism is a way of life that involves significant alterations in the economy,
society, politics, and culture. Societies only become contemporary after
undergoing the thorough transition of industrialization.

Elimination of
dependency
ELIMINATION OF DEPENDENCY. The concept of dependency elimination was
parallel to the general discussion of dependency theory. Bill Warren was among the
many authors who talked about this phenomenon.

Warren's key argument in his proposed method for eliminating dependency was that,
while imperialism undoubtedly contributed to the development of an unequal and
exploitative system, it also paved the way for the growth of capitalism in the Third
World. Not only that, either. Warren went one step further, asserting that he could
demonstrate that after the Second World War, capitalism had grown both in depth
and breadth throughout the Third World.

SUMMARY: Warren saw the current system of industrialization as a stepping stone
for dependent countries to eliminate their dependency on the core countries by
exploiting latent internal conflicts that can happen in the pursuit of the core’s
trajectory to a greater practice of industrialization.

Participatory
development
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT (PD). This is a procedure by which organizations
and communities decide on their development goals and create solutions that best
meet their primary needs through open discussion and consensus. The participants
are in charge of putting a solution into action.

BASIC VIEWPOINTS OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT (JICA, n.d.).
• Self-sufficient, sustainable development cannot be achieved by substituting locally
driven development initiatives for all centrally-run government initiatives.
• Directly increasing the number of individuals who participate does not result in
self-sufficient, sustainable development; instead, it is vital to improve the quality of
participation and enable its sustainability.
• Fostering an environment that encourages participative growth to prevent
participation from becoming momentary.

TYPES OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
• Passive Participation
• Participation in Information Giving
• Participation in Consultation
• Participation in Material Incentives
• Functional Participation
• Interactive Participation
• Self-Mobilisation
OBSTACLES TO PARTICIPATION
• Lack of time
• Caste discrimination
• Hesitation and fear
• Lack of information
• Poor hesitate to speak out in front of rich people
• Illiterate hesitate to speak out in front of education

OBSTACLES TO PARTICIPATION
• Patriarchal society: women’s participation is low
• Lack of understanding about the importance of participation
• Language differences
• Health problem
• Inappropriate space
• Environmental factors
Sustainable
development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. The Brudntland Report defines Sustainable
Development as a “development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

• The concept of sustainable development integrates environmental stability
and economic development in its goals to envision and realize a future that takes
economic development without compromising environmental stability.
• It includes two ideas: the idea of need, which refers to the basic needs of the
world's poor, to which top priority should be given, and the idea of restrictions placed
on the environment's capacity to meet existing and future needs by the level of
technology and social structure.

Development as
freedom
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM. Amartya Sen was heavily credited for this concept.
In essence, Sen's primary premise is "a view of development as an integrated
process of growth of substantive freedoms that interact with one another," which
affirms the dialectical relationship between progress and freedom.

Sen argues that each of these freedoms promotes the growth of the others, including
access to healthcare, education, political dissent, free markets, and equality. Sen
favors a dialectical concept of development in which political, economic, and social
freedoms "connect with one other and enhance human freedom in general." Sen
sees this process of "expanding substantive freedoms" as "both an end and a means
of progress.”
Freedom is both necessary for and helpful to development. Examples of instrumental
freedoms include political freedom, access to economic possibilities, social
opportunities, transparency, and security, all of which are distinct yet related.
Sen argues that wealth and income are only significant as a means to an end, not in
and of themselves. Thus, poverty is more than just having a poor income; it's also
about having few opportunities. On the other hand, development focuses on
expanding opportunities rather than just generating money.

• Value of Freedom. Sen argues that money is only a tool for reaching our ultimate
goals, human flourishing, and happiness. On the other hand, freedom is crucial to
achieving our goals. In actuality, economic development's goal and value are to
enable freedom.
• Efficacy of Freedom. Individual and societal progress depends on people's
capacity to make independent decisions. According to Sen, having the ability to
make choices for oneself is the best method for people to achieve their goals, like
happiness.
• SUMMARY: Freedom is the root of development, and freedom is also the result of
development. Freedom is seen as both means and ends in this concept.

SOCIAL CHANGE AND
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL THEORY. The Structural Functional Theory,
popularized by Emile Durkheim, sees society as having interdependent parts that
work together to promote solidarity and stability

Theorist Interpretation
Emile Durkheim • According to Durkheim (1893), society is a complex system of
interconnected and interdependent pieces that cooperate to
maintain stability. He also thought that shared beliefs, languages,
and symbols are what hold society as a whole together.
• According to Durkheim, society may be made up of individuals,
but sociologists must go beyond these individuals to social facts1
in order to analyze society.
• Example: Each of these social realities meets a society's needs in
one or more ways. For instance, a society's laws may serve to
deter crime, punish violent behavior, to maintain public safety, or
any combination of these functions.
• Durkheim also studied social solidarity2
• Groups can be kept together on two opposing principles,
according to Durkheim: mechanical solidarity3 and organic
solidarity4.
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown • Positioned the idea of social structure at the center of his
approach and linked it to the idea of function.
• According to him, each element of the social structure serves an
essential purpose for others and society, which is an organically
interwoven whole. The existence of one element depends on the
presence of the others.
Robert K. Merton • Merton stressed that social processes often have many
processes.
• He presented the concepts of manifest5 and latent6
functions and dysfunctions.
• Example: A manifest function of college education, for
example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a
career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education.
Current functions of your college years include meeting
new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or
finding a spouse or partner.
Talcott Parsons • According to Parsons, certain "functional prerequisites"

must be satisfied for societies to thrive. Every society
requires a specific set of items to operate effectively, just as
humans depend on specific items to thrive.
• Example: Resources like food and housing must be
produced and distributed in a community, and there must
be some institution to settle disputes and raise the next
generation socially.
ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY. According to Rostow, societies will
develop due to increasing investment, exposure to industrialized Western society,
and modifications to traditional culture and values.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

DEPENDENCY THEORY. This theory argues that underdevelopment happens due
to the peripheral positioning of some affected countries in the world economy.
Dependency theory outlines how developing countries give resources to developed
countries at their own expense. Raul Prebisch, a researcher, stressed that the wealth
of the advanced nations came from the developing ones.

DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM. This concept argues that historical and political
events are a product of the conflict of social forces, which can be seen as a series of
contradictions and their resolution. Moreover, this conflict is seen as caused by
material needs.
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM. This is an extension of the principles of dialectical
materialism to the study of social life and an application of the concepts of dialectical
materialism to the phenomena of societal life and even to the study of society and its
history.
According to the notion, all institutions of human society, such as the government
and the church, are a natural result of its economic activity. Social and political
change occurs when those institutions stop reflecting the "mode of production" or
how the economy works.

• The philosophy of dialectical materialism is applied to human civilization by
historical materialism. All humans must engage in economic activities to provide
for their basic needs.
• Due to this demand, every society must rely on its mode of production. The result
is that every institution in that society must adopt this method, comply with it, or
cease to exist.
• As production methods advance, they encounter new contradictions that force
them to be replaced by other, more sophisticated economic systems, creating new
social structures.
NEOLIBERALISM (LAISSEZ-FAIRE). Neoliberalism is a term used to describe a
school of thought on economics that supports free markets and little government
intervention in the economy. It is frequently linked to economic liberalization policies,
including privatization, deregulation, globalization, free trade, austerity, and cuts to
government spending to boost the private sector’s contribution to the economy and
society.
THEORY ASSUMPTION ON DEVELOPMENT

Structural-Functional Theory Development happens due to society’s
interdependence and specialization of roles of its
components.
Rostow’s Modernization Theory Societies begin in some form of an agrarian society

that relies on agricultural production.
Development happens in these societies upon
exposure to industrialized Western society,
increasing investments, and modifying traditional
culture and values. Thus, these societies undergo
a series of changes until they become
industrialized.
Dependency Theory Development is unlikely to happen to the

countries in the periphery (Global South) because
of its developed dependence on the countries in
the core (Global North) due to technological
mismatch.
Dialectical and Historical Materialism Sees development as a result of a dialectical
process by which society will develop out of the
contradiction of existing norms. Historical
materialism is a theory that explains historical
changes in the development of class societies and
how people collaborate to earn a living.
Neoliberalism Development happens due to a free market

system with little government intervention.
Perspectives on Social Development:
Diversity
perspective
Perspectives on Social Development
DIVERSITY PERSPECTIVES. Competence in dealing with diversity and culture is
one of several talents social workers must possess, and it is crucial. There is a
widespread understanding that professionals in the field, including practitioners and
academics, must be aware of how the experiences of varied communities must
influence their work. Among the many perspectives of diverse perspectives are the
following
1.1 STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE. The Strengths Perspective is a method of
social work that centers the helping process on the assets and strengths of
individuals, groups, and environments rather than their faults and pathologies.
The Strengths Perspective acknowledges clients’ challenges but never reduces
people to their traumas, issues, illnesses, or adversities; instead, it views them as
challenges, opportunities, and catalysts for transformation.

The main principles of the Strengths Perspective are for social workers to:
• Recognize the skills and resources that each person, group, family, and
community possess.
• Make systematic assessments of resources and strengths.
• Realize that although trauma, abuse, disease, and hardship can be harmful, they
can also present opportunities and challenges.
• Respect the ambitions for development and transformation that clients have set
forth
The main principles of the Strengths Perspective are for social workers to:
• Serve the interests of clients and communities by working with them as the
managers of their assisting process.
• Utilize the assets and capacities of your clients, partners, and environment
• Connect objectives to precise, attainable activities based on resources and
capabilities.
• Engage in social services with compassion and optimism.

The strength-based approach enables people to recognize their best qualities and
the value of being who they are. They are urged to build on their assets rather than
pay attention to their flaws.

1.2 EMPOWERMENT PERSPECTIVE (to give—or return—the power to).
Empowerment is both a means and an end. One cannot practice the empowerment
approach if the practitioner has not undergone empowerment (Practitioner Self-
Awareness). Social workers are taught empowerment practices to address issues at
all scales, affecting individuals, families, groups, organizations, neighborhoods,
communities, and society. Empowerment is attained by coordinated efforts that work
WITH people, their connections, and the surrounding social and political
environment—not ON them.
STRATEGIES OF EMPOWERING PEOPLE (Hossen, n.d.).
• Collectivization
• Establishing a Dialogical Relationship
• Consciousness Raising
• Redefining
• Advocacy
• Self-Advocacy, Legal Advocacy, Professional Advocacy.
• Limitations
1.3 SPIRITUALITY AND FAITH-SENSITIVE PERSPECTIVE. The client may be
trying to use their belief system as a strength that enhances their capacity for
resilience. The inclusion of the client's expressed faith and/or spirituality may result in
a greater level of commitment on the part of both the client and the practitioner to the
assigned work, as well as a helpful insight into how to most effectively incorporate
what the client brings to facilitate change.

The following considerations are additional insights for practitioners and social work
student interns:
• If a client challenges a practitioner's or student's spiritual beliefs, they must
respond to the challenge in the same way they would any other. This procedure
becomes a component of the student's education.
• If a client tells the practitioner or student they don't believe in anything spiritual,
their perspective must be accepted without judgment.

student interns:
• Practitioners and students should consult with their supervisor as with any other
client-presented issue if they encounter spirituality-related issues when working
with a client.
• There is no "right" or "wrong" in this field, so practitioners and students must
understand this and always uphold the freedom to self-determination (CSWE,
2001).
student interns:
• Practitioners and students alike must understand that a diverse population occurs
in metropolitan settings, along with a wide range of religious and spiritual views.
All parties involved can benefit from learning from one another about each of
these differences.
1.4 ETHNOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE. An ethnoconscious strategy combines
ethnic sensitivity with empowerment strategies that capitalize on the existing
advantages in ethnically varied communities

Once the term "ethnic-sensitive social work practice" was coined, social workers
began to use it to refer, in a broad, general sense, to a practice that is aware of the
effects that belonging to an ethnic or minority group has on social functioning and
aims to incorporate this understanding into practice.

Once the term "ethnic-sensitive social work practice" was coined, social workers
began to use it to refer, in a broad, general sense, to a practice that is aware of the
effects that belonging to an ethnic or minority group has on social functioning and
aims to incorporate this understanding into practice.

An ethnoconscious approach would aim to establish anti-racism organizations that,
from agency board members to executives and across all levels of employees, reflect
the ethnic makeup of the community it serves

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
• Individual and community histories affect how problems are created and solved;
• The present takes precedence;
• Nonconscious phenomena impact functioning, although solving problems most
effectively depends on the current reality; and
• Ethnicity can lead to tension, disagreement, strife, coherence, identity, and
strength.
Feminist
perspective
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES. A gender-equal society is the primary goal of feminist
perspectives on social development. Women are active agents of social change,
according to feminist theory.

Women in Development (WID). Its fundamental goal was to include women in
development, who were historically seen as passive recipients of any advancement.

• According to the WID approach, women must be actively involved in development
as active agents if effective and efficient development is to be attained, which was
a significant corrective step.
• According to WID, women's subordination was characterized by their absence
from the market sector and subsequently constrained resource controls.
• Therefore, the primary goal was to increase women's participation in development
and access to resources.

Women and Development (WAD). The central claim of WAD was that women have
always participated in the development processes. Women have traditionally played
significant roles in the economy, according to WAD. They are essential to maintaining
society through the labor they conduct both within and outside the home. Global
inequality has only been maintained as a result of this integration. As a result, the
WID method, which focused on integrating women into development, was flawed.
• The interaction between women and development processes is the primary
emphasis of WAD rather than just techniques for integrating women into
development.
Gender and Development (GAD). GAD examines how development affects both
women and men. It emphasizes equality of benefit and control to ensure that men
and women engage equally in development and reap its benefits. It acknowledges
that while women may participate in the development, they may not always gain from
it.
• GAD doesn't focus on women alone; instead, it examines how gender relations
assign men and women distinct roles, duties, and expectations—often to the cost
of women.
• As a result, development is about fundamentally altering how society deals with
gender inequity. This method also emphasizes how women are oppressed in the
home or their lives "private spheres." As a result, initiatives addressing problems
like violence against women have emerged.

People-centered
perspective
PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT. People-centered development is a strategy
that emphasizes enhancing local communities' sense of self-sufficiency, social
justice, and democratic participation. It acknowledges that human progress is not
inevitably aided by economic growth and demands for modifications to social,
political, and environmental beliefs and practices.

a. Macro analysis. In the 1980s, the "people/human-centered" development
approach, which acknowledges dependency theories, became more well-known. It
recognized that the dependence approach had established the idea of power
imbalances between the First and Third Worlds.

CRITICISMS OF PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
i. One is its heavy dependence on grassroots volunteer associations for
transformation. Experience has demonstrated that these groups may be very simply
organized for protests involving matters of shared interest. However, in volunteer
organizations where no immediate financial or other rewards are provided, ongoing
efforts toward development goals are more challenging to sustain.

CRITICISMS OF PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
ii. The people-centered approach is based on the belief that people in
developing nations favor sustainability above quick economic growth. There isn't
much documentation about this as of now

Anti-oppressive
practice
ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE (AOP). AOP acknowledges the simultaneous
occurrence of various micro, mezzo, and macro oppressions that especially impact
marginalized individuals and communities. Through collective institutional and
societal reforms, it strives to end injustice and undermine power systems (Sakamoto
& Pitner, 2005).

Anti-Oppressive Practice acknowledges the oppression in our society/space and
works to lessen its effects and equalize the power disparities between individuals. It
also acknowledges the connection between all forms of oppression in some way
(Aquil et al., 2021).

THREE INTERACTING LEVELS OF OPPRESSION IN THE SOCIETY (Scammel, 2016; Baines,
2017 as cited by Center for Innovation in Campus Mental Health, n.d.)
Type of Oppression What it includes Example
Structural The people, groups, and institutions government policies, legislative
in charge of allocating resources and entities, and cultural institutions
assigning authority in society (education systems, health care
systems, justice systems, houses of
worship, libraries)
Cultural How language and categorization may White vs. Racial minority
influence cultural norms and create
frameworks that classify certain Heteronormative vs.
groups of people as either dominant Non-heteronormative
or other, thereby contributing to
oppression Neurotypical vs. Neurodivergent
Personal Individual interactions, routine work Discrimination against a person based
activities, and the principles we on prejudicial thoughts
uphold and might share with others
A microaggression enacted against a
Black person
VULNERABLE LIFE
SITUATION
PERSPECTIVE
Understanding Vulnerability
“The intrinsic and dynamic feature of an element at risk that determines the expected
damage/harm resulting from a given hazardous event and is often even affected by
the harmful event itself. Vulnerability changes continuously over time and is driven by
physical, social, economic, and environmental factors” (UNU-EHS, 2006).

4 TYPES OF VULNERABILITIES (UNISDR)
• Physical Vulnerability
• Economic Vulnerability
• Social Vulnerability
• Environmental Vulnerability
How can social work help populations that are at risk? The
socioeconomic determinants of health that impact the populations that
social workers interact with are a good place to start for social services
specialists.
-----------END OF PART 1------------

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SOCIAL CHANGE AND

Prepared by: Jeremiah B. Napone

often have profound and long-term consequences for society.

economic environments. It is not restricted to certain places or epochs—development

changes over time and from place to region.

(Hurlock, 1959). Some authors define development as “an improvement, qualitative,

obtaining a better life.” (Todaro and Smith, 2006:22).

regulation of disruptive social impacts.

premise is "a view of development as an integrated process of growth of substantive

between progress and freedom.

their well-being. The wellbeing of every citizen is essential to society's success.

community benefits. It's an investment in expanding an economy and boosting the

to meet their own needs.”

• For sociologists, social change is changes in human interactions and relationships

often have profound and long-term consequences for society.

structures (patterns of action and interaction), including consequences and

manifestations of such structures embodied in norms (rules of conduct), values,

and cultural products or symbols.”

of culture and society.

• Emile Durkheim briefly defined Social Change as transforming culture, behavior,

social institutions, and social structure over time.

• Max Weber has an interesting perspective on Social Change. He contended that

entrepreneurial growth depends on the ethical value system of the society

concerned. This is referenced in his book “Protestant Ethic and Spirit of

functioning of social forms or processes.”

• Auguste Comte saw Social Change in a “manner of the evolution of human

knowledge.” According to him, “societies progress through a series of predictable

• Anthony Giddens defined social change as a change in the “underlying structure of

an object or situation over time”

of society, the composition or balance of its parts, or the type of organization.”

as a result of changes in geographical conditions, cultural equipment, or

1. Social Change is an alteration or transformation of society’s norms and practices

regardless of its form.

2. Social Change is a process. A vast, complicated, and continuous process.

3. The change is not exclusively done by a single component but can be a

combination of multiple factors (i.e., culture, technology, environment, media,

is a process. A vast, complicated, and continuous process.

5. Change is encompassing regardless of the relativity of culture. (Universal)

7. Social Change is inevitable.

1. Population Growth and Composition

2. Culture and Technology

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Economic growth/development is an increase in the

economy's production of services and goods. It is also a process of wealth

production from which the community benefits. It's an investment in expanding an

Development according to the Classical Theory of Growth

• These classical economists placed a strong emphasis on the analysis of the

main factors influencing economic growth and the underlying mechanisms.

property, and individual free entrepreneurship

Development according to the Neoclassical Theory of Growth

• The thesis contends that technological development significantly impacts an

economy and that economic growth is impossible without them.

Development according to the Endogenous Growth Theory

• A macroeconomic growth theory called endogenous growth theory highlights the

value of improving elements unique to an economy and its population.

• Instead of exogenous causes where technology and scientific advancements are

independent of economic forces, endogenous growth theory emphasizes the

importance that population expansion, human capital, and the investment in

knowledge play in generating macroeconomic growth.

THEORY MEANS TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC

Classical Theory of Development Division of labor; Liberalization

Neoclassical Theory of Growth Labor, capital, and technology

Endogenous Growth Theory Population expansion, human

general indicator of a country's healthcare and educational systems, albeit these