Solid Modelling and Manufacturing Processes

Lab Report 9

Name: Malik Muhammad Ibrahim

Roll No: 211192
Class: BEMTS F21 – IIIB
Date: Dec 31st, 2022
Submitted to: Sir Hamza Shabbir Minhas
Lab Task:
Give a detailed introduction to CNC Machining.

What is CNC?
Computer Numeric Control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by
precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage medium (computer command
module, usually located on the device) as opposed to controlled manually by hand wheels or
levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone.

CNC Machining
It is a computerized manufacturing process in which pre-programmed software and code
controls the movement of production equipment. CNC machining controls a range of
complex machinery, such as grinders, lathes, and turning mills, all of which are used to cut,
shape, and create different parts and prototypes. On the day to day, CNC machinists combine
elements of mechanical design, technical drawings, mathematics, and computer programming
skills to produce a variety of metal and plastic parts. CNC operators can take a sheet of metal
and turn it into a critical airplane or automobile part.

What is a CNC Machine?

Computer Numerical Control machines are automated machines, which are operated by
computers executing pre-programmed sequences of controlled commands. CNC machines are
essentially the opposite of “old-school” devices that are manually controlled by hand wheels
or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone. Today’s modern CNC machines
understand and function using CNC machining language – called G-code – which tells them
precise measurements for production, like feed rate, speed, location, and coordination.

Softwares used for CNC Coding

The parts’ mechanical dimensions are defined using computer-aided design (CAD) software,
and then translated into manufacturing directives by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
software.Some softwares that are on the top in the cnc world are

 Fusion 360
 AutoCAD
 Inkscape
 SolidWorks
 Aspire
 eCam
 HeeksCNC
G and M Codes:

M code is the machine control language that controls the overall program, often called G
code. While G commands describe positions, M code directs the machine’s actions. While M
represents miscellaneous codes, some refer to it as machine code because it controls
particular operations of the equipment.

Both G and M codes have specialized uses in programming a CNC machine.

Without M codes, you may direct tools to a spot and tell them to move in a line or arc, but
you won’t have any success giving more direct commands, like to stop programs, change
tools, flood the system with coolant or other actions beyond the three main movements G
codes control.

Some Examples of G and M codes.

The Importance of CNC Machining

Manufacturers in Connecticut are leaders in making vital products in the industry, such as jet
engines, helicopters, and submarines. And, thanks to recent advancements in technology,
gone are the days of gritty factory life. Workers today use their machining skills in a clean,
professional setting with advanced and cutting-edge technology.
Types of CNC Machines

There are different types of CNC machines fully equipped in their master functionality. Some
common types of CNC machines are

 CNC Lathes and Turning Machines

 CNC Milling Machines
 CNC Laser Machines
 CNC Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)
 CNC Plasma Cutting Machines
 CNC Water-jets
Different Manufacturers of CNC Machines
These are the top manufacturers of CNC machines in the world.
 Siemens
 Fanuc
 Powermatic
 Tormach
 Haas
 Bolton Tools

 CNC Masters

CNC Milling Machine

Focused on milling – the process of machining using rotating tools to gradually remove
material from a work piece – CNC milling machines are a mainstay for factories around the
world. These machine tools make use of a variety of cutting tools along one or more axes to
remove material from a work piece through mechanical means.
CNC milling machines are often used in a variety of manufacturing industries: from
industries like aerospace, shipping, automobiles, and oil drilling / pumping and refining, to
medical, FMC manufacturing, and precision engineering sectors.
CNC Lathe Machine

Operated with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems and provided with precise design
instructions, CNC Lathes are machine tools where the material or part is clamped and rotated
by the main spindle, while the cutting tool that work on the material, is mounted and moved
in various axis.
CNC Lathes are normally used for machining parts, where the material / part is clamped and
rotated whereas the cutting tool is stationery mounted for OD (Outer Diameter) and ID (Inner
Diameter) operations, e.g. shafts and pipes. They are ideal for parts that have same symmetry
around an axis that could be chucked up (i.e. radially clamped) in the spindle.

CNC turning machine

Conclusion:

We learnt about different types of CNC machines and how they work. We were demonstrated
with the making of a sample product in the CNC milling machine and CNC turning machine.