Age RRL

In a systematic retrospective study of patients with COVID-19 infection who presented to a big tertiary
hospital in New York, 193 HCWs were found among 2842 patients. 37 HCWs were younger on average
and had fewer comorbidities than the rest of the population. HCWs experienced a milder but not
insignificant sickness, with 6% having a higher respiratory rate at presentation, 8% hypoxaemic, and 20%
having bilateral opacities on chest imaging. These data may indicate a stronger immune response in the
younger HCW cohort, despite lesser illness. Nonetheless, despite their lower age and milder condition,
20% of HCWs required hospitalization, with 4% requiring ICU admission and two dying.
Smallwood, N, Harrex, W, Rees, M, Willis, K, Bennett, CM. COVID-19 infection and the broader
impacts of the pandemic on healthcare
workers. Respirology. 2022; 27: 411– 426. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14208

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.14208

According to Ghahramani et al., there is little agreement across research when it comes to the influence
of age. Younger persons were shown to be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder in several
research. Nurses under the age of 25 and senior nurses over the age of 35, for example, had the greatest
levels of burnout. In our study, female nurses over the age of 40 had a higher mean resilience score. In a
research done by Afshari et al., the resilience score rose dramatically with age. Gillespie et al.'s study on
nurses' resiliency in the operating room discovered that their resiliency increased with age. Another
study done in Iran discovered that age and education level were stronger determinants of mental
health. Nurses' capacity to adapt to these situations improved during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Participants under the age of 35 were more likely than those over the age of 35 to exhibit symptoms of
anxiety and sadness during the COVID-19 outbreak. As a result, increasing resiliency in younger medical
professionals requires increasing their knowledge and abilities, which leads to improved stress
management and performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10019928/

Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Marzaleh, M. A., Sayari, M., & Moradi, H. (2023). Resilient Nurses in the
COVID-19 Compared With Non-COVID-19 Wards. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17.
https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.264

As a result, age had an indirect influence on resilience, implying that the nurses' age had a minor effect
on their resilience. This study's findings are comparable to those of Afshari and colleagues, indicating
that as nurse’s age, their professional and personal capacity to handle emergency and stressful
circumstances develop. The learning of such abilities substantially aids the ability to adapt and respond
positively and resiliently in difficult situations. Other research have revealed that age is highly related
with resilience, and that attribute improves with experience in the field. The development of such
talents aids in the acquisition of various coping mechanisms, which can simplify adaptation and provide
the capacity to operate successfully and resiliently in such situations. Consequently, it is highly
recommended that younger nurses receive suitable training to increase their science and experience in
COVID-19 management and coping, increasing their resilience.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/368

Sacgaca, L., Gonzales, A., Alkubati, S., Alrashidi, N., Alreshidi, M. S., Hernandez, J. P., Alboliteeh, M.,
Ramadan, M. Y., Al Onezei, A. K., Ann, G., Mostoles, R., & Saguban, R. (2023). The Impact of Mental
Well-Being, Stress, and Coping Strategies on Resilience among Staff Nurses during COVID-19 in Saudi
Arabia: A Structural Equational Model. Healthcare, 11(3), 368.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030368

Nurse planning in clinics should be done in accordance with the worst-case scenario in terms of
pandemic preparation in order to sustain the health service adequately in the face of a decline in the
number of nurses owing to the illness. It necessitates specific preparation, particularly for nurses
working in clinics and critical care units, as well as those over the age of 40 and dealing with chronic
conditions. It would be more logical to allocate nurses in this category to units with a reduced risk of
illness and to assign nurses in high-risk departments who are as young as feasible and without morbidity
so that active patient care and health services are not disturbed.

Bilgehan Irmak, Habip Gedik, Kadriye Kart Yaşar. (2022). Evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on nurses. Qeios. doi:10.32388/8SFN4P.

https://www.qeios.com/read/8SFN4P#a7VRjttKYQcB

In terms of the impact and the age of the sample, elder nursing professionals were less affected by the
initial stresses under investigation. The influence of these stresses diminished as the sample's age grew.
This distinction was often statistically significant (p 0.001). Other research back up similar findings,
linking them to a lack of job experience, increased susceptibility, and poorer adaption to an
overburdened and volatile healthcare system. An examination of the experience and labor connection
(permanent/temporary) suggests that more than five years on the job resulted in a steady reduction of
stress. These disparities in job experience are statistically significant (p 0.001). Similarly, a contract with
stronger administration consolidation suggests less stresses (p = 0.001), less emotional overload (p =
0.035), and more coping capacity (p = 0.005). Various studies have connected older age, experience, and
job consolidation to the development of coping methods that minimize stress, emotional overload, and
the consequences of such stresses.

José, F. (2021). Psychological Impact on the Nursing Professionals of the Rioja Health Service (Spain) Due
to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 580.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020580

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/2/580#B2-ijerph-18-00580

The unwillingness of nurses to work during a pandemic may exacerbate the scarcity of this sector.
Effective pandemic planning necessitates measuring nurses' readiness to join in the battle against
COVID-19 and identifying the elements that impacted such desire. Several studies done during the
COVID-19 pandemic revealed that age, marital status, place of employment, degree of education,
favorable professional perception, communication from management, and risk category may all be
indicators of the desire to do so.

Tong, L., Zhu, M., Wang, S., Cheong, P., & Van, I. (2021). Nurses Who Are More Willing to Participate in
the Fight against COVID-19: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health, 18(14), 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147357

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7357

The purpose of this study is to investigate Korean nurses' duty to care during the COVID-19 pandemic,
the extent of the overall and four subscales of duty to care, and the impact of demographic variables on
duty to care. The average duty to care score reported by participants was 62.15, which was lower than
the duty to care score reported by Taiwanese and US nurses in a previous study. The nurses' ratings on
the subscales of trust in employer, felt obligation, and professional preparation were, in particular,
lower than those of nurses in Taiwan and the United States6. This might be because the nurses in this
research were exposed to the COVID-19 epidemic, either directly or indirectly. At the start of the
pandemic, the devotion of nurses in Korea was recognized as a "heroic act," but enough assistance was
not provided, resulting in the majority of nurses working without education or training in disaster
nursing. As a result, frustration with inadequate assistance and resources may have reduced Korean
nurses' obligation to care. The duty to care rose with age. This is consistent with the research, which
shows that elder nurses are more likely to work in catastrophe scenarios.

The level of trust in an organization with catastrophe response capability is measured by employer
confidence. Nurses' trust in their employers grew with age and employment at a tertiary hospital, but it
steadily decreased as their levels of education and experience climbed. As nurses' careers and
educational backgrounds advance, so do their expectations of their workplaces and organizations.
However, most hospital work environments are chronically under-supported, which can lead to
unhappiness with the organization. The willingness to go to work in accordance with ethical and legal
commitments, especially in times of calamity, is measured by perceived duty. Perceived duty increased
with age and monthly salary. The idea of perceived duty is analogous to the concept of feeling of calling,
and adequate pay for labor can boost job satisfaction and a sense of calling. Despite the fact that there
are several sorts of pay, it appears that more extensive research on financial compensation and nurses'
perceived duty is required.

Shin, H., Kim, K.h., Kim, Js. et al. Nurses’ duty to care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-
sectional survey. BMC Nurs 21, 293 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01064-0

https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-022-01064-0#citeas

During COVID-19, nurses in Qatar had increased TO intents. The features and stress levels of the
participants are important factors in nurses' choice to depart during COVID-19. Understanding the
elements that influence turnover intentions is critical for workforce planning, especially in pandemic
situations. In this study, nurses over the age of 30 had higher turnover intentions during COVID-19, but
nurses between the ages of 21 and 30 have considerably lower turnover intentions than before COVID-
19.
Nashwan, A. J., Abujaber, A. A., Villar, R. C., Nazarene, A., M., M., & Fradelos, E. C. (2021). Comparing the
Impact of COVID-19 on Nurses’ Turnover Intentions before and during the Pandemic in Qatar. Journal of
Personalized Medicine, 11(6), 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11060456

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/6/456#B24-jpm-11-00456

Nurses' obligation to care increased as they grew older and worked in a general hospital. Being male,
having a greater level of education, and working in a general hospital all raised perceived risk. Nurses'
confidence in their employer increased with age, clinical professional experience, a master's degree or
higher, and employment at a higher-level hospital. The perception of duty rose with age and monthly
pay. Factors related to improved professional preparation were older age, employment position, 3-7
years of clinical experience, working in the internal medicine department, and working at a tertiary
hospital. Except for perceived danger, age was a factor impacting all dimensions of responsibility to care.
The clinical experience affected both employer confidence and professional preparation. The duty to
care climbed with age. This is consistent with prior research, which found that nurses aged 35 and up
had a greater willingness and capacity to work in catastrophe scenarios.

Hyerine Shin, Kyung hee Kim, Ji-su Kim, Yeun-hee Kwak

medRxiv 2021.10.21.21265272; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.21.21265272

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.21265272v1

The age of respondents also had an effect on the drop in work satisfaction during the COVID-19
epidemic. The information was gathered through analyzing work as an ideal, job satisfaction,
contentment with professional objectives attained so far, re-choosing the same profession, satisfaction
with compensation, the importance of the profession to the broader public, and the evaluation of
professional status. There was a decline in the 21-30 age range at 0.4047, 31-40 years at 0.5614, 41-50
years at 0.6940, and above 50 years at 0.9333. Because of the coronavirus pandemic, respondents'
general level of satisfaction with their professional employment fell as they grew older. During the
pandemic, work satisfaction was lowest among the oldest group of assessed male and female nurses,
and highest among the youngest professional group.

Makowicz, D., Lisowicz, K., Bryniarski, K., Dziubaszewska, R., Makowicz, N., & Dobrowolska, B. (2022).
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on job satisfaction among professionally active nurses in five
European countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1006049

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1006049/full

The participants were predominantly female (83%), with nurses accounting for the majority (86.3%),
which fits the demographic profile of previous study conducted in early 2020, before to the COVID-19
outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Most respondents were between the ages of 31 and 40; some studies have
found that medical staff between the ages of 31 and 40 were more concerned than other age groups
about becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) and infecting their families.
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani MD, FRCPCHa,b,c; Al Huzaimi, Abdullah MDa,d; Alrabiaah, Abdulkarim MDa,b;
Alamro, Nurah MD, DrPHa,e,f; Al-Sohime, Fahad MDa,b; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman MDa,b; Alhasan, Khalid
MDa,b; Kari, Jameela A. MD, FRCPCHg; Alhaboob, Ali MDa,b; Alsalmi, Amro MDb; AlMuhanna, Wejdan
MDb; Almaghlouth, Ibrahim MD, MSc, FRCPCa,h; Aljamaan, Fadi MDa,i; Halwani, Rabih PhDj; Saddik,
Basema PhDj; Barry, Mazin MD, FRCPC, FACP, DTM&Ha,k; Al-Zamil, Fahad MDa,b; AlHadi, Ahmad N.
MDa,l,m; Al-Subaie, Sarah MDa,b; Jamal, Amr MDa,e,n,∗; Somily, Ali Mohammed MD, FRCPCa,o.
Changes in healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitudes, practices, and stress during the COVID-19
pandemic. Medicine 100(18):p e25825, May 07, 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025825

https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2021/05070/
changes_in_healthcare_workers__knowledge,.78.aspx