1. LSD.

The first outbreak occurred in 2019 while disease manifested with high fever, skin nodules
and edema. The reported morbidity rate was 10 to 20% with a 1-5% mortality rate.
(https://ssrn.com/abstract=3613498)
2. The anthrax vaccine used for our vaccination campaign was collected from the Livestock
Research Institue (LRI), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, through Upazilla and district office of the
Department of Livestock Services. The vaccine was contained in a 100 mL bottle, and each ml
contained approximately 1 × 107 attenuated live spores of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis).
According to the manufacturer’s (LRI, Dhaka, Bangladesh) recommendation, the dose to be used
for cattle was 1 mL administered as subcutaneous injection. All cattle over six months of age
were covered under a mass vaccination program. Pregnant cows of age more than six months
were not vaccinated.  The livestock vaccination campaign against anthrax demonstrated that we
had only 44% coverage of the total cattle population, and thus 66% of cattle population
remained unvaccinated. Poor vaccination coverage rates of anthrax vaccine in Bangladesh were
previously reported and it was significantly poor and not more than 25–40% of the total cattle
population. (https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030435)
3. 930 outbreaks of FMD recorded in Bangladesh during 1988-1991. Highest in rajshahi division
(304), Dhaka 272, Khulna 203, Chittagong 151. (Chowdhury, S. M. Z. H., et al. "Foot and mouth
disease and its effects on morbidity, mortality, milk yield and draft power in Bangladesh." Asian-
Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 6.3 (1993): 423-426.)
4. In 2012, FMD outbreaks were identified in five different districts of Bangladesh. A and O with an
abundance of serotype A in Chittagong and Gazipur districts and serotype O in Pabna and
Faridpur.
5. About $125 million economic losses is occurred per year only due to the outbreaks of FMD in
Bangladesh. Currently, FMDV serotypes O, A, and Asia-1 are prevailing in Bangladesh (Zinnah et
al., 2010; Sarker et al., 2011; Nandi et al., 2013; Hossen et al., 2014; Alam et al., 2015). Sarker et
al. (2011) .
6. Out of 134 samples, 73% (98) samples were positive for FMDV. Three different serotypes (O, A,
and Asia 1) of FMDV were found to be present in Bangladesh. Among the positive FMDV,
serotype O and Asia 1 accounts for about 31% followed by A (7%) have been detected.
( Giasuddin et al.; BMRJ, 16(4): 1-13, 2016; Article no.BMRJ.28040)
7. During August 2009–October 2010, a multidisciplinary team investigated 14 outbreaks of animal
and human anthrax in Bangladesh to identify the etiology, pathway of transmission, and social,
behavioral, and cultural factors that led to these outbreaks. The team identified 140 animal
cases of anthrax and 273 human cases of cutaneous anthrax. Ninety one percent of persons in
whom cutaneous anthrax developed had history of butchering sick animals, handling raw meat,
contact with animal skin, or were present at slaughtering sites. (doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-
0234. PMID: 22492157; PMCID: PMC3403762.)
8. Out of the 43 smallholdings, 41 were located in three adjoining districts: Pabna, Sirajganj and
Tangail, apparently forming a spatial cluster, could be termed ‘anthrax hot spot’ in Bangladesh.
Sick animal on farm or a nearby farm slaughtered in the recent past (odds ratio (OR) 12.2, 95%
confidence interval (CI) 1.6–93.4, P = 0.016)), history of heavy rains occurring in the last 2 weeks
preceding an outbreak (OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.2–147.1, P = 0.037) and disposing of dead animal into
nearby water body (OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.0–145.3, P = 0.052) were independent risk factors for
anthrax in cattle in the country. (doi:10.1017/S0950268820000576).
9. In 2011, in Bangladesh, 11 anthrax outbreaks occurred in six districts of the country. Anthrax was
detected in 46.6% of the samples analysed, in particular in soils, but also in bone samples, water,
animal feed, and rumen ingesta of dead
animals. (https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040481)
10. The prevalence of brucellosis among the 40 cows reared on the farm was 7·5 per cent by the
organised RBT and PAT, and 5 per cent by the TAT. The prevalence of the disease among the 260
rural cows was 3·08 per cent by the RBT and the PAT, and 1·92 per cent by the TAT.( doi:
10.1136/vr.159.6.180)
11. The overall serological prevalence derived from the samples was 2.87% in buffaloes, 2.66% in
cattle, 3.15% in goats, and 2.31% in sheep. (Prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Bangladesh
M.S. Rahman1 , M.O. Faruk1 , M. Her2 , J.Y. Kim2 , S.I. Kang2 , S.C. Jung2)
12. The overall seroprevalence of BVDV in the study area was 51.1% (95% confidence interval [CI],
40.5-61.5). Among different physiological stages of animals, the highest 57.1% (95% CI, 42.2-
71.2) prevalence was in case of non-pregnant animals.
(https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2017.906-913)
13. clinical and subclinical mastitis in Black Bengal goats in Bangladesh. A cross sectional study was
undertaken on 242 lactating does during January to August 2009. The overall prevalence of
clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis were 4.54% and 37.19%, respectively. Bacterial
pathogens isolated were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (73.73%), Staphylococcus aureus
(26.67%), Streptococcus sp. (20%), Bacillus sp. (70%) and Escherichia coli (6.67%). Both clinical
and subclinical mastitis were significantly associated with age (p<0.001), parity (p<0.001),
lactation stage (p<0.001), litter size (p<0.05) and teat lesions (p<0.001).
( https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13458)
14. One hundred and six goats from 88 household goat farms were included in the study. The
estimated udder half level prevalence of SCM, based on the California Mastitis Test, was 50.9 %
(95 % CI: 44.2–57.7 %). The most prevalent group of pathogens associated with SCM was non-
aureus Staphylococcus species (NAS) and S. aureus.
(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106046)
15.  On culture, estimated quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) was 40.4%. Sixteen buffalo
farms in the Bagerhat and Noakhali regions of Bangladesh were selected for study and a bulk
milk sample was collected from each farm. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029921000698
16. According to the Bangladesh livestock economy of 2019 to 2020, an amount of 3563.18 lakh of
poultry was produced from 4122.44 lakh of the total livestock production.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070784
17. While poultry consumption in the country has increased dramatically over the last 30 years
current consumption - 6.3–8.5 kg/person/year (LightCastle, 2020; WPSA, 2020) - remains lower
than the world average (14.7 kg/person/year) and far behind that of many high-income
countries (OECD and FAO, 2020). H5N1 has spread across Asia and to the rest of the world
(WHO, 2012) and following an epidemic in 2007, became endemic in Bangladesh and forced the
closure of an estimated 60 % of the country’s poultry farms (FAO, 2015; Jones et al., 2012; Kock
et al., 2012) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105367
18. affected with H5N but all of them have recovered. Since 27 March 2007 when Avian influenza
was reported to have occurred for the first time in Bangladesh, this virus spread in 51 out of 64
districts with more than 480 outbreaks, culled more than two million poultry birds and cost Tk.
 55 billion (US $ 757.9 million) in Bangladesh. The seroprevalence of Salmonella infection is 45.9%
in layer birds at Mymensingh district [29-30]. Village chickens can act as a reservoir of
salmonellosis. In Tangail districts of Bangladesh, 20.4% samples have found positive for
Salmonella species in 2010, [31] 36.67% incidence of Salmonella species in 2015 [32]. Again
28.57% of Salmonella species were positive in transport swabs samples, 28.57% in feed samples
and 18.75% in water samples in Tangail district of Bangladesh [33-35]. Salmonellosis is the most
prevalent disease followed by infectious bursal disease and mycoplasmosis in different kinds of
poultry of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. The diseases encountered in layers were bacterial
diseases 52.29% where salmonellosis was 38.56%In case of broiler, bacterial disease 28.99%
among this salmonellosis was 21.30%. https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2019.d30
19. E. coli isolates sourced from poultry and poultry environments in Bangladesh between 2010 and
2021. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 17 published scientific articles were selected
for this systematic review. This review revealed that 18 out of 64 districts in Bangladesh
reported E. coli in poultry, having a higher prevalence (combined prevalence: 69.3%, 95%
confidence interval, CI: 67.3-71%). Moreover, the prevalence ranged from 24.3% to
100%. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2425564
20. The postmortem and serological investigations of poultry diseases were conducted in different
farms of Bangladesh. A total numbers of 1653 either dead or sick birds were examined. The
incidence of aflatoxicosis was highest (27.59%) followed by nutritional deficiency (12.40%),
infectious bursal disease (11.80%), chronic respiratory disease (8.11%) newcastle disease (7.50%)
salmonellosis (5.56%) colibacillosis (4.42%), fowl cholera (3.08%) were found. 5.32% cases
remain undiagnosed due to lack of diagnostic facilities or autolysis of the bird. In sero-
evaluation, commercial and native birds were found 93-97, 80 -55, 56-12, 60-73, 67-61 and 22-
3% sero-positive for newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, pullorum, M. galisepticum, M.
synovie and chicken infectious anemia respectively. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.212.213