1- Mirrors

Uses of mirrors:
1) In front of driver to show the path behind the car.
2) In barber shops where a face is enlarged.
3) In front lights of cars as they reflect light.
4) Light houses found at marine ports and airports.

Light reflection:-
- It is the returning back of light to the same medium when it falls on a reflecting surface.
- The bouncing the incident light ray in the same medium when it strikes a reflecting surface.

The properties of image of objects formed by the plane mirror:

1) Is Upright.
2) Image is equal to the object.
3) Is laterally inverted. (reversed)
4) Is a virtual image ( cannot be received on a screen)
5) The distance of the object to the mirror = the distance of its image to the mirror. (the
straight line connecting the object and its image is perpendicular on the surface of the
mirror)

Laws of the reflection of light:

1) Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
2) The incident light ray , the reflected light ray , and the normal line all lie in the same
plane perpendicular to the reflecting surface.
 Concepts concerning reflection of light:
The incident ray: it is the light ray that falls on the reflecting surface.
The reflected ray: it is the light ray that bounces from the reflecting surface.
Angle of incidence: it is the angle between the incident ray and the perpendicular line on the
reflecting surface from the point of incidence.
Angle of reflection: it is the angle between the reflected ray and the perpendicular line on the
reflecting surface from the point of incidence.

The spherical mirrors:

It is a mirror that its reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere, and there are two types
of the spherical mirrors.

Types of spherical mirrors:

concave mirror (Converging) Convex mirror ( diverging)
It’s a mirror that its reflecting (shining) It’s a mirror that its reflecting
surface is a part of the inner surface of (shining) surface is a part of the outer
the sphere. surface of the sphere.
Concepts related to spherical mirrors:
1) Center of mirror curvature (C):
It is the center of the sphere that the mirror is considered a part of it.
2) Radius of curvature (R):
It is the radius of the sphere that the mirror is considered a part of it.
3) The pole of the mirror (p):
Is the point that is in the middle of the reflecting surface of the mirror.
4) The principal axis: (pc)
It is the straight line that passes by the pole of the mirror and its center of curvature.
5) The secondary axis:
Any straight line that passes by the center of curvature of the mirror and any point on
its surface except the pole of the mirror.
6) Focus of the mirror: (F)
It is the point of collection parallel light rays that reflected from the spherical mirror.
7) The focal length: (f )
It is the distance between the focus of the mirror and its pole.
!
f=
"
 Real image Virtual image
Image that can be formed on the screen Image that cannot be formed on the screen
It forms by the intersect of reflected or It forms by the intersect of the extension
refracted light rays of reflected or refracted light rays

The direction of reflected rays on the spherical mirror:

Incident ray Reflected ray
Parallel to the principal Passes through the focus
axis of the mirror

Passes through the focus Parallel to the principal

axis of the mirror

Passes through the center of It reflects on itself

curvature

Cases of the image formed from concave mirror:

Position of the position of the image properties of the cases of image formation
object image
is very far at the focus of mirror spotted point

at a distance between the focus and Real –

greater than the the centre of curvature inverted-
radius of ( at distance more diminished
curvature than focal lengths and
(double of focal less than double of
length) focal length)
At the centre of at the centre of real -
curvature curvature inverted -
equal to the
object
between the at a distance greater Real –
focus and the than the radius of inverted -
centre of curvature (double of enlarged
curvature ( at focal length)
distance more
than focal
lengths and less
than double of
focal length)
Between the behind the mirror virtual –
focus and the upright -
pole of mirror magnified

formation of images on convex mirror:

- position of object: any position
- position of image: behind the mirror
- properties of image: smaller than object - upright – virtually

of images on concave mirror:

- position of object: any position
- position of image: behind the lend
- properties of image: smaller than object - upright – virtually
 2- lenses
uses of lenses:
1) In medical eyeglasses either for reading or walking.
2) In fixing watches by magnifier.
3) In wars, leaders use magnifying glass to follow the battles.

Lenses:
A transparent medium that refracts the light and is defined with two spherical surfaces
and is usually made of glass or plastic.
There are two types of lenses which are:
Convex lens ( converging) Concave lens (diverging)
It is thick at the centre and less thick at It is thick at the tips and less thick as that
tips at.
It’s Function : To collect the light rays It’s Function : To diverging the light
falling on it. rays falling on it

1) Center of lens curvature (C):

It is the center of the sphere that the this face is considered a part of it.
2) Radius of curvature (R):
It is how the radius of the sphere where the face is a part of it
3) The optical center (p):
Is the point inside the lens lies on the principal axis in the mid distance between its faces.
4) The principal axis: (pc)
It is a line between is centres of curvature of the lens passing by the optical centre of the
lens
5) The secondary axis:
Any straight line that passes by the optical center of the lens .
6) Focus of the mirror: (F)
It is the point of collection parallel light rays that refracted from the spherical mirror.
 Which of the two lenses has a greater focal length ( thin or thick)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

- The direction of light rays falling on convex lens:

Incident ray Reflected ray

Parallel to the principal Refract passing through
to the of the mirror the focus

Refract passing through Refracts Parallel to the

the focus principal axis of the lens

Passes through the center of Passes without any

curvature refraction

Cases of the image formed from convex lens:

Position of the position of the image properties of the cases of image formation
object image
is very far at the focus of mirror spotted point

at a distance between the focus and Real –

greater than the the centre of curvature inverted-
radius of ( at distance more diminished
curvature than focal lengths and
(double of focal less than double of
length) focal length)
 At the centre of at the centre of real -
curvature curvature inverted -
equal to the
object
between the at a distance greater Real –
focus and the than the radius of inverted -
centre of curvature (double of enlarged
curvature ( at focal length)
distance more
than focal
lengths and less
than double of
focal length)
Between the behind the lens virtual –
focus and the upright -
pole of mirror magnified

The use of lenses to treat the vision defects

- Normal person can see clearly is the range between ( 25cm – 6m)
Long-sightedness Short-sightedness
it's a sight defect in which when the eye can it's a sight defect in which when the eye can
see far objects clearly and far objects seem see near objects clearly, but the four objects
distorted. Bec seem distorted. Bec
…………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………. …………………………………………………….
Bec: Bec:
- Shortness in the eyeball (retina to be far - Elongation in the eyeball (retina to be
from the eye lens) far from the eye lens)
- Less convexly of eye lens - More convexly of eye lens

Correction: Correction:
By using convex lens By using a concave lens
- Contact lenses:
They are very thin lenses that made of plastic and can stick to the eye cornea by the eye fluid
and used instead of the medical glasses.

Science , technology & society:

Land area measurement:
Land surveyors and topographical scientists use a special device to determine heights and
distances by sending a beam of laser rays, the receiving it again by the mirrors and lenses
provided in their devices.
- Archimedes the old Greek scientist use huge concave mirrors and sunlight as a weapon
against the roman fleet that invaded Sicily in 212 B.C.

Cataract:
Its an eye disease that cause the opaque of eye lens.
Reasons:
1) Old age.
2) Illness.
3) Side effects of drugs.
4) Genetic readiness.
Its treatment:
Surgery ,By replacing the eye lens with a plastic lens transplanted permanently in the
eye.