LIGHT

ALL THE NOTES

CLASS 8TH TO 10TH
 INDEX
 Introduction
 Reflection
 Mirrors
 Refraction
 Lens
 Human Eye
 Defects in Human Eye
 INTRODUCTION

• In this Presentation, how light behaves. What is reflection and

what are its laws. What is Refraction. How Spherical lens and
Mirror work. How we perceive this colourful world. All of this is
going to explained deeply.
 LIGHT
 Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is
visible to the human eye.
 Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like
properties.
 In a vacuum, light travels at a constant speed of
approximately 299,792 kilometers per second, it is
denoted by the symbol 'c’ .
 It can be reflected, refracted, absorbed, transmitted, or
diffracted depending on the properties of the material it
encounters.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT.
• It moves in straight lines.
• It can move in any medium.
• A white light disperses into 7 different colored light.
• Which are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue ,Indigo, Violet.
• Light reflects on encountering a shiny surface.
• And its angle and speed warp when it passes a another Medium.
• It has a dual nature of particle and electromagnetic wave.
 REFLECTION

 A process in which a ray of light bounces off a surface is called Reflection.

Glossary:
• Incidence Ray: A ray of light which fall on the surface.
• Normal: The surface where the light falls and is reflects.
• Reflected Ray: The ray which is reflected and comes back.
 LAWS OF REFLECTION

1. The normal, incidence ray, reflected ray all of them lie on the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence ray equals to angle of reflection.
 TYPES OF MIRROR

• Mirror:
• (1)Plane Mirror:A mirror with a flat reflective surface.
• (2)Spherical Mirror: A mirror with curved reflective
surface.
• Types of Spherical Mirror:
• (1)Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror which curves
inward. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

• (2)Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror which curves

outward
IMAGE FORMATION IN PLANE MIRROR.

• In plane mirrors the image is formed

behind the mirror.
• The image is virtual and erect
• The image is also laterally inverted.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

 Terms In spherical mirrors.
• Terms In Spherical Mirror:
• Pole: The centre of the mirror.
• Centre of Curvature: The reflecting surface creates a sphere
• And the centre of this sphere is Centre of Curvature.
• Principal Axis: The line which goes from pole and end
• At Centre of curvature.
• Focus: A point where the rays of light converge or diverge.
• Focal length: The length between the focus and the pole
RULES OF REFLECTION IN SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
When light is parallel to When light passes
principal axis in Concave through focus of
Mirror It would pass concave mirror or
through Focus. While in directed towards
Convex mirror focus of convex
It would diverge from mirror it would
focus. emerge to be parallel
of principal axis.

A ray of light passing When a ray of light

through Centre of incidents at Pole in
Curvature in Concave concave or convex
mirror or directed towards mirror the reflected
Centre of curvature in and incidence ray
convex mirror it would would follow the
come back the same path. rules of reflection.
IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE MIRROR.
 When a object is placed at Infinity the image would form
at Focus.
 When a object is placed beyond C the Image would form in
between of C and F
 When a object is place at C the image would Form at C.
 When a object is beyond F the image would Form beyond C.
 When a object is at F the image would form at Infinity.
 When a object is in between F and Infinity image would
form at Behind the mirror.
 The Image is formed are Real and inverted except when the
object is in between of Pole and Focus. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
IMAGE FORMATION IN CONVEX MIRROR.

 When a object is placed at Infinity the image would

form at focus behind the mirror.
 When a object is placed between Infinity and Pole of
mirror the image would form between Pole and Focus
behind the mirror.
 The image formed Are Virtual and Erect.
 REFRACTION
 When light goes from one medium to another the
direction and speed of changes.
 Laws of Refraction
• The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to
the interface of the two
• Transparent media all lie in a same plane.
• The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle
of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and
for the given pair of media.
 SPHERICAL LENS
Spherical
lens

Concave
lens

Convex
lens
• Concave Lens: A double spherical lens curved inwards.
• It is thicker at the edges than the middle. It diverges light
• Convex Lens: A double spherical lens bulging outwards.
• It is thicker at the middle than the edges. It converges light
 TERMS IN SPHERICAL LENS

• Optical centre: The centre point of a lens.

• Centre of curvature: The centre of sphere formed by the two spherical surface
• also noted as 2F.
• Focus: The point where the light converges or diverges.
• Principal Axis: An imaginary line passing through both the centre of curvature.
 Point to be noted there are two Centre of curvature as lens have two
spherical surfaces
RULES OF IMAGE FORMATION IN LENS.

A ray passing through

Optical centre would have
no changes in both the
lens.
A ray of light parallel axis A ray of light passing through
would pass through Focus Focus will emerge parallel to the
on the other side in convex principal axis in convex lens.
lens while in concave lens While in concave lens light
appearing to meet at focus on
the ray would seem to
other side would emerge to be
diverge from focus on the
parallel to principal axis.
same side of lens.
 I M A G E F O R M AT I O N I N C O N V E X
LENS.
 When the object is placed:
• At Infinity: The image would form at F2
• Beyond 2F1: The image would form between F2 and
2F2.
• At 2F1: The image would form at 2F2.
• Between F1 and 2F1: The image would form
beyond 2F2.
• At F1: The image would form at Infinity.
• Between F1 and O: On the same side of the lens as
the object.
IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE LENS

• When the object is placed:

• At Infinity: The image would form at F1.
• Between Infinity and O of the Lens: The image would
Form at Between F1 and O.
 Human Eye
• Human eye is the organ which helps us see the world.
• The parts of Human eye is Retina, Iris, Cornea, Pupil,
Crystalline lens, Optic Nerve
• Cornea: The thin membrane from which light enters.
• Pupil: It regulates and the controls the light entering eye.
• Iris: It is a muscular diaphragms that controls the pupil.
• Crystalline lens: It provides the finer adjustment if focal length required to focus on a
object.
• Retina: A light sensitive screen where image forms and converts the light into signals.
• Optic Nerve: this sends the signal to the brain.
 Defect in Human eyes.
• There are three types of defects in eyes:
• (1)Myopia
• (2)Hypermetropia
• (3)Presbyopia

• (1)Myopia: A defect where a person can’t see object far away.

• This problem arises when the image of distant object in front of Retina.
• This defect arises due to (I)excessive curvature in eye lens ,(II)
elongation of eyeball.
 To solve this concave lens are used. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

 The concave lens will bring the image back it the retina.
 (2)Hypermetropia: A defect where a person cant see
objects close to them.
• This happens because image of close by object
are focussed behind the retina.
• This defects arises due to either(I)the focal length
• of eye lens is too long or(II) the eyeball has become too small.
• This defect can be solved using convex image which focus the
image at retina.

• (3)Presbyopia: A eye defect where a person loses

• The vision to focus on nearby object because of age.
• It arises due to gradual weakening of the eye lens and diminishing flexibility
of the eye lens.