LIGHT

ALL The Notes

Class-8th
 INDEX

 Introduction
 Reflection
 Image Formation
 Refraction
 Human Eye
 Disease of Human Eye
 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we are going to know what is light and its the properties of light.

How it reflects on surface and its properties. How this reflection help us.

What is Refraction and how it works.How refraction in Spherical lenses happens.

How we see this world and how it is so colorful.

And how this helps us solve our vision defects.

 WHAT IS LIGHT?
 Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is
visible to the human eye.
 Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like
properties.
 In a vacuum, light travels at a constant speed of
approximately 299,792 kilometers per second, it is
denoted by the symbol 'c’ .
 It can be reflected, refracted, absorbed, transmitted,
or diffracted depending on the properties of the
material it encounters.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
It moves in straight lines. Click icon to add picture
It can move in any medium.
A white light disperses into 7 different colored light.
Which are Red, Orange ,Yellow, Green, Blue ,Indigo, Violet.
Light reflects on encountering a shiny surface.
And its angle and speed warp when it passes a another
Medium.
It has a dual nature of particle and electromagnetic wave.
 REFLECTION AND ITS
PROPERTIES.
 When a ray of light bounces of a polished surface.

The process is called Reflection.

 The ray which bounces of the surface is called Incidence ray

the surface where it bounces Is called Normal,

And the ray comes out is called Reflected Ray.
 The Properties of Reflected light:
 The angle of incidence ray equals to angle of

Reflected ray.
 The Incidence Ray, Normal, Reflected Ray all of

Them lie on same plane.

PLANE AND CURVED MIRROR.
There are two types of Mirror: (1)Plane (2) Curved

Concave
Spherical
Mirror Convex
Plane

Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror which curved inward.

Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror which is
Curved outward.
REFLECTION ON PLANE
MIRROR

In a Plane Mirror the image is formed behind the

mirror.
The image is erect and virtual.
It is also laterally inverted.
 IMAGE FORMATION OF
CONCAVE MIRROR.
 Reflection of Concave mirror:

When the position of object is from:

Infinity: The image is formed on focus it is point-sized.
Beyond C: The image is formed between focus and
centre of curvature and it is Diminished.
At C: The image is formed at centre of curvature has the same size
Between C and F: The image is formed beyond centre of
curvature and it is enlarged
At F: The image is formed at infinity it is highly enlarged
Between F and P: The image is formed behind the mirror and size is enlarged
 In all the circumstances the image is real and inverted

Except when the object is between F and P.

 IMAGE FORMATION OF
CONVEX MIRROR
Click icon to add picture
Reflection of convex mirror
When the position of object is:
At Infinity: The image forms at Focus. The size is highly
Diminished
Between Pole and Infinity: The image forms
between pole and Infinity. The size is diminished.
In all the circumstances the image is virtual,
erect and formed behind the mirror.
 Click icon to add picture

REFRACTION AND ITS

LAWS.
A process when the light’s speed and angle
warp when it passes through a medium.
Refractive Index:
SPHERICAL LENSES
There Are two types of Spherical Lenses:
(1)Concave Lens (2) Convex lens
Concave Lens: A lens having two spherical
lens bulging outward is called Double convex
lens. It is thicker at middle than edges.
Concave lens: A lens having two spherical lens
bulging outward is called Double convex lens.
It is thinner at middle than the edges.
 IMAGE FORMATION OF
CONVEX LENS
when the position of Object is : Click icon to add picture
At Infinity: the Image is formed at F2 and is highly diminished.
Beyond 2F1: the Image is formed Between F2 and 2F2 and is diminished.
At 2F1: the Image is formed Beyond 2F2 and is same size as object.
Between F1 and 2F1: the Image is formed Beyond 2F1 and is enlarged
At Focus: the Image is formed At infinity and is highly enlarged.
Between F1 and O: the Image is formed On the same side and is enlarged
In all the position the image is real and inverted except when it is
between F1 and O is Virtual and Erect.
 IMAGE FORMATION OF
CONCAVE LENS. Click icon to add picture
 When the position is:
At Infinity: The image is formed at F1 and is point-sized
Between infinity and O of the lens: The image is
formed between F1 and Optical centre.
 In both of this position the image was formed
Virtual and erect.
 HUMAN EYE
Human Eye helps us to see.
The parts of Human eye is Retina, Iris, Cornea, Pupil,
Crystalline lens, Optic Nerve
Cornea: The thin membrane from which light enters.
Pupil: It regulates and the controls the light entering eye.
Iris: It is a muscular diaphragms that controls the pupil.
Crystalline lens: It provides the finer adjustment if focal length required to focus on a
object.
Retina: A light sensitive screen where image forms and converts the light into signals.
Optic Nerve: this sends the signal to the brain.
DEFECTS ON HUMAN EYE
There are three types of defects in eyes: Click icon to add picture
(1)Myopia (2)Hypermetropia (3)Presbyopia

(1)Myopia: A defect where a person can’t see object

far away. This problem arises when the image
of distant object in front of Retina.
 To solve this concave lens are used.
 The concave lens will bring the image back it the retina.
 (2)Hypermetropia: A defect where a person cant see
Click icon to add pic
objects close to them. this happens because
image of close by object are focussed behind
the retina. This defect can be solved using convex image
which focus the image at retina

(3)Presbyopia: A eye defect where a person loses

The vision to focus on nearby object because of age.
It arises due to gradual weakening of the eye lens
And diminishing flexiblituy of the eye lens.