Ray Optics

Lec-09
 Today’s Goal
Lenses : Introduction
Image Formation by Convex
Lens and Concave Lens
Lens Maker’s Formula
Lenses: Introduction
Lens: A lens is a transparent refracting medium
bounded by two surfaces,one of which must be
spherical
Note: In our syllabus, we have to study only thin
lenses(Represented by a line,sometimes)
Types of lenses
Convex Lens: It is thicker at centre than at edges

Concave Lens: It is thinner at centre than at edges

Centre of Curvature & Radius of Curvature

1)

2)
Optical Centre(O)
If a ray of light is incident on a lens such that after
refraction through the lens,the emergent ray is parallel
to the incident ray,then the point at which the
refracted ray intersect the principal Axis is called
Optical Centre.
For thin lens:

Optical Centre: A point on principal axis (may lie

inside or outside the lens) through which a ray of
light passes undeviated.
SIGN CONVENTION: CARTESIAN CONVENTION
• All distances are measured from the optical centre of
a lens
• Distances measured in the direction of incident rays
are taken as positive.
• Distance measured in the direction opposite to that of
incident rays are taken as negative.
• Distances above the principal axis are taken as
positive.
• Distances below the principal axis are taken as
negative.
Focus/Focal Point and Focal Length
First Focus(F1) That point on principal axis
from which rays passing
through lens becomes
parallel to principal axis.
That point on principal
axis towards which if
rays are coming, after
passing through lens
becomes parallel to
principal axis.
Second Focus/Focal Point(F2) and Focal
Length
Rays of light coming
parallel to principal axis of
a convex lens ,after passing
through lens converge at
common point on principal
axis called F2
Rays of light coming
parallel to principal axis of
a concave lens ,after
passing through lens
diverges.The divergent rays
on being produced
backward,meet at a
common point on the
principal axis called F2
Focal Plane

Rays of light parallel to each other,after passing

through lens meet at a common point.This point
always lie in a plane called Focal Plane
Focal Plane

Rays of light parallel to each other,after passing

through lens diverges & the divergent rays when
produced backward meet at a common point.This
point always lie in a plane called Focal Plane.
Image Formation by Convex
Lens and Concave Lens
Convex Lens
Rules for Image Formation
Case I: Object at ∞
Characteristics of Image
Case II: Object beyond 2F1
Characteristics of Image
Case III: Object at 2F1
Characteristics of Image
Case IV: Object between 2F1 and F1
Characteristics of Image
Case V: Object at F1
Characteristics of Image
Case VI: Object between F1 and O
Characteristics of Image
Concave Lens
Rules for Image Formation
Case I: Object at any position except ∞

Characteristics of Image
Case II: Object at ∞

Characteristics of Image
Summary
1. A convex lens can form images

2. A concave lens can form images

Magnification
Lens Maker’s Formula
Q) The radius of curvature of each face of biconcave lens,
made of glass of refractive index 1.5 is 30 cm. Calculate the
focal length of the lens in air.

a) ∞
b) 0
c) -30 cm
d) -60 cm
Q) The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens
are 10 cm and 15 cm.If focal length is 12 cm,what is the
refractive index of glass?

a) 1.33
b) 1.50
c) 1.66
d) 2.00
Q) Refractive Index of lens=1.5.Find f

a) 5 cm
b) 10 cm
c) 20 cm
d) 40 cm
Note: If a lens is immersed in a liquid whose
refractive index :-
Q) A convex lens of refractive index 1.5 have focal length
20 cm when kept in air. Find the focal length & nature of
same lens, when kept in a liquid of refractive index 2.

a) 40 cm
b) 40/3 cm
c) -40 cm
d) -40/3 cm