2023 Basic English Course 1 New

 POSTS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
 DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES

 SECTION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

MAR – 2023
1
Preface 3
Reading Comprehension
Unit 1 Nouns & Pronouns 4
Unit 2 Adjectives & Adverbs 11
Unit 3 Verb Tense 17

TOEIC
Unit 4 Voice 23
PREPARATION
LC + RC Unit 5 Infinitives 27
COURSE
Unit 6 Gerunds 31
(UNIT 1--7)
Unit 7 Participles 35
Listening Comprehension
Part II. Question – Response 39
Part III. Short Conversation 45
Part III. Further Practice 47
List of resources 53-54
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This course is primarily for students who already use English in their studies or their jobs, but need to check it and
develop it. This course is, therefore, intended as both a reference course and a practical guide. This course is designed
to address two concerns of this student group: firstly, the need to develop language knowledge, and secondly, the need
to develop communicative skills. We recognize that there are significant overlaps between two areas, but we believe it
is useful to view them separately so that they can be successfully integrated into the total performance.
Vocabulary gives us the words (verbs, nouns, and adjectives); grammar gives us the forms to combine these building
blocks (sentence and clause patterns, verbs tenses and prepositions etc.); and functions enables us to use vocabulary
and grammar in order to perform verbally (agreeing, opinion-giving, comparing). Control of the grammar enables us to
speak and write accurately; control of the functions enables us to speak and write appropriately in a range of situations.
Language changes all the time. Even though grammar changes more slowly than vocabulary, it is not a set of unalterable
rules. There are sometimes disagreements about what is correct in English and what is incorrect . “Incorrect grammar”
is often used in informal speech.
Grammar is not the most important thing, but if you make a lot of mistakes you may be more difficult to understand.
Hardly anybody speaks or writes a foreign language perfectly, but you will communicate more successfully if you make
your English reasonably correct.
The course contains the principles of English Grammar, usage, style and exercises. These are taken from a range of
recent books mentioned in the list of resources.
I acknowledge our indebtedness to these authors whose books provided not only information, guidelines but actual
methods which I have followed.
Although I have drawn many ideas and in some cases procedures from the books mentioned, any errors of analysis,
classification, or interpretation found in this book are entirely my own.
Thanks to those meticulous readers who have written and will write in with suggestions, politely reminding me of my
human fallibility.
Compiled by
PHẠM HỒNG ĐỨC
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I. NOUNS.
I.1 Count & non-count nouns.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Count nouns a / one chair chairs / two chairs / (a) preceded by “a” / “an”  singular
(CN) many chairs (b) takes “s” / “es”  plural
Non-count Furniture Ø (a) NOT preceded by “a” / “an”
nouns some furniture (b) NO plural form
(NCN) a lot of (much) furniture NOT take a final “s” / “es”
NB: To express a particular quantity, NCN may be preceded by “UNIT EXPRESSION”.

Ex: a glass of water / a cup of coffee /a sheet of paper
I.2. Some common non-count nouns.
Match the examples on the right with the corresponding items on the left.
Examples:
(a) Whole groups made up 1. energy; space; time – advice; information; news; evidence; proof – fun;
of similar items happiness; honesty; enjoyment – beauty; intelligence; knowledge; health.
(b) Fluids (liquid) 2. weather; fog; rain; snow; sunshine …
(c) Solids 3. travelling; studying; working; driving …
(d) Gases 4. baseball; soccer; tennis …
(e) Particles 5. English; French; Spanish; Arabic
(f) Abstractions 6. mathematics; psychology …
(g) Languages 7. water; coffee; tea; milk
(h) Fields of study 8. ice; bread; butter; cheese; meat; gold
(i) Recreation 9. rice; chalk; corn; dust; salt; sugar
(j) General activities 10. air; oxygen; smoke; smog; pollution
(k) Natural phenomena 11. baggage; luggage; clothing; equipment; furniture; food; merchandise; fruit;
machinery; money; cash; traffic; change; mail;
I.3. Quantifiers before nouns. Put a mark (√) or (Ø) in the appropriate box.
[1] Table 1.
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY. USED WITH “C.N.” USED WITH “N.C.N”

One / each / every / a / an
Two / both / a couple / three / a few / few/ several / many /
a number of
A little / little/ much / a great deal of / an amount of
Not any / no / some / a lot of / lots of / plenty of / most / all
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[2]. Table 2.
POSITIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE SENTENCE QUESTION
ANY
SOME
[3] Table 3.
Fill each gap with the following words: count noun; non-count noun; singular; plural; either.
_____ [1] a, an, every, one, each, another + ….. [4]
a little, much, less, a great deal of + ….. [5]
_____ [2] Two, three, a couple, (a) few, many, several, all, other, a variety of , a number of + ….. [6]
_____ [3] some, (not) any, no, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, most (of), all + ….. [7]
I.4. Formation of nouns from verbs by adding different suffixes.

 By adding “ment”; ‘ance”; “ence”; “er / ee / or”; “al”; “tion”; “sion”;
“y / t / th”.
II. PRONOUNS.
II.1. Personal pronouns.
Person Nominative case Objective case Possessive case Reflexive cases
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First person I we me us my – mine our – ours myself ourselves
(speaking)
Second person you you you you your – yours your – yours yourself yourselves
(spoken to)
Third person he they him them his – his their – theirs himself themselves
(spoken she her her – hers herself
about) it it its – its itself
II.2. Reflexive pronouns.

A reflexive pronoun generally serves one of two purposes in a sentence: either emphatic or reflexive.
They might also convey different meanings in some common idiomatic expressions.
1. Emphatic usage. Ex. He washed the dishes himself.
2. Reflexive usage Ex. He introduced himself to the other team members. (He = himself)
He introduced him to the other team members. (He ≠ him)
3. Idiomatic expressions Ex. I solved the problem by myself. (= alone)
He should make the final decision for himself. (= for one's own sake)
The door closed by itself. (= independently)
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III. PRACTICE.
III.1. Sentence completion. Choose the correct answer or answers to complete each sentence.
1. Mr. Ross is very well qualified for the _____.
(a) position (b) positional (c) positioning (d) positioned
2. The manager is reviewing the _____ at the moment.
(a) apply (b) application (c) applying (d) applied
3. The _____ for the workshop are progressing well.
(a) prepare (b) prepares (c) prepared (d) preparations
4. Please accept our sincere _____ for the delay and thank you for choosing KLY Airlines.
(a) apologize (b) apologies (c) apologists (d) apologetically
5. Because of some _____ about the noise, they had to stop the outdoor performance.
(a) complain (b) complaints (c) complaining (d) being complained
6. The cost of _____ has to be reduced during the economic crisis.
(a) maintenance (b) maintain (c) maintaining (d) maintained
7. Ms. Page in the HR Department is excellent at _____.
(a) present (b) presenting (c) presented (d) presentations
8. The _____ at the XYZ Language Institute should have more than three years of experience.
(a) instructors (b) instructions (c) instructing (d) instructive
9. The new _____ have not met with considerable public _____.
(a) arrange – approve (b) arranged – approved
(c) arrangement – approval (d) arranging – approving
10. High Fashion, Inc. on Broadway will have a sale to clear out holiday _____.
(a) merchandise (b) merchants (c) merchandises (d) merchandising
11.  Airport security staff will search _____ for any illegal items.
(a) luggage (b) luggages (c) a luggage (d) some luggages
 You have to pay extra if you take too _____ with you.
(a) much luggages (b) many luggages (c) much luggage (d) many luggage
12. There were _____ problems for us to solve in a day.
(a) too many (b) too little (c) too much (d) a large number of
13. As far as I know, he doesn’t have _____ friends.
(a) much (b) many (c) quite a little (d) any
14. Despite its importance, _____ people attended the general meeting.
(a) few (b) a little (c) only a few (d) only a little
15. A large _____ of sewage /suːɪdʒ/ was dumped into the river.
(a) lots (b) number (c) amount (d) plenty
16. _____ stores stay open late.
(a) Plenty of (b) A lot of (c) Many (d) A number of
17. I _____ time to waste.
(a) don’t have any (b) haven’t got any (c) have got no (d) have no
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18. Do you have _____ rooms available?
(a) some (b) any (c) none (d) a little
’
19. I don t have _____ money left.
(a) much (b) any (c) many (d) a few
20. There was _____ traffic downtown this morning.
(a) a few (b) a little (c) many (d) much
21. [a] We have _____ relatives who live nearby.
[b] _____ critics wrote positive reviews about the new book.
(a) a few (b) a little (c) much (d) many
22. We shall finally have what is rightfully _____.
(a) we (b) us (c) his (d) ours
23. We are sure that _____ grades are not as good as _____.
(a) we – you (b) our – your (c) our – yours (d) ourselves – yourselves
24. Susan often _____ motorbike to school last semester.
(a) got on its (b) went with hers (c) rode her (d) drove hers
25. Sandy wrote a letter to her parents and sent it to _____ yesterday.
(a) herself (b) the parents (c) it (d) them
26. The couple painted their house _____.
(a) herself (b) themselves (c) his or herself (d) himself
27. Don’t pay any attention to _____ -- he always complains.
(a) himself (b) him (c) his (d) he
28. I am surprised they moved your office next to _____.
(a) mine (b) my (c) I (d) myself
29. When I saw her last night, she was talking to _____ loudly.
(a) themselves (b) hers (c) herself (d) she
30. You will all need photos of _____ for your membership cards.
(a) you (b) your (c) yours (d) yourselves
31. It’s best if you do it _____.
(a) yourself (b) your (c) yours (d) by you
32. Ann always cuts her hair _____, she doesn’t go to the hairdresser.
(a) herself (b) her own (c) hers (d) by her
33. We looked at _____ in the mirror to check our makeup.
(a) us (b) ourselves (c) each other (d) our
34. I’ve never met him, but we’ve been writing to _____ for over a year now.
(a) us (b) ourselves (c) each other (d) our
35. The computer will turn _____ off if you don’t use it.
(a) itself (b) it (c) you (d) its
III.2. Text completion.
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Directions: In your test book, you will see some passages each with some blanks. Under each blank are four answer
options. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank.
Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following article.
Many parents worry that their children don’t eat properly when they go off to university. While (1) ______ students
live off instant noodles, they are not the average according to the results of a recent survey. Most of the university
sophomores surveyed last month said that they cook for (2) _____ at least three times a week. The other days they
eat with friends. Many of the students said they take it in turns to cook for (3) _______. On the days that they don’t
cook, they said that they often eat cereal. This is not a bad thing. Most cereals these days are fortified with a wide
range of vitamins and minerals. So although it is not the most appetizing diet, provided they don’t choose too (4)
_____ sugary cereals, it is not a completely unhealthy choice of foods.
1. (a) all of (b) an amount of (c) some (d) a little

2. (a) them (b) themselves (c) their (d) theirs
3. (a) each other (b) themselves (c) them (d) another
4. (a) few (b) little (c) much (d) many
Questions 5—9 refer to the following letter.
Dear Ms. Graham, March 19, 20 …
I am writing this letter to confirm that Elizabeth Owens has worked at Giga Engineer for the last 8 years. In addition,
_____ [5] will state that _____ [5] has performed an exceptional job while working at Giga Engineering. Last year,
_____ [6] was promoted to technical supervisor and received a performance bonus for _____ [6] excellent work.
_____ [7] She has always _____ [8] expectations and has never been late or absent from work since she started
working here. If _____ [9] have any further questions, please feel free to contact _____ [9] at (055) 987-0987.
Sincerely,
Jane Dunn –
Director, Engineering Department -- Giga Engineering
5. (a) I // she (b) She // me (c) We // her (d) Her // us

6. (a) she // hers (b) her // she (c) she // her (d) her // herself
7. (a) Therefore, she has been a great communicator.
(b) In addition, she has displayed great work ethics.
(c) It is my pleasure to provide this letter of recommendation.
(d) Last summer, she took a year off from work.
8. (a) exceeded our (b) overlooked we (c) exaggerated ours (d) disregarded us
9. (a) she // me (b) you // I (c) you // me (d) she // us
II.3. Reading comprehension.

Directions: These questions are based on a selection of reading materials, such as notices, letters, forms,
newspaper, stories, and advertisements. You are to choose the one best answer (a), (b), (c), or (d) to each question.
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Questions 1– 3 refer to the following memo.
FISHER COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY

Interoffice Memorandum
To: All Department Supervisors
Fm: J. Reinhardt – Personnel Officer
Sub: Summary of 3/24 training session on improving job performance.
Date: April 1, 200…
Employees work best if they are happy. As a supervisor, there are things you can do to increase employees’ job
satisfaction. Make sure your employees understand what they have to do. Give them proper and thorough training so
they can do it well, and give them opportunities to bring that training up to date.
Make sure that employees have freedom to exercise their own judgment, to offer their suggestions, and to point out
problems. Most of all, make sure that you tell them they are doing a good job, not only during special assignments but
when they maintain a high standard of routine work.
1. When do employees do their best work?

(a) When they are challenged (b) When they are happy
(c) When they are busy (d) When they are pressured
2. Once you have trained an employee, what should you do?
(a) Provide ways to update training (b) Make the employee train others
(c) Move the employee to a different job (d) Control his or her chance to practice
3. What is NOT mentioned as a freedom employees should have?
(a) Exercise their own judgment (b) Offer suggestions
(c) Make changes (d) Point out problems
Questions 4-6 refer to the following passage.
Although most universities in the United States are on a semester system which offers classes in the fall and spring,
some schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring, and summer quarters. The academic year,
September to June, is divided into three quarters of eleven weeks; each beginning in September, January, and March;
the summer quarter, June to August, is composed of shorter sessions of varying length.
Students may take advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters. Most students
begin their programs in the fall quarter, but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other quarters.
4. The academic year is

(a) September to August (b) August to June (c) June to August (d) September to June
5. A semester system
(a) has eleven-week sessions. (b) gives students the opportunity to study year around.
(c) has two major sessions a year. (d) is not very popular in the United States.
6. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
(a) Universities in the United States (b) The Quarter System
(c) The Academic Year (d) The Semester System
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Questions 7 through 9 refer to the following information.
To: Fresh Food Deliveries Ltd.

From: Hazel’s Coffee and Sandwiches
Re: Order placed February 20th
Date: February 22nd
I placed an order for supplies on February 20th. The order was delivered this morning. However, some items were
either missing or incorrect. This is not the first time this has happened. Below is a list of discrepancies:
 I ordered 6 loaves of bread. I did not receive any bread.
 I ordered 36 eggs. I received only a few eggs, about 6.
 I ordered 5kg of tomatoes, but there weren’t any tomatoes in the delivery.
 Also, I ordered some mayonnaise, but there was none in the delivery
I rely on these supplies to run my business. I have no choice but to choose another deliverer, whom I can trust to
get things right every time.
7. What is the purpose of this piece of information?

(a) To say thank you for a delivery (b) To make a complaint
(c) To place an order (d) To correct a mistake about a bill
8. How many items were incorrect?
(a) 36 eggs (b) All of them (c) Four (d) Just the tomatoes
9. What will be the result of this piece of information?
(a) The writer will continue to use Fresh Food deliveries. (b) The writer will use a different delivery company.
(c) The writer will close her business. (d) The writer will receive some money back.
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I. REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS.
 An adjective is a word that gives information about a noun. It comes before the noun it modifies (called a modifier)
or functions as a complement after a linking verb such as be; become; look; smell; taste; feel; sound; seem.
Ex. • He is an amazing actor. [modifier] • He is considerate. [complement]
 An adverb gives extra information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a clause, or a whole sentence. It
functions as a modifier.
Ex. • She is extremely happy. [modifier]
I.1. Functions & Positions of Adjectives.
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. It can also function as the subject complement or the object complement
in a sentence.
Functions Positions Examples

Modifying adjective + noun a serious injury my previous job
a noun/ pronoun
something/anything/nothing + adjective something urgent anything interesting
As the subject be, become, feel, look + adjective become successful look comfortable
complement
As the object make, keep, find + object + adjective make them happy find it useful
complement
I.2. Functions & Positions of Adverbs.

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a clause, or a whole sentence. It comes in different positions
in a sentence but never stands between a verb and its object.
Functions Positions Examples

Modifying An adjective adverb + adjective The product is surprisingly expensive.
Modifying An adverb adverb + adverb I asked him a question very nicely.

Modifying A verb right before / after a verb They finally reached a firm decision.
He insisted strongly.
Modifying A whole at the beginning / end of a sentence Eventually, the flight was delayed.
sentence
I'm learning French as well.
I.3. Special adjectives & adverbs.

There are some special cases about adjectives and adverbs you should pay attention to.
Firstly, an adverb is usually formed by “adding -ly to an adjective” but not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some
adjectives also end in -ly, for example: lovely, friendly.
Secondly, some adjectives and adverbs have the same form, for example: hard, fast, late.
Finally, there are some adverbs that may cause misunderstanding about their meanings, like lately and hardly.
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Adjectives ending in -ly friendly / lovely people costly trip timely manner
Adjectives and adverbs hard exam fast runner late lunch

having the same form work hard run fast work late
Confusing adverbs She is hardly late to work. Have you heard from Mr. Park lately?
I.4. Forms & Uses of Comparisons of adjectives & adverbs.

Use the structure as + adjectives/adverbs + as to say that two people or things are equal in some quality or some way.
For one-syllable adjectives/adverbs and a few two-syllable adjectives, we add -er to the adjectives/ adverbs to form the
comparative and add -est to form the superlative. For two-syllable adjectives that end in a consonant + -y, we change
-y into -i and add -er to form the comparative and add -est to form the superlative. For more-than-one-syllable
adjectives/ adverbs, before the adjectives/adverbs, we add more to form the comparative and add most to form the
superlative. Besides, some adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms.
Adj/Adv Equal Comparative Superlative
comparisons
One-syllable adjectives young as young as younger youngest
More-than-one-syllable adjectives comfortable as comfortable as more comfortable most comfortable
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y easy as easy as easier easiest
Adverbs ending in -ly slowly as slowly as more slowly most slowly
Irregular adjectives/adverbs good / well as good as better best

bad / badly as bad as worse worst
many / much as many/much… as more most
little as little as less least
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Choose the correct option in brackets , then underline the part that it modifies.
1. The city council has demolished the old town center (complete // completely).
2. (Final // Finally), the two companies agreed on the terms of the contract.
3. Officer workers should exercise (regular // regularly) to stay in shape.
4. There is a vending machine (convenient // conveniently) placed in the lobby.
5. Mr. Thomson is working (real // really) hard on the software development project.
II.2. Error analysis. See how many mistakes you can find and correct.
1. Korean music has been popular in foreign countries late.
2. Mr. Kaiser hard eats anything before speaking in public.
3. This procedure can be very cost.
4. All the employees have been working late for the last two months.
5. Hundreds of commuters were lately to work because of the lateness of the train.
II.3. Sentence completion.

You are to choose the correct answer or answers to complete the sentences given below.
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1.  It is _____ to change your online order once it is submitted.
 For your safety, it is _____ to follow the instructions when installing the electronic device.
(a) difficult / important (b) difficultly / importantly
(c) difficulty / importance (d) to difficult / to important
2.  Our flight was canceled because of the _____ rain.
 ABC Office Supplies has to find a secure way to manage _____ documents.
(a) heavily / confidentially (b) heavy / confidential
(c) heaviness / confidentiality (d) heavyweight / confidence
3.  Some of us found the new copy machine _____ to use.
 What he said made me _____.
(a) conveniently / surprisedly and happily (b) convenience / surprise and happiness
(c) convenient / surprised and happy (d) to convenient / to surprise and to be happy
4.  It is impossible to get a refund without the _____ receipt from the store.
 The boy became _____ when the girl left without saying goodbye to him.
(a) origin / sorrow (b) original / sorrowful
(c) originally / sorrowfully (d) originated / sorrowness
5.  I think there is something _____ with this cell phone.
 Why don’t we go somewhere _____?
(a) wrongly / quietly & privately (b) wrongness / quietness & privacy
(c) wrongdoing / quietude & privation (d) wrong / quiet & private
6.  We hope to settle the disagreement over the contract in a _____ manner.
 All the people were so shocked that they could _____ say anything.
(a) timely / hardly (b) time / hard
(c) times / hardness (d) timing / hard
7. The two companies agreed _____ on the increase in the price of the raw materials.
(a) mutual (b) mutually (c) mutuality (d) mutualism
8. XYZ co. holds a fundraising event _____ at the Lincoln Center.
(a) annual (b) annually (c) an annual (d) annuals
9. Nature Food is advertising its _____ processed food in the local newspaper.
(a) nature (b) natural (c) natured (d) naturally
10. Some items were returned to the senders because they were _____ addressed.
(a) correctly (b) correct (c) incorrectly (d) incorrect
11. Our company will become _____ when we raised our discounts to the wholesalers and retailers.
(a) profitably (b) more profitable (c) profit (d) more profitably
12. We are considering hiring the _____ candidate to handle this project.
(a) has experienced (b) most experienced (c) experiences (d) experiencing
13. Sea levels are increasing _____ than ever because of global warming.
(a) faster (b) fastest (c) as fast (d) quickly
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14. Taking the highway took _____ riding on the bus.
(a) the longest (b) longer than (c) more longer than (d) as longer as
15. The interviewee answered the questions _____ he could.
(a) as best as (b) as good as (c) as well as (d) more good than
16. The _____ memorable day of my life is the day when I returned to my hometown after a very long separation.
(a) more (b) most (c) best (d) better
17. The Georgetown Festival has become one of the _____ annual events in the city.
(a) good (b) well (c) best (d) better
18. Some people prefer working from home because they think it is _____ than working in an office.
(a) efficient (b) most efficient (c) more efficiently (d) more efficient
19. Working in the country is _____ efficient way to learn a language.
(a) the most (b) best (c) more (d) the best
20. The speed of light is _____ sound.
(a) more faster than (b) as fast as (c) faster than sound (d) much faster than that of
21. Politicians are said to be the ______ reliable people in the world.
(a) less (b) least (c) more (d) worst
22. According to a survey, the size of a man’s eyes is generally a bit smaller than ______.
(a) those of a woman (b) a woman’s (c) that of a woman (d) that of a woman’s
23. Human happiness is _____ a candle in the wind.
(a) like (b) as (c) the same (d) more
24. The longer you practice, the _____ you will be able to type.
(a) most accurate (b) more accurate (c) more accurately (d) most accurately
II.4. Text completion. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank.
Questions 1—4 refer to the following notice.
To: Kitchenhelp Staff Members
From: Technical Support Team
Subj: Website Renewal Date: November 21
We are happy to announce that Kitchenhelp is about to present its [1] _____ website. The engineering team is going
to make the transition to the new site at midnight on Sunday, August 29. [2] _____ Please keep in mind that problems
might occur while we process the change. We will try our [3] _____ to resolve any problems as [4] _____ as possible.
Contact Mr. Evans on the Technical Support team at (025) 234-5566 if you have any questions or feedback about the
new website.
1. (a) update (b) updater (c) updates (d) updated
2. (a) The reason is that website traffic is usually low at night.
(b) In fact, the process might be delayed.
(c) Online transactions will increase soon.
(d) The technicians will get a big bonus after the renewal.
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3. (a) better (b) best (c) most (d) good
4. (a) quickness (b) quicker (c) quickly (d) quickest

Directions: You are to choose the one best answer (a), (b), (c), or (d) to each question.
Questions 1—2 refer to the following text message chain.
1.
At 11:20 A.M., what does Ms. Sullivan mean when she writes,
"Good thing you arrived early"?
(a) She agrees to postpone the scheduled plan.
(b) She is glad that the landing was smooth.
(c) She expected a long line at the airport.
(d) She feels that Mr. Macdonald won't be late for his
appointment.
2.
When does Mr. Macdonald expect to get through immigration?
(a) Around 11:20 A.M.
(b) Around 11:50 A.M.
(c) Around 2:30 P.M.
(d) Around 3:00 P.M.
Questions 3-6 refer to the following table.
Inter-City Europe Rail time Air time

Paris to Amsterdam 5 hr 1 hr
Paris to Madrid 13 hr 1 hr, 50 min
Paris to Nice 7 hr 1 hr, 20 min
Frankfurt to Rome 12 hr 1 hr, 45 min
Frankfurt to Brussels 5 hr, 30 min 1 hr
Frankfurt to Vienna 9 hr 1 hr, 20 min
London to Edinburgh 4 hr, 30 min 1 hr, 15 min
London to Paris 5 hr, 30 min 1 hr, 5 min
3. Which city is closest to Paris by air?

(a) London (b) Nice (c) Madrid (d) Amsterdam
4. Which two cities are farthest apart by rail?
(a) Frankfurt and Rome (b) Paris and Nice (c) Paris and Madrid (d) Frankfurt and Vienna
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5. How long does it take to get from Frankfurt to Brussels?
(a) 1 hour by rail (b) 1 hour by air (c) 5 hours by rail (d) 5 hours by air
6. What is the longest flight?
(a) Paris to Madrid (b) Paris to Nice (c) Frankfurt to Rome (d) London to Edinburgh
II.5. Gap-filling.
Look at the graph and complete the sentences (7-10) with the words given below.
(a) less (b) the least (c) more (d) the most (e) fewer (f) the fewest
Wine Consumption Liters per head

80
60
40
20
0
7. The Spanish drink ______ wine ______ the Greeks.

8. The French drink ______ ______ wine.
9. The Japanese drink ______ ______ wine.
10. The Belgians drink ______ bottles per person ______ the Danes.
_________________________________________       _______________________________________
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I. REVIEW OF VERB TENSES.
The time of an action or a condition will decide the form of the verb in a sentence. In English, the verb forms show
different tenses: simple tenses, continuous tenses, and perfect tenses.
I.1. Present Simple & Past Simple

The present simple tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions, unchanging situations, emotions,
and wishes. Adverbs usually go with this tense include every day, often, usually, and always.
The past simple tense is used to talk about a completed action at a time before now.
Adverbs that usually go with this tense include last week / month / year; in (a year in the past), a few
days/weeks/months/years ago, many years ago; yesterday, in the past, just now, at that time, then, and the other day.
Present simple Past simple
Present My secretary is at her desk. Past state We were busy at that time.
state
Repeated I usually leave for work at 7. Past action They started the project a few months ago.
actions The store closes at 9 P.M.
I.2. Continuous tenses.

Continuous tenses are formed by a form of be + V-ing. Different forms of the verb “be” produce different tenses and
uses: present continuous, past continuous, and future continuous.
Forms Uses
Present continuous am / are / is + V-ing To describe an action that is happening at present
Past continuous was / were + V-ing To describe activities that lasted for some time in the past
Future continuous will be + V-ing To describe activities which will be taking place at some time
in the future.
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I.3. Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is formed by have / has + past participle and has different meanings or uses, as follows:
Continuation (An action or state started in the past and I have worked in this department for 10
continues to the present. Adverbs: for, since) years.
Past experience (An action happened without a specific past Have you ever worked overseas?
time. Adverbs: ever, once, before)
Completion (An action began in the past and has already The R&D Department just finished
finished. Adverbs: just, already) working on the project.
Effect (An action happened in the past but still has We still haven't found out the cause of
an effect in the present. Adverbs: still, yet, once) the problem.
Note:
A specific past time marker such as yesterday, ago, last/week/month/year, or in the past is used with the past simple
tense but for the past/last 10 weeks must go with the present perfect tense.
Ex. We have had a lot of difficulties for the past two weeks. (Present perfect)
They decided to cut down on overtime two weeks ago. (Past Simple)
I.4. Future Simple & Future Perfect.

The future simple tense is formed by “will + bare infinitive” and used for an action that will occur in the future.
Note that the structure be going to + bare infinitive is used to express a prediction or a future plan.
The future perfect tense is formed by will have + past participle and expresses an action that will be completed before
another future action or a certain time in the future. It often goes with such phrases as by next..., by the end of..., and
by the time + clause.
Future simple will + bare infinitive I will go and check if everything is all right.
Structure: be going to + bare infinitive He is going to be late for the sales meeting.
Future perfect will have + past participle By that time, we will have launched a new product.
Note:
The future perfect tense usually goes with the phrase by that time or by the time. Note that by that time is an adverb
phrase and can stand alone, while by the time is a conjunction and must be followed by a clause (subject + verb).
Ex. By the time the new project is completed, Marc will have left the company.
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Choose the correct option in brackets for each sentence.
1. He (will be distributing/was distributing) handouts when I entered the room.
2. We (will be closing/were closing) the store in 15 minutes.
3. To attract more customers, we (will be offering/were offering) an express delivery service from next month.
4. The manager and the staff (are having/were having) a discussion at the moment.
5. I (am looking/was looking) forward to meeting with you next week.
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II.2. Write the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentence.
1. I _____ with my clients every two months. (meet)
2. Good management always _____ to the employees. (listen)
3. They _____ there 3 days ago. (arrive)
4. The board of directors _____ to discuss it last week. (gather)
5. He _____ to me what the problem was. (describe)

1. _____ looking for a better-paid job?
(a) Have you ever considered (b) Do you ever consider
(c) Are you ever considering (d) Will you ever consider
2. I _____ the outline of my presentation.
(a) have just finished (b) am just finishing (c) will just finish (d) was just finishing
3. Our clients _____ in 30 minutes.
(a) are going to arrive (b) will arrive (c) are arriving (d) all of these
4. By that time (By the time you arrive tomorrow), the presentation _____.
(a) was starting (b) started (c) will have started (d) has started
5. The traffic lights _____ working last night because of the heavy snow.
(a) stop (b) stops (c) stopped (d) to stop
6. The department usually _____ with customer complaints related to our products.
(a) deal (b) deals (c) dealt (d) will deal
7. The community center _____ for donations to help the disabled and the elderly at the moment.
(a) ask (b) is asking (c) will ask (d) have asked
8. The number of complaints _____ drastically since we adopted the new programs.
(a) decrease (b) decreased (d) have decreased (c) has decreased
9. By the time more large printers are set up, demand for publications _____ twofold.
(a) increase (b) increases (c) have increased (d) will have increased
10. For the last few months, oil prices _____ drastically.
(a) increases (b) increasing (c) will increase (d) have increased
11. Most of the stores downtown _____ at 10 in the morning and _____ at 9 P.M.
(a) will open / will close (b) opens / closes (c) open / close (d) have opened / have closed
12. The only grocery store in this town is temporarily closed now because it _____ renovation.
(a) undergo (b) is undergoing (c) have undergone (d) will have undergone
13. The number of tourists visiting this city _____ for the past few months.
(a) rises (b) risen (c) has risen (d) have risen
14. By the time the new computer system is installed, all the problems _____ themselves out.
(a) work (b) worked (c) have worked (d) will have worked
15. Competent employees constantly _____ for chances to develop themselves professionally.
(a) look (b) looked (c) have looked (d) looking
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II.4. Text completion. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank.
Mr. Jack Peterson April 20
2342 Elm Street – New York, New York 10032
Dear Mr. Peterson,
I _____ (1) your invitation to your company's 10th anniversary the other day. I appreciate your thoughtful invitation.
Unfortunately, I already have another engagement that afternoon, so I _____ (2) attend the party. _____ (3)
Otherwise, I would surely be there. I'm sure it _____ (4) a great occasion. Please convey my regrets to your manager
and extend my congratulations on your 10th anniversary. May you enjoy a wonderful celebration!
Sincerely yours,
Agnes Davis
1. (a) receive (b) receives (c) received (d) am receiving
2. (a) wasn’t able to (b) won't be able to (c) am able to (d) haven’t been able to
3. (a) I am in charge of a fundraiser that requires my attention that night.
(b) I am not interested in attending the celebration.
(c) I am sorry to tell you that you are not invited to the event.
(d) I am not sure about the invitation.
4. (a) is (b) was (c) will be (d) has been
Questions 5 through 8 refer to the following letter,
Dear Ms. Whitfield,

Let me answer your questions regarding our scholarship policy. In order to qualify for a scholarship, students _____
(5) to receive at least an A in 90% of their assignments, and no lower than a B in the remaining 10%. This is the
minimum requirement. Getting the minimum grades does not guarantee a scholarship if there are several students
whose grades exceed the minimum. Secondly, students cannot receive a scholarship more than two times. _____ (6)
You _____ (7) a scholarship last semester, so unfortunately we _____ (8) to offer you a scholarship, even though
you received an A in all of your courses.
Sincerely,
Jennifer Michaels - Finance Officer
5. (a) have (b) needed (c) had (d) must

6. (a) However, you got an A in all of your courses.
(b) In addition to this, the scholarships cannot be for two consecutive semesters.
(c) Therefore, you are qualified for a scholarship.
(d) We are considering to offer you a scholarship.
7. (a) were received (b) received (c) have received (d) receive
8. (a) couldn’t (b) can’t (c) were unable (d) all of these
II.5. Reading comprehension. Choose the one best answer (a), (b), (c), or (d) to each question.
Questions 1—3 refer to the following announcement.
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I have an important reminder about the annual gala event. You are welcome to bring your family or friends to this
event. The event will be taking place at 6 in the afternoon on the 6th of March on Friday. The place where the gala
will be held is 5639 Kaneohe Street. If you can't attend this event, you will have to talk with your boss and get his or
her approval since this event is mandatory for all full-time employees. Please register to the event by following the
registration link on our company website. I hope to see you all there.
1. What is the purpose of this announcement?

(a) To confirm that an event has been arranged (b) To remind readers that there is an important event
(c) To encourage employees to prepare for a gala (d) To invite people to a party
2. How often is the event held?
(a) Once a month (b) Every three months
(c) Once a year (d) Twice a year
3. How can readers sign up for the event?
(a) By visiting the office (b) By talking to their supervisors
(c) By visiting a website (d) By picking up an invitation
Questions 4-9 refer to the following story.
On Mother’s Day, Neil was so busy with work that he decided to order carnations to be delivered to his mother who
lived in Miami. Neil worked in Memphis, and had recently been promoted to Head of Marketing in his company.
Therefore, he had to work many extra hours. As Neil finished paying for the flowers, he saw a little kid walk in. [3]
The kid was holding a five-dollar note in his hands, he looked at the carnations whose sign read “$6 ea” and sadly
walked away. Neil ran after the kid and talked to him. His name was Nathan, and he wanted to buy some flowers for
his mother but did not have enough money. Neil felt sorry for Nathan, so he went back inside and bought a bouquet
of carnations for the kid. Neil asked Nathan where he wanted to go and drove him there.
This is a cemetery, Nathan. Do you really live here?, Neil asked. No, sir. But my mom is here., Nathan answered. [8]
Nathan quickly ran to a grave, sat down and put the carnations on top of it. He smiled and said something, then went
back to Neil and hugged him, “Thank you so much for everything today, Neil.”. [10]
Just at that moment, Neil realized how much Nathan still loved his mother even after her death. Then Neil started to
think about his own mother. After dropping Nathan home, Neil quickly drove back to the florist and cancelled the
delivery. He took the carnations with him and drove to Miami that night.
4. Why couldn’t Neil give the flowers to his mother himself?

(a) Because of his busy work
(b) Because she lived very far away from him
(c) Since he had just gotten promoted to Head of Marketing in his company
(d) Due to his lack of money
5. Which place did Nathan ask Neil to drive to? Why?
(a) Miami – Nathan lived there. (b) Memphis – Nathan’s mother was there
(c) A cemetery – Nathan lived there (d) A cemetery – Nathan’s mother was there
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6. Why did Neil decide to buy a bouquet of flowers for Nathan?
(a) Because of Nathan’s money shortage and Neil’s sympathy for Nathan
(c) Because Nathan didn’t have enough money and he asked Neil for help.
(c) Because the flowers cost less than Nathan had with him.
(d) Because Neil wanted to lend Nathan some money.
7. What did Nathan do with the carnations Neil bought for him?
(a) Bringing the flowers to his mother in Miami. (b) Putting these flowers on the top of his mother’s grave.
(c) Giving these flowers back to the florist. (d) Sending these flowers to his mother in Memphis.
8. What did Neil do after dropping Nathan home?
(a) Cancelled the carnation delivery (b) Drove back to the florist.
(c) Brought the carnations to his mother himself (d) all of these
9. What made Neil think about his own mother & decide to cancel the delivery?
(a) Nathan’s love for his mother.
(b) His mother wanted him to come back home.
(c) He couldn’t order carnations for his mother.
(d) all of these
Questions 10 – 12 refer to the following report.
The profits for the Wu Company more than doubled in the fourth quarter over profit levels of a year ago. This is
due in part to lower operating and administrative expenses. The electronics store chain earned $42.6 million,
compared with $21.1 million in the fourth quarter of last year. Total profits for the year are $122.8 million, compared
with $48.5 million last year.
10. How do fourth quarter profits for this year compare to those of last year?
(a) Stayed the same (b) Increased by twice as much
(c) Increased by more than twice as much (d) Decreased by half
11. What contributed to the change?
(a) Reduction of operating costs (b) Higher number of customers
(c) New and better products (d) More expensive products
12. The word chain in line 2, is closest in meaning to
(a) product (b) necklace (c) staff members (d) group of stores
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I. REVIEW OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE
I.1. Forms.
The active voice is formed by Subject + verb + Object. It emphasizes the doer (who or what that does the action). The
structure of the passive voice is (a form of) be + past participle (p.p.). Its focus is on the action itself, not the doer.
Note that in the passive sentence, the verb be must agree with its subject in number and has the same verb tense as
that in the active one.
passive in Past Simple Passive in Present Simple Passive in Future Simple
was / were + p.p. am / is / are + p.p. will be + p.p.
Passive in Present Perfect Passive of Modal verbs
have / has + been + p.p. modal verb + be + p.p.
Note that after a modal verb, the verb be is always in the form of a bare infinitive (be).
Examples: All the computers/ in the office / are maintained carefully.
The e-mail / was sent to you / a few days ago.
More information / will be provided.
The office / has been renovated.
Customer complaints / should be handled / by the Customer Service Department.
I.2. Common Passive Expressions
Below are some expressions with a passive form, which are commonly used. The past participle functions as an adjective
and is followed by a certain preposition. You should learn them by heart because they are fixed expressions.
Example: We / are very worried / about a huge decline / in our turnover.
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Gap filling.
 Fill the gap with a correct expression, using the suggestion in brackets.
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1. A large number of people are _____ the scandal. (involve)
2. Most of the customers were not _____ the new product line. (satisfy)
3. I am _____ the opportunity to work with you. (excite)
4. They are _____ solving technical problems. (engage)
5. Everybody _____ the results of the meeting. (satisfy)
 Fill the gap in the second sentence with the correct verb form.
1. We have made a lot of effort to keep the building clean.
 A lot of effort _____ to keep the building clean.
2. You should turn off all the lights before going out.
 All the lights _____ off before you go out.
3. They cannot make the decision right now.
 The decision _____ right now.
4. The manager has signed the contract.
 The contract _____ by the manager.
5. They sent me nothing.
 I _____ (by them). [Nothing _____ (by them)]

1. The idea for the new commercial _____ at the staff meeting.
(a) suggest (b) suggested (c) was suggested (d) were suggested
2. The company _____ me a job as a customer representative.
(a) offer (b) will offer (c) is offered (d) will be offered
3. Mr. Davis has already _____ about the meeting next week.
(a) told (b) been told (c) tell (d) been
4. All the necessary documents should _____ by the end of the month.
(a) submit (b) submitted (c) have submitted (d) be submitted
5. Not everybody is _____ with the change in the hiring procedure.
(a) please (b) pleases (c) pleasing (d) pleased
6. The accountant seems to be accustomed _____ handling his clients' complaints.
(a) at (b) with (c) to (d) by
7. The IT system _____ tomorrow morning.
(a) will fix (b) was fixed (c) will be fixed (d) is going to fix
8. Mr. Holmes _____ when he heard the news that the company had offered him a job.
(a) was surprise (b) surprises (c) was surprising (d) was surprised
9. Air pollution has to _____ no matter how much money is spent.
(a) reduce (b) is reduced (c) be reduced (d) been reduced
10. Investors are concerned _____ the recent recession in China.
(a) in (b) from (c) about (d) to
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11. They have _____ to the welcoming party, but they decided not to go there.
(a) invite (b) invited (c) be invited (d) been invited
12. If you are interested _____ the position, please submit your application no later than this Tuesday.
(a) at (b) in (c) with (d) by
13. Your package will _____ immediately after we confirm your payment.
(a) deliver (b) delivered (c) be delivered (d) been delivered
14. If all the information has _____ correctly, you will then be directed to the payment site.
(a) entered (b) entering (c) be entered (d) been entered
15. Studies _____ that these new policies have done nothing to boost the economy.
(a) have shown (b) shown (c) has shown (d) are shown
16. The owner of the building supply store doesn’t mind _____ his customers discounts when they buy in bulk.
(a) giving (b) being given (c) to give (d) to be given
17. I can’t access it anymore. That website seems to have suddenly _____.
(a) been vanish (b) been vanished (c) vanishing (d) vanished
18. Candidates _____ to present themselves 15 minutes before the examination begins.
(a) require (b) are requiring (c) are required (d) have required
II.3. Text completion.

Questions 1—4 refer to the following advertisement.
The technical support division has a(n) _____ (1) for a technical support representative. This position _____ (2) a
B.S. in computer science and at least three years of experience in the industry. _____ (3) Along with an application,
a résumé and a cover letter should _____ (4) in no later than July 11.
Technical support representatives provide online assistance to users of our software products. Duties include:
(a) dealing with telephone inquiries. (b) answering online questions. If you have any further questions concerning
this position, you can contact Jonathan Hampton in Human Resources at extension 2424.
1. (a) introduction (b) position (c) seat (d) opening
2. (a) require (b) requires (c) is required (d) been required
3. (a) You are not supposed to apply for this position.
(b) If you are interested, please submit an application.
(c) Your application will be reviewed accordingly.
(d) We are short-staffed these days.
4. (a) turn (b) turns (c) turned (d) be turned

Questions 1—4 refer to the following announcement.
The annual company retreat will be held at Sunset Beach Park on Saturday, May 15, starting at 10:30 A.M. All
employees and their families are welcome. This is a chance for us to unwind and also to exchange great ideas for the
development of the company. Last year's retreat was so successful that we decided to do it again. This time, for a
change, we decided to have a retreat with our beloved friends and families. So please invite your friends and families
25
to join us. We will spend the morning having meetings. And then we will give families some time to be together for
the rest of the day. If you cannot attend for some reason, tell Marisol, who is in charge of the event. She will also
answer any questions you may have. Hope to see you all at the retreat!
1. What is being announced?

(a) A company event (b) A party for trainees
(c) An annual conference (d) The release of a new product
2. What can be inferred about last year's retreat?
(a) It was not that successful. (b) Families were not invited.
(c) There were no meetings. (d) It lasted for 2 days.
3. The word “retreat” as used in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(a) a getaway where the employees get together in a chosen location to have team bonding activities
(b) a private and safe place
(c) an act of changing a decision because of criticism or because a situation has become too difficult
(d) a situation in which the price of something goes down
4. What is advised for those who cannot participate in the event?
(a) To submit a letter (b) To contact Marisol (c) To write an e-mail (d) To visit the HR Department
_________________________________________       _______________________________________
26
I. REVIEW OF INFINITIVES.
I.1. Verbs followed by a To - infinitive.
Below are some common verbs followed by a to-infinitive functioning as their object (obj.) or object complement.
Object want to refuse to need to agree to
fail to hope to offer to plan to
decide to attempt to expect to promise to
propose to afford to would like to aim to
Object want + obj. + to ask + obj. + to tell + obj. + to invite+ obj. + to
complement encourage + obj.+ to expect + obj. + to allow + obj. + to advise + obj. + to
request + obj. + to
I.2. To - infinitive as a Noun

When functioning as a noun, a to-infinitive may come in the position of a subject, an object, a subject complement, or
an object complement. When it is the subject, the verb after it is in the singular form.
Subject To organize a meeting is not easy.
Object We hope to complete the proposal soon.
Subject complement His job is to train new employees.
Object complement I expect you to finish the report today.
I.3. To - infinitive as an Adjective.

A to-infinitive can follow a noun and function as an adjective modifying that noun. Look at the following phrases with a
to-infinitive modifying the noun before it.
work to finish chance to travel opportunity to meet time to go way to solve
decision to sell plan to hire effort to save ability to achieve right to speak
I.4. To - infinitive as an Adverb.

A to-infinitive can function as an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or expressing a purpose.
Modifying an adjective glad to hear pleased to meet surprised to pass disappointed to fail
Expressing a purpose To succeed in business, he worked late every night. (= in order to succeed)
NB. For cannot be used before a verb to express a person's purpose. Instead, we use to.
Ex. We stopped at the pub to have a drink. (NOT We stopped at the pub for having a drink.)
I went to London to attend a conference. (NOT I went to London for attending a conference.)
For can be used before an -ing form to express the purpose of a thing.
Ex. An altimeter is used for measuring height above sea level. OR
An altimeter is used to measure height above sea level.
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Choose the correct option in brackets, then write its function in brackets.
27
1. They decided (to renew / to renewing) the contract. [_____]
2. The new project allows her (to visit / for visiting) other countries very often. [_____]
3. (To being / To be) a professional manager is not easy. [_____]
4. His job is (ran / to run) an advertisement in the local paper. [_____]
5. He failed (to schedule / scheduling) the appointment with his boss. [_____]
6. Our goal is (design / to design) the most comfortable and beautiful products. [_____]
II.2. Put the words in brackets in the right order, then fill the gap.
1. They'd like to have _____ the headquarters in London. (an, to, visit, opportunity)
2. Morris Ltd. has made _____ with Freeman Industries. (to, a, merge, decision)
3. All people have _____ out against their country. (to, speak, right, the)
(speak out against: to state your opinions publicly, especially in opposition to something)
4. There is _____ someone who chooses to ignore advice or will not believe what they are told. (tell, no, to, way)
5. We have _____. (time, to, no, lose (waste))
6. IHD laid off more than 20 employees last month in _____ the company. (effort, reorganize, an, to)

1. The experts advised the company _____ its benefits programs for the employees.
(a) to be improved (b) to improve (c) improving (d) to improving
The company promise _____ their staff with better benefits.
(a) to be provided (b) to provide (c) provided (d) providing
2. We encourage all the staff members _____ a course on basic economics and psychology.
(a) take (b) to taking (c) taken (d) to take
3. We expect the old building _____ by the end of April.
(a) demolishing (b) being demolished (c) to demolish (d) to be demolished
4. PK Bank has requested its customers _____ their passwords for online banking regularly.
(a) changes (b) to change (c) changing (d) has changed
5. This year, we expect _____ thousands of people at the classic guitar show in Chicago.
(a) to see (b) seeing (c) see (d) to be seen
6. In spite of his great qualifications, he failed _____ by the law firm.
(a) to be hired (b) to hire (c) hiring (d) to be hiring
7. The city council has been discussing ways _____ the old school into a museum.
(a) to converting (b) converted (c) convert (d) to convert
8. Shopping malls in Korea will be holding a sale in an effort _____ more tourists.
(a) to attracting (b) to attract (c) attracting (d) attraction
9. The marketing team has got a plan _____ additional staff to finish the project on time.
(a) of hire (b) to hire (c) hiring (d) to hiring
10. _____ better service, the hotel receives feedback from its guests.
(a) Providing (b) To provide (c) Provide (d) Provision
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11. The old office equipment should be replaced _____ work efficiency.
(a) to increase (b) increase (c) for increasing (d) increasing
12. We are glad _____ you a job as a customer service representative.
(a) offering (b) for offering (c) to offer (d) offered
13. _____ its new product launch, Jim's Electronics will be having a special sale this month.
(c) For celebrating (b) To celebrate (c) To celebrating (d) Celebrated
14. We promise to provide our customers with better services _____ them.
(a) for satisfying (b) to satisfy (c) with satisfaction (d) satisfying
15. We have changed our marketing strategy _____ customers in their 20s.
(a) to target (b) for targeting (c) in order to target (d) with target

Questions 1—4 refer to the following e-mail
To: David Millington
From: Susan Davis
Subject: Personnel documents
Dear Mr. Millington,
We are pleased _____ [1] with you at World Top Travel Agency. For your first day of work, March 15, we need you
_____ [2] three forms of documents and bring them with you.
First, you must complete the personal information form, which you can download from our website. A copy of your
passport or driver's license and proof of your address, _____[3] electric bill, are also needed. _____ [4]
We are looking forward to working with you at World Top Travel Agency.
Sincerely,
Susan Davis – Manager, Human Resources Department
1. (a) to work (b) to working (c) for working (d) has worked
2. (a) prepares (b) preparing (c) to prepare (d) preparation
3. (a) with (b) such as (c) in addition to (d) despite
4. (a) There are a few important documents you must fill out.
(b) A training course for new employees will be held this month.
(c) Don't forget to fill out the documents on your first day of work.
(d) Please make sure you bring them all so that we can quickly process your information.

Questions 1—2 refer to the following web page.
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Our hotel offers:
• Situated in Shakespeare's birthplace
To make a reservation, click here
• Free Wi-Fi Internet access in the lobby
or call us at +44 1789 290009.
• Recently renovated and modernized while maintaining its historical value
Black Swan Hotel, River Street,
• Traditional pub on the ground floor that opens until 11 o'clock
Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire
• Vouchers for discounted admission to Shakespeare's birthplace
1. What is NOT true about Black Swan Hotel?

(a) There is a pub in the hotel building. (b) The Internet is available in its rooms.
(c) Reservations can be done by phone. (d) It was recently renovated.
2. According to the web page, what is offered at a reduced price?
(a) Tickets for a Shakespearean play (b) Tour bus fares
(c) Drinks (d) Tourist attractions
Questions 3 through 5 refer to the following letter.
The Orange Cat Coffee Shop
Dear Customers,
Beginning next month, we will no longer be accepting Orange Cat Coffee Coupons. The recent increasing price of
coffee beans has made it difficult to keep both the everyday low prices that our customers have come to expect and
the high quality of our drinks. We have decided not to raise prices. Instead, we will do away with the coupon system.
We will continue to accept coupons until the end of the month.
Thank you for choosing The Orange Cat.
Sincerely,
The Management
3. What is the name of the coffee shop?

(a) The Valued Customer (b) The London Coffee Shop
(c) The Orange Cat (d) The Open Letter
4. What does the coffee shop plan to stop using?
(a) Coffee (b) Coffee coupons (c) Coffee beans (d) Low prices
5. Coupons will continue to be accepted until when?
(a) The end of this month (b) The end of next month
(c) The beginning of this month (d) The end of the year
30
I. REVIEW OFGERUNDS.
I.1. Functions of Gerunds.
A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing and functions as a noun that can be the subject or object of a verb, the complement,
or the object of a preposition. It may have its own object or modifier.
Subject Conducting a customer satisfaction survey is necessary.
Object of a verb We recommend booking your flight tickets online.
Object of a preposition Who is responsible for maintaining the office equipment?
Complement His hobby is going mountain biking on weekends.
I.2. verbs Followed by a Gerund.

Below are some verbs followed by a gerund which functions as the object of the verbs.
enjoy finish stop quit
discontinue recommend suggest avoid + gerund (V-ing)
consider postpone deny mind
 Verbs followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with meanings unchanged:

start/ begin love like prefer + gerund (V-ing)
continue + to-infinitive (to V)
 Verbs followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with meanings changed:

remember + to V (future) forget + to V (future)
+ V-ing (past) + V-ing (past)
I.3. Common expressions followed by a Gerund

Below are some common expressions followed by a gerund, which are useful not only on the TOEIC test but also in
daily life. You should learn them by heart.
Note that in the phrase look forward to, “to” is the preposition which must be followed by an -ing form.
have trouble/difficulty -ing go -ing
spend time -ing be capable of -ing
prevent — from -ing be busy -ing
be used to -ing look forward to -ing
be devoted to -ing object to -ing
Ex. The government / is having trouble / making plans / to reduce / air pollution.
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Choose the correct option in brackets, then circle the correct function.
1. (Study / Studying) a foreign language requires a lot of patience. (Subject / Complement)
2. Why don't you use your working hours efficiently instead of (to work / working) overtime?
(Object of a verb/Object of a preposition)
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3. His main hobby is (collecting / collects) antiques. (Object / Complement)
4. ACC, Inc. is considering (funding / to fund) non-profit organizations. (Object / Complement)
5. (Provide / Providing / Provision) bank loans to small business owners is extremely necessary for them to promote
their business. (Subject / Object / Complement)
6. Ms. Barbara in the Customer Service Department is fed up with (get / getting) complaints.
(Subject / Object of a preposition)
7. (Choice / Choose / Choosing) a medium-sized air-conditioner is a better idea since bigger models consume more
energy. (Subject / Complement)
II.2. Put the word in brackets in the right form to complete the sentence.
1. Most elderly people in Japan and Korea want to continue _____ after they retire. (work)
2. Mr. Anderson has just begun _____ the new software training course. (take)
3. The director has decided to postpone _____ more staff members. (hire)
4. I remember _____ to the job fair in my final year of college. (go)
5. Brian likes _____ in the country because of the fresh air. (live)
6. I seldom forget _____ books before going to sleep. (read)
II.3. Sentence completion. Choose the correct answer or answers to complete the sentences given below.
1. The counselor suggested _____ into the artificial intelligence market.
(a) expand (b) to expand (d) expanded (c) expanding
2. He is a person who hates _____ mistakes.
(a) to make (b) making (c) make (d) made
3. The head of Customer Care Dept enjoys _____ talks with potential clients to understand their needs.
(a) having (b) to have (c) had (d) for having
4. Do not forget _____ the attendance form before submitting it to Mr. Thomas.
(a) signed (b) signing (c) signature (d) to sign
5. The factory supervisor suggested _____ all of the old machines as soon as possible.
(a) upgraded (b) upgrading (c) to upgrade (d) being upgraded
6. I forgot _____ the signed contract back to the Home Office.
(a) send (b) to send (c) to sending (d) being sent
7. For your peace of mind, stop _____ in touch with people who always badmouth others.
(a) being got (b) getting (c) to get (d) to be gotten
8. We were no longer taking pictures. We stopped _____ pictures several years ago.
(a) to taking (c) to take (b) taking (d) being taken
9. We need _____ this equipment OR this equipment needs ______.
(a) to repair – repairing (b) repairing – repair (c) repaired – repairing (d) to repair – to be repaired
10. The technician spent hours _____ the errors in the new accounting program.
(a) to fix (b) have fixed (c) fixing (d) fix
11. We are used to _____ long hours at our job.
(a) working (b) work (c) worked (d) be working
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12. The reporter is busy _____ a video recording for the news program.
(a) prepare (b) preparing (c) being prepared (d) to prepare
13. Our sales team members have had considerable difficulty _____ people to buy their products.
(a) persuade (b) to persuade (c) persuading (d) in persuading
14. The new union policy will prevent the staff from _____fired easily.
(a) get (b) got (c) getting (d) being gotten
15. When I walked into the store, she was busy ______ calls.
(a) taking (b) takes (c) took (d) take

City Council
345 Best Road, Second Floor
Warwick DV35, Kl 23001
Dear City Council Staff,

I am writing this letter to request more parking spaces downtown. The _____ (1) of the shopping complex on Stanly
Avenue has attracted more people into the downtown area. However, people are having difficulty _____ (2) places
to park their cars. This has been causing a lot of inconvenience to shoppers and individuals living downtown. In fact,
there was a news article mentioning this issue in the Warwick Times last month. It pointed out the serious _____ (3)
of parking spots. _____ (4)
I hope you understand how serious this problem is and start planning more parking places downtown. Thank you.
Sincerely, Henry Hudson
1. (a) develop (b) develops (c) developing (d) development
2. (a) find (b) finding (c) to find (d) have found
3. (a) sales (b) lack (c) fear (d) decrease
4. (a) Indeed, the city council has plans for the expansion of parking lots.
(b) The news reporter has not been to the shopping complex.
(c) It also mentioned possible places for a new parking garage.
(d) The construction of the building will take more than two years.
Questions 5 through 8 refer to the following notice.

RED CROSS DECEMBER BLOOD DRIVE
The Red Cross would like (5) _____ its regular donors for all their contributions. Without your help, we couldn’t
continue with our good work. Every pint of blood that you donate allows (6) _____ people in need. Your blood saves
lives. Our next blood drive will be held on December 22nd, from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. It will be held at the Red Cross Hall
on Lion Street. We are staying open later than usual so that working people can drop by after work. If you have
donated before, please bring your registration card to save time. First time donors are also more than welcome.
Please encourage your friends and family members (7) _____ along, too. (8) _____ up less than one hour of their
time could give many more years of life to another person.
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5. (a) thanking (b) to thank (c) for thanking (d) thank
6. (a) us to help (b) us helping (c) our help (d) us help
7. (a) come (b) coming (c) came (d) to come
8. (a) Give (b) To give (c) Giving (d) To be given

Questions 1—2 refer to the following instructions.
To clean the exterior of the dishwasher, simply use a soft, damp cloth with a mild detergent. Before you clean the
inside of your dishwasher, please wait until it has cooled to prevent burns.
— [l] — The reason is that it might damage the inside surface. — [2] — To keep it looking clean and nice, rub gently
with a damp sponge using dishwasher detergent. Make sure to run a normal cycle after cleaning the interior. — [3]
— It will make your dishwasher ready for normal use. — [4] ---.
1. For whom is the instructions intended?

(a) Appliance users (b) Restaurant owners (c) Marketing planners (d) Hotel chefs
2. In which of the positions marked [1], [2], [3], and [4] does the following sentence best belong?
"Do not use any type of cleansing products other than dishwasher detergent."
(a) [1] (b) [2] (c) [3] (d) [4]
Questions 3-5 refer to the following article.
Finding new employees who will fit the needs of the company is not always easy. First, the company must think carefully
about the tasks involved in each job to be filled and about the skills, abilities, and knowledge a person must have in
order to carry out those tasks successfully. ---[1]---
Second, it has to find people who meet these requirements. ---[2]--- One of the most common ways to find employees
for these positions is to look within the organization. ---[3]--- If no one within the firm is qualified, look outside the
organization. Some of the most common sources of new employees are high schools, junior colleges, four-year colleges,
and universities. ---[4]--- Firms also use newspapers to help locate job applicants.
3. What is this article about?

(a) Reading newspapers (b) Hiring employees
(c) Protecting the organization (d) Going to high school
4. What is an example of a common outside source?
(a) High schools (b) Resources within the organization
(c) Spies (d) Temporary employees
5. In which of the positions marked [1], [2], [3], and [4] does the following question best belong?
"Is anyone currently in the organization who could do the job?”
(a) [1] (b) [2] (c) [3] (d) [4]
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I. REVIEW OF PARTICIPLES.
I.1. Functions of Participles.
In a sentence, the participle may be part of a verb tense (continuous, perfect), be used as an adjective, or function as
a complement.
Subject complement  The copy machine is broken.
Object complement  The mechanic had my bike fixed.
 I heard them talking about the matter.
Adjective  You need a written confirmation.
 They are one of the leading companies in the business
Postmodifier  Please refer to the information presented in the handbook.
I.2. Present Participles & Past Participles.

The present participle is formed by adding -ing to the base form of a verb, expressing an active meaning.
The past participle of a regular verb ends in -ed and that of an irregular verb is the word in the third column of the
irregular verb list. It indicates a completed action or a passive meaning.
Present participle Active meaning  a fast-growing industry  a leading manufacturer
 long-lasting results
Past participle Passive meaning  trained employees  a chosen field

 actions taken by the manager
I.3. Participles as Adjectives.

Like an adjective, a participle modifies a noun. The past participle (ending in -ed) is used to talk about how someone
feels and the present participle (ending in -ing) is used to talk about the person, thing, or situation which causes the
feeling. Participles are also called participial adjectives.
• Common participial adjectives

boring bored disappointing disappointed
pleasing pleased depressing depressed
exciting excited interesting interested
confusing confused fascinating fascinated
tiring tired surprising surprised
I.4. Participial Phrases.

Two clauses that share the same subject can be shortened by using participial phrases to avoid wordiness.
A present participial phrase is formed from an adverb clause of time, reason, etc. and describes an action that is
secondary to the main action of the sentence.
A clause with a passive verb is reduced to a past participial phrase and is placed directly after (but sometimes before)
the noun it modifies.
35
Examples.
1. Because I felt tired, I didn't want to work overtime.
 Feeling tired, I didn't want to work over time.
2. Because the document was written in Japanese, it couldn't be read by most employees.
 (Being) written in Japanese, the document couldn't be read by most employees.
• Examples of participial phrases

Giving reasons Having no job, Krista couldn't pay her bills.
Two simultaneous actions Traveling around Europe, I met a lot of interesting people.
One action after (After) Talking to my boss, I decided to transfer to the Sales Department.
the other
Having finished the write-up of the report, we wanted to take a day off.
II. PRACTICE.
II.1. Put the word in brackets in the right form to complete the sentence.
1. Please refer to the information _____ in the manual. (provide)
2. Fast & Co. is looking for _____ workers for its Biltmore Branch. (experience)
3. The workshop _____ by the team turned out to be very successful. (prepare)
4. He seemed to be a little _____ when he heard about it. (confuse)
5. The news was so _____ that everyone in the office left early. (depress)
6. We are _____ about the change in our working schedule. (excite)
7. I received a letter _____ me a job. (offer)
8. Did you read the report _____ by me? (write)
9. This is the decision _____ at the board meeting. (make)
10. His presentation is well _____. (organize)
II.2. Sentence completion. Choose the correct answer or answers to complete the sentences given below.
1. It is _____ to see how the new employees get used to the company environment.
(a) interests (b) interesting (c) interested (d) to interest
2. We are _____ to announce that the new cafeteria is opening next Friday.
(a) please (b) pleases (c) pleased (d) pleasing
3. The number of employees _____ in foreign countries is expected to increase.
(a) work (b) worked (c) working (d) being worked
4. The order _____ three days ago has not been processed yet.
(a) place (b) placing (c) to placing (d) placed
5. The presentation _____ in Room 305 will describe a recent change in employee evaluation policies.
(a) shows (b) showing (c) be shown (d) shown
6. After _____ complaints from customers, we decided to cancel the campaign.
(a) repeat (b) repeated (c) repeating (d) to repeat
7. _____ to London, he couldn't find any time to hang out with his friends.
(a) Moving (b) Moved (c) To move (d) Move
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8. _____ into German, the book is not likely to be popular.
(a) Translated (b) Translating (c) Translate (d) To translate
9. _____ the regulations, we made a terrible mistake.
(a) Not understanding (b) Not understood (c) Not to understand (d) No understand
10. _____ the team report, we all went out for dinner and coffee.
(a) Complete (b) To complete (c) Completed (d) Completing
11. After _____ the security system, experts concluded that passwords should be changed on a regular basis.
(a) examine (b) examined (c) examining (d) have examined
12. The book _____ last year impressed a lot of readers.
(a) publish (b) publishes (c) published (d) being published
13. To repair the _____ equipment will cost much more money than we expected.
(a) exist (b) exists (c) existing (d) existed
14. There has been a _____ concern about adopting a new system.
(a) grow (b) grew (c) growing (d) grown
15. For detailed information on the location, please see the _____ map.
(a) enclose (b) enclosure (c) enclosing (d) enclosed
16. The number of people _____ public transportation is increasing.
(a) uses (b) used (c) using (d) to use
17. _____ unemployed, Jessica is having a hard time making ends meet.
(a) Being (b) Have been (c) Be (d) To be
18. Workers are expected to wear newly _____ protective clothing.
(a) purchase (b) purchases (c) purchasing (d) purchased
II.3. TEXT COMPLETION.

Directions: Under each blank are four answer options. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank.
Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following advertisement.
New Opening Hours
We are happy to announce our new ____ [1] opening hours. C-Mart Super-center is now open twenty-four hours to
better serve you. As you probably know, we offer a full line of household products as well as gardening, electronics,
and automotive goods. Our newest service is an OutWest Bank ____ [2] inside the store. ____ [3] In addition, our
full service pharmacy will also be open twenty-four hours a day to make sure you can get the medicine ____ [4] at
any time. We have 2 convenient locations, on Edith Road (downtown) & Academy Boulevard. Hope to see you soon!
1. (a) extend (b) extended (c) extending (d) extension
2. (a) locating (b) location (c) locate (d) located
3. (a) The bank is open every day except Sundays from 9:00-5:00.
(b) The store will provide you with the best service.
(c) The household products are on sale on the weekend.
(d) You will be provided with better services.
4. (a) needing (b) need (c) needed (d) to need
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Questions 1—2 refer to the following form.
1. Why did Ms. Brown visit the hotel?

(a) For vacation (b) For business (c) For academic activities (d) For a charity event
2. What is indicated about the hotel restaurants and bars?
(a) They were not satisfactory. (b) The service there was great.
(c) They were reasonable. (d) They were beyond her expectations.
Question 3 refers to the following notice in a computer manual.
International Communication reserves the right to make improvements in the hardware and software described in
this manual at any time and without notice. The information in this manual may also be revised to reflect changes
in the described product without obligation to notify any person of such changes.
3. This notice gives the company the right _____.

(a) to return software that doesn’t work (b) to request a refund
(c) to make changes without notice (d) to start a new company
38
PART II. QUESTION – RESPONSE.
Directions: In this section you will hear a question or statement followed by three responses. Select the best
response to the question or statement and mark the letter (A), (B), or (C) on your answer sheet. Again, each response
will be spoken only one time and will not be printed in your test paper.
II.1. Question – response: WHO.
“WHO” questions usually ask about a person, a group, an organization, or a job title. Keep in mind that “WHO” questions
are occasionally negative, as in “Who is not coming to the party?”
Examples: Correct responses: Incorrect responses:
(1) (a) I love Ernest Hemingway. (a) My favourite painter is Picasso.
Who is your favourite writer? (b) My favourite writer is Ernest Hemingway. (b) Yes, I like Ernest Hemingway.
(c) Ernest Hemingway. I admire him.
(2) (a) I didn’t. (a) Nobody brought lunch.
Who didn’t finish lunch? (b) John didn’t. (b) Because it tasted awful.
(c) It was John.
II.2. Question – response: WHAT.

The scope of “WHAT” questions, regarding the type of information asked, is quite broad. Attention should therefore be
paid to the vocabulary and grammar in both the questions and the responses. Note that verb tenses and pronouns can
be very important for making the correct choice.
Questions with the question word What are used to ask about costs, time, opinions, colors, weather, etc., and it is also
used as an adjective when a certain noun follows it. When “What” is used as an adjective, the noun coming after it is
very important because it will decide on different types of responses. Therefore, you must listen carefully to the noun
that follows “What”.
(1) (a) They’re for the books. (a) The box was going to be recycled.
What are these boxes for? (b) They are to be used as seats. (b) They were put there yesterday.
(c) To keep old documents in.
(2) (a) He sprained his ankle. (a) He’s about to start college.
What happened to your (b) He caught a cold walking in the rain. (b) Nothing happened to me.
friend? (c) Nothing. Why do you ask?
(3) (a) I have no idea. (a) Yes, I pressed the wrong button.
What seems to be wrong (b) It has run out of paper. (b) We need to get a new coffee machine.
with this photocopier? (c) There is a paper jam.
(4) (a) Let's meet at 3 o'clock. (a) The meeting is postponed.
What time should we (b) How about 11 o'clock? (b) That would be nice.
meet? [What + noun] (c) Anytime you want.
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II.3. Question – response: WHICH.
There are two types of questions starting with "Which": Which + noun & Which of the + plural noun. You must listen
carefully to the noun following "Which" to be able to choose the correct answer.
(1) [Which + noun] (a) The one next to the copy machine. (a) I didn't buy it yet.
Which computer is yours? (b) The one that Sarah is using. (b) You can have it fixed here.
(c) Mine is in the other office.
(2) [Which of the + plural noun] (a) The cheapest one. (a) These monitors are in such
Which of the monitors would you like (b) The newest one. demand.
to purchase? (c) It's hard to decide. (b) We can't afford two.
Practice 1 [ 3-10 ].
Listen to the questions, which are followed by three responses. They are not written out for you. You must listen carefully
to understand what the speakers say. You are to choose the best response to each question.
No Answer No Answer No Answer No Answer No Answer
1 ⒶⒷⒸⒹ 3 ⒶⒷⒸⒹ 5 ⒶⒷⒸⒹ 7 ⒶⒷⒸⒹ 9 ⒶⒷⒸⒹ
Practice 2 (Further practice).

II.4. Question – response: WHEN.

“WHEN” questions always ask about time. Therefore, look for time expressions such as the following:
During, at ….o’clock, ago, on Monday, at night, in the morning, yesterday, next week, in a few days, when, by Friday,
etc. Note that it is sometimes possible to reply to a “WHEN” question using WHEN.
(1) (a) I got it yesterday. (a) I found it on the desk.
When did you get that message? (b) Yesterday morning. (b) I got it from the manager.
(c) Three days ago.
(2) (a) How about six o’clock? (a) How about at a Chinese restaurant?
When would you like to have dinner? (b) Any time you are available. (b) No, thank you. I’m full.
(c) When all the guests arrive.
Attention!
An adverb clause of time starting with a conjunction or a phrase like “Sometime next week”, “Early this month”, or
“Not until next month” may also become the correct answers to questions with “When”.
40
II.5. Question – response: WHERE.
The question word "Where" is used to ask about the location, place, and direction of people or things. Most correct
responses are phrases of place, location or direction such as abroad, downtown, or in/into the meeting room.
When a modal verb like will, can, or should is given in the question, you have to listen to the subject and the main verb
in order to choose the correct response.
(1) (a) At the new salon next door. (a) At a grocery store.
Where did you get your hair cut? (b) I went to Bill’s. (b) I got it cut too short.
(c) At Jill’s, as usual.
(2) (a) Turn right and go three blocks. (a) You’re absolutely right.
Where do we go from here? (b) I think we make the next left. (b) I don’t know how to drive.
(c) Well, let’s take a look at the map.
(3) (a) In the filing cabinet. (a) I can't find it.
Where can I find the quarterly report? (b) Ask the secretary. (b) To the seminar.
[Location] (c) I have no idea.
(4) (a) To the convention center. (a) At the bus terminal.
Where are we heading? (b) We are going to the banquet. (b) I had it before.
[Direction] (c) It's up to you.
II.6. Question – response: WHY.

“WHY” questions usually inquire about the cause or reason for something. They are often found in the negative form.
Remember that answers to these questions often include words like “because” or “due to”, but they may also simply
state the reason. Be careful, though, if you hear “Why don’t you…?” or “Why don’t we…?” The question may in fact be
a suggestion (or an invitation) rather than a request.
1. Why (a) I was not satisfied with the working conditions. (a) I decided to quit my
Why did you quit your job? (b) I found a better one. job.
(reason) (c) I had to work overtime all the time. (b) I believe I did.
2. Why don't you + verb (a) That's a good idea. (a) Because I didn't attend
Why don't you postpone (b) How about just canceling it? it.
the meeting? (suggestion) (c) We need to ask the manager first. (b) I didn't get the agenda.
3. Why don’t we get together (a) Sounds good. (a) I didn’t have the time.
next week? (b) That’s a great idea. (b) The plans have yet to be
(suggestion) (c) OK. How about Wednesday, then? made.
II.7. Question – response: HOW.

There are three types of “HOW” questions:
■ asking about the process by, or manner in, which something is done.
e.g. How did you get here? How are you going to convince him?
41
■ asking about the quality or condition of something.
e.g. How is your work? How is your life these days?
■ combining “HOW” with an adjective or adverb to inquire about the degree, frequency, or quantity of something.
e.g. How much time is left? How quickly did you finish?
1. How + be / auxiliary verb + (a) I called his coworker. (a) He couldn't locate the
subject + main verb (condition, method) (b) I found his phone number. position.
How were you able to contact him? (c) He contacted me first. (b) They were able to get it.
2. How + adjective / adverb (a) Every two months. (a) We contacted the
(frequency, quantity, distance…) (b) Only when there is a problem. technician.
How often do we have those (c) l am not really sure about it. (b) I haven't seen them for
computers checked? quite a long time.
Correct responses to questions With HOW + adjective/adverb vary according to the meaning of the question: “How
many” requires a precise number. “How much” usually mentions a unit of currency (such as dollar). “How long”
usually includes the preposition for plus a period of time. “How often” usually needs an adverb of frequency, e.g.
once, twice, three times, every day/week/month/year.
Practice 3 [ 4-13 ].
Practice 4 (f).

II.8. Question – response: AUXILIARIES.

II.8.1. Yes – no questions.
“Yes-No” questions will ask opinions or preferences, request something, make a suggestion, or make an offer. These
are quite often, but not always, answered with a “yes” or “no”. The questions usually begin with: Are, Is, Do, Does, Did,
Can, Could, Have, Will, Would, May, Shall, or Should. They may also be in the form of tag questions (e.g., You are
coming with us, aren’t you?).
42
1. Verb Be: Is + subject (a) Yes, he is managing it. (a) The survey will be done.
Is Mr. Ito in charge of customer (b) Yes, is there a problem? (b) No, everybody is busy.
service? (c) No, Ms. Taylor is.
2. Ordinary verb: Did + subj + Vo (a) Yes, a technician is on the way here. (a) To upgrade the machine.
Did Tim call someone to repair the (b) I don't think so. (b) No, I said three copies.
copy machine? (c) Yes, that's what he told me.
3. Tag questions. (a) No, I usually take the subway. (a) Sometimes it takes about
You generally take a taxi to work, (b) I used to, but these days I can’t ten minutes.
don’t you? afford it. (b) Yes, I often take a bus to
(c) How did you know that? work.
4. Request: Could you + verb? (a) Sure, as soon as I finish this report. (a) You helped me a lot.
Could you help Lisa organize the (b) I'm afraid I can't. (b) Yes, they are on their way
client files? (c) Of course. No problem. here.
5. Suggestion: Should + subject + Vo (a) I think the current one is fine. (a) Next to the main entrance.
Should we make a new company (b) Yes, I personally think so. (b) No, I majored in art.
logo? (c) Let's ask the PR team.
Attention!
 Remember that the answer choices that repeat the words in the question are mostly incorrect responses.
 On the actual test, the following may also be the correct responses:
Instead of Yes: Sure, No problem, Of course, Certainly, etc.
Instead of No: Sorry, I'm sorry but.... I'm afraid I can't„ I'd be happy to, but, etc.
 An expected response to an affirmative question, a negative one, or a tag question is based on “What is true
to the fact, not on the information in the question or the statement.
Affirmative / Negative question: Did you like it? / Didn't you like it? Affirmation: Yes, I did.
Negation: No, I didn't.
Tag question: You saw her yesterday, didn't you? Affirmation: Yes, I did.
You didn't see her yesterday, did you? Negation: No, I didn't.
II.8.2. Choice questions & Statements.

Choice questions ask you to choose between two alternatives which are always related to each other. Remember that
these questions cannot be answered using “yes” or “no”. Look for the conjunction “or” in the questions.
Statements are the most difficult question type in Part 2 because they may be responded in different ways according to
each particular situation.
(1) Will he be arriving (a) He will get in tonight at about 7:00. (a) Yes, he is going to be here.
tonight or tomorrow? (b) Tomorrow, according to his secretary. (b) He will call us tomorrow.
(c) He didn’t say for sure.
43
(2) (a) I can't wait to read it. (a) I have no time.
The quarterly business report (b) I'm interested in seeing it. (b) Because of the contract.
will be released this week. (c) It should have been released last
Practice 5 [ 5-10 & 6-10 ].


Practice 6 (f).
PART III. SHORT CONVERSATIONS.

Overview: Part 3 of the TOEIC test consists of 39 questions numbered from 32 to 70. You will hear some short
conversations between two (sometimes three) people. You then read three questions about each conversation in your
test book. There are four possible answer choices for each of the questions. Your job is to choose the best answer and
mark the correct letter on your answer sheet. The common topics in this part involve business activities and daily life.
Remember!
 Preview the questions and their answer choices before listening. Before listening, you should preview each set of
three questions about each conversation to predict what you are going to hear.
 Look for the key words in the questions. While previewing the questions, you should identify the key words in each
of them so that you will later focus on the right parts of each conversation while listening.
 Identify rephrased words. Most correct answer choices use paraphrasing, so you should be able to recognize
rephrased statements.
44
 Time yourself. Timing is very important. You must decide on the right answer choices at once. For any question that
you are not sure about the answer, just guess and choose one, then move on to the next question.
III.1. OCCUPATIONS & ACTIVITIES. (WHO & WHAT).

1. Who are the speakers talking about?
(a) a beautician (b) a ticket seller (c) a concert pianist (d) a singer
2. Who will the woman see next?
(a) A bank officer (b) A police officer (c) A cashier (d) A foreman
3. Who are the speakers?
(a) Teachers (b) Police Officers (c) Accountants (d) Travel agents
4. Who is coming this afternoon?
(a) An athlete (b) An accountant (c) A carpenter (d) A math teacher
5. Who is giving advice?
(a) A doctor (b) A waiter (c) An exercise coach (d) An athlete
6. Who is Mr. Gomez?
(a) A bookseller (b) A hotel manager (c) A travel agent (d) A banker
7. What are the speakers doing?
(a) Typing a report (b) Eating lunch (c) Telling the time (d) Cooking
(a) Getting on a bus (b) Waiting for a bus (c) Taking a taxi (d) Paying a fare
9. What is the woman doing?
(a) Buying a ticket (b) Giving directions (c) Going to the bank (d) Paying her taxes
(a) Buying food (b) Getting married (c) Going to a restaurant (d) Eating dinner
11. What is the woman doing?
(a) Having lunch (b) Leaving for home (c) Arriving for a visit (d) Comparing watches
12. What is the man doing?
(a) Taking a taxi (b) Asking for change (c) Riding a bus (d) Buying a train ticket
III.2. TIME & LOCATIONS & REASONS (WHEN & WHERE & WHY).
1. How often are the offices cleaned?
(a) Two times a week (b) Three times a week (c) Once a day (d) Twice a day
2. How long did it take to fix the coffee machine?
(a) All day (b) Two hours (c) All morning (d) Four hours
3. How often has the man tried to call?
(a) Once (b) Once more time (c) Every five minutes (d) Every hour
4. When are the speaker going?
(a) Five o’clock (b) Six o’clock (c) Seven o’clock (d) Eight o’clock
5. When did the woman visit her aunt?
(a) A long time ago (b) Last week (c) Yesterday (d) This morning
45
6. How long will Ms. Ono be away?
(a) One week (b) Two weeks (c) Three weeks (d) Four weeks
7. How long have they been working on the report?
(a) All weekend (b) For two days (c) For a week (d) For three days
8. When did the woman read the e-mail message?
(a) Yesterday (b) This morning (c) After lunch (d) Last night
9. How often do they have a staff meeting?
(a) Every week (b) Every month (c) Every day (d) Every two days
10. Where will the woman return the book?
(a) To the bookstore (b) To the library (c) To her friend (d) To the post office
11. Where are the speakers?
(a) At a restaurant (b) At a hotel (c) At an important company (d) At an airport
12. Where is this conversation taking place?
(a) In Hawaii (b) At a travel agency (c) On a plane (d) In a gift shop
13. Why was Ms. Boggs late?
(a) She had car trouble (b) The bus didn’t stop (c) The bus broke down (d) The train wasn’t on time
14. Why won’t anyone come to the picnic?
(a) It’s raining. (b) (d) It’s not fun. (c) People work on Monday (d) It starts at ten o’clock
15. Why was the man pleased?
(a) The woman finished the memo. (b) The woman is never late.
(c) He has a new desk. (d) He likes to wait.
16. Why won’t the speakers finish the letter today?
(a) They need a new pen. (b) They can’t make it better.
(c) They need five stamps. (d) There’s not enough time.
17. Why can’t the woman sign the memo?
(a) She can’t think. (b) It isn’t typed yet. (c) She doesn’t have time. (d) Her pen doesn’t work.
18. Why can’t the man make copies today?
(a) It’s too late. (b) It’s before noon. (c) The copier is broken. (d) He doesn’t have time.
19. Why did they take Mr. Lee to dinner?
(a) He was hungry. (b) It was his birthday. (c) The restaurant is new. (d) He doesn’t have money.
20. Why did the man return the suit?
(a) It was too expensive. (b) It didn’t fit well. (c) He didn’t like the colour. (d) The collar was too dark.
46
Further Practice.
1. Business activities. [07-01]
Sample conversation Read and listen to the conversation below, paying close attention to the words and
phrases in bold.
M. Can I talk to the assistant manager?
W. He is in a meeting at the moment.
M. It's urgent. I have a lot of things to talk about the sales report.
W. All right. I will see what I can do.
Commonly used expressions

be in a meeting sales figures an increase in sales last quarter
hand in (=submit) on sick leave a decrease in sales sales report
get promoted out of order promotional campaign audit report
Practice. [07-04] Listen to the following conversations and choose the best answer to each question.
1. Why does the man say, "l am not sure"? (a) He is very busy doing some other work.
(b) He is new to the company. (c) Someone else is working on the report.
2. What does the woman suggest doing? (a) Calling a technician again
(b) Getting a new copy machine (c) Keeping the copier for a long time
3. What is going to happen this afternoon? (a) They are going to write up a report.
(b) They are going to meet to discuss a problem. (c) They’re going to ask the sales rep to go over a report.
2 Special events. [07-05]

phrases in bold.
M. You remember the workshop is taking place next Friday, don't you?
W. Is everyone required to attend?
M. I think so.
W. But I am afraid I can't make it to the workshop. I am supposed to give a presentation in San Diego.

take place / be held make it to training session trainer / trainee
give a presentation / speech be scheduled to a keynote speaker organizer
give an award farewell party Q&A session participant
47
1. What does the woman suggest the man do? (a) Organize a conference
(b) Give a speech at a conference (c) Find some good public speakers
2. What are the speakers mainly discussing? (a) A training schedule
(b) An upcoming meeting (c) Preparing for a conference
3. What is the woman preparing? (a) A retirement party for a colleague
(b) A welcome party for a new employee (c) A training course for managers
3. Practice with Actual Questions. [07-09]

Listen to the following conversations and choose the best answer to each question.
1. What problem does the woman have?
(a) She can't print handouts in the office. (b) She is not ready to give a presentation.
(c) The copy store is not open yet. (d) She doesn't have time for lunch.
2. Where is the copy store located?
(a) Next to the bakery (b) On the corner (c) Near the restaurant (d) Across from their building
3. What will the woman do after lunch?
(a) Go to the bakery to get a refund (b) Schedule a workshop for tomorrow morning
(c) Have her handouts printed at the copy store (d) Call a technician to get the printer fixed
4. Why does the woman say, "l can't say for sure"?
(a) She’s not the only one working on the project. (b) She is not familiar with the promotional campaign.
(c) She hasn't talked to Jennifer for weeks. (d) She has no idea what is going on at the company.
5. What is the woman's presentation about?
(a) Sales plans for next year (b) Next year's promotion plans
(c) Presentation skills (d) Management solutions
6. What does the man want the women to do?
(a) Send the materials to the manager (b) Copy the materials for the participants
(c) Send the materials to him (d) Finish the preparation as soon as possible
4. Daily activities (At the shop). [08-01]

phrases in bold.
M. Hello. I would like to place an order for some notepads and pens.
W. How many do you need?
M. I need 50 of each. And I want them no later than next Thursday.
W. I can do that. Do you want me to have them delivered to your office?

have something delivered pay a bill exchange out of stock // in stock
place an order get a refund newly released promotional coupon
make a payment get a discount on sale // for sale new arrivals
48
Practice. [08-04]
1. Where is this conversation taking place?
(a) At a store (b) At a customer service office
(c) At a print shop (d) At a station
2. What does the woman want to do?
(a) Exchange an item (b) Get a refund
(c) Have an item fixed (d) Get a new pair of shoes
3. Look at the graphic. Where does the man want to go next?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
5. Daily activities (At the restaurant). [08-05]

phrases in bold.
M. I booked a table for three. The reservation is under the name of Sarah Chang.
W. Sorry, but your table isn't quite ready yet. Would you mind waiting at the bar?
M. Of course not. We are not in a hurry.

have a meal dine main course refreshment
make a reservation grab a bite to eat beverage party
book a table appetizer cafeteria steamed / grilled
1. Where is the conversation taking place?
(a) At a grocery store (b) At a restaurant (c) At a doctor's office (d) At a cooking class
2. What is the man complaining about?
(a) Overcooked food (b) Loud music (c) A dirty table (d) Too many people
3. Look at the graphic. What is the woman going to order?
49
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

1. Who most likely is the man?
(a) A bank teller (b) A salesclerk (c) A customer (d) A travel agent
2. Where did the woman get her clothes?
(a) From a department store (b) From another clothing store
(c) From her coworker (d) From her friend
3. Look at the graphic. Where is the woman going to go next?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
4. What is the purpose of the man's call?

(a) To complain about the service (b) To confirm an order
(c) To cancel an order (d) To reschedule a meeting
5. Why does the man need food?
(a) For a company banquet (b) For a luncheon
(c) For a retirement party (d) For a reception
6. Where will the woman leave the food?
(a) In a lobby (b) In an office (c) In a meeting room (d) In a cafeteria
7. At public places (At the hotel). [09-01]

Most conversations taking place at the hotel are between a receptionist and guests. They involve hotel booking, checking
in, checking out, using hotel facilities, etc. Before each conversation is played, you should make use of this short time
to read the questions and also identify the key words to guess what the conversation is about. Then you should listen
carefully and choose the best answers to each set of questions.
phrases in bold.
50
M. I have a reservation. It's under the name of Mark Nelson.
W. Hold on a second. You booked a single room with a city view for three nights. Breakfast is included, and
your room is equipped with a smartphone which provides unlimited local and international calls and Internet
access.
M. That will be very handy. What is not included then?
W. If you consume anything from the minibar, it will be charged to your credit card.

have a reservation book a room accommodations public transportation
be equipped with be charged minibar under the name of
reserve cancelation continental breakfast within walking distance
1. How often does the shuttle bus run?
(a) Every 10 minutes (b) Every 20 minutes (c) Every 30 minutes
2. What does the man want to do?
(a) Reserve a room (b) Cancel a reservation (c) Pay for breakfast
3. What will the woman most likely do next?
(a) Go to the nearest bank (b) Walk to a tourist sight (c) Buy a transportation pass
8. At public places (At the airport). [09-05]

Typical conversations taking place at the airport are about checking in, looking for lost baggage, going through customs,
using in-flight facilities, etc. If you are familiar with commonly used phrases like baggage claim, boarding pass, airline
counters, and jet lag, you can easily understand the conversations and will be able to choose correct answers.
phrases in bold.
W. Please put your bags on the conveyor belt and your shoes in the basket.
M. Do I need to take my laptop out of my backpack?
W. Yes, you do. Do you have anything like keys or coins in your pockets?
M. I don't think so.
W. Then you're set. Now you can walk through the metal detector.

passport conveyor belt immigration be set
metal detector final destination connecting flight pick up luggage
boarding pass baggage claim passenger check in bags
1. What does the woman offer to do?
(a) Lend the man a pen (b) Give the man a souvenir (c) Serve the man an in-flight meal
51
2. How many suitcases does the man check in?
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three
3. What problem does the man mention?
(a) A flight cancelation (b) Missing baggage (c) Overweight suitcases

1. What is the woman's problem?
(a) Her flight is delayed. (b) Her bags are oversized.
(c) Her flight is canceled. (d) Her luggage is missing.
2. What does the man mean when he says, "Don't worry too much though"?
(a) The staff is helpful. (b) The problem can happen to anybody.
(c) The problem can be resolved. (d) The problem has already been reported.
3. What will the woman probably do next?
(a) Call a travel agency (b) Reserve a hotel room
(c) Speak to an airline employee (d) Go to a different terminal
4. Where most likely does the conversation take place?
(a) At a clothing shop (b) At a dry-cleaner's
(c) At a ceremony (d) At a hotel reception desk
5. What is mentioned about a rental service?
(a) It is not offered. (b) It is highly recommended.
(c) The service is closed. (d) It is the quickest in the area.
6. What will the woman probably do next?
(a) Make up a room (b) Rent some formal clothes
(c) Give the man a ride to a ceremony (d) Get a shirt dry-cleaned
52
List of resources.
1. TOEIC PREPARATION LC + RC (Volume 1)
Park Hye Young & Jeon Ji Won
2. TOEIC ANALYST (Second Edition) &
STARTER TOEIC (Third Edition)
(Mastering TOEIC Test-Taking Skills)
Anne Taylor & Casey Malarcher
3. TOEIC ACADEMY & CAMPUS TOEIC
Jim Lee & Sandy Cho
4. BARRON’S TOEIC TEST (4th Edition)
Dr. Lin Lougheed
5. DEVELOPING SKILLS for the TOEIC TEST.
Paul Edmunds & Anne Taylor
6. NEW ENGLISH FILE 1,2, 3 (Pre-Intermediate & Intermediate level]

Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-koenig
Paul Seligson - Oxford University Press
7. LONGMAN PREPARATION SERIES FOR THE TOEIC TEST
(THIRD EDITION) - INTERMEDIATE COURSE
Lin Lougheed
8. GRAMMAR POWER
Simon & Schuster. Kaplan Publishing 2017
9. ADVANCED ENGLISH PRACTICE
B.D. Graver – Oxford University Press
10. BUSINESS LISTENING & SPEAKING
David Riley - Longman Business English
11. TARGET TOEIC [UPGRADING TOEIC TEST-TAKING SKILLS] – Anne Taylor
12. UNDERSTANDING & USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Betty Schrampfer Azar / Donald A . Azar - Prentice Hall Regents
13. BARRON’S 600 ESSENTIAL WORDS FOR THE TOEIC
Dr. Lin Lougheed
14. BUSINESS LANGUAGE PRACTICE.
John Morrison Milne Editor : Jimmie Hill
15. LANGUAGE REFERENCE FOR BUSINESS ENGLISH
Nick Brieger And Jeremy Comfort –
Prentice-Hall International English Language Teaching.
16. NEW CLIFFS TOEFL - PREPARATION GUIDE
Michael A. Pyle & Mary Ellen Munoz Page
17. BUSINESS REPORTS IN ENGLISH
Jeremy Comfort – Rod Revell – Chris Stott
53
18. BUSINESS OBJECTIVES
Anna Phillips & Terry Phillips - Oxford University Press
19. MODERN BUSINESS ENGLISH ( EIGHTH EDITION )
Price R. Voiles - Glencoe Macmilan / Mcgraw-Hill
20. HOW ENGLISH WORKS
Michael Swan & Catherine Walter – Oxford University Press
21. HANDSHAKE ( A COURSE IN COMMUNICATION )
Peter Viney & Karen Viney – Oxford University Press
22. A UNIVERSITY COURSE IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Angela Downing & Philip Locke. Prentice-Hall Int’l Eng Language Teaching.
23. SPEAKING NATURALLY [Communication Skills in American English]
Bruce Tillitt & Mary Newton Bruder – Cambridge University Press
24. SAY IT NATURALLY [Verbal Strategies for Authentic Communication]
Allie Patricia Wall –Holt, Rinehart and Winston
25. LISTEN UP
John McClintock & Börje Stern – Heinemann
26. ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC USES.
Judith-Anne Adams& Margaret A. Dwyer. – Prentice- Hall, Inc.
27. COLLINS COBUILD ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Collins Publishers. London.
28. OXFORD GUIDE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR

John Eastwood – Oxford University Press
29. GRAMMAR IN PLAIN ENGLISH

Harriet Diamond and Phyllis Dutwin
30. IN AT THE DEEP END.

Vicky Hollett – Roger Carter –
Liz Lyon – Emma Tanner;
Oxford University Press.
54

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 POSTS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

Unit 2 Adjectives & Adverbs 11

Unit 3 Verb Tense 17

Part III. Short Conversation 45

Part III. Further Practice 47

List of resources 53-54

NB: To express a particular quantity, NCN may be preceded by “UNIT EXPRESSION”.

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY. USED WITH “C.N.” USED WITH “N.C.N”

_____ [1] a, an, every, one, each, another + ….. [4]

a little, much, less, a great deal of + ….. [5]

I.4. Formation of nouns from verbs by adding different suffixes.

II.2. Reflexive pronouns.

III.2. Text completion.

1. (a) all of (b) an amount of (c) some (d) a little

5. (a) I // she (b) She // me (c) We // her (d) Her // us

II.3. Reading comprehension.

FISHER COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY

1. When do employees do their best work?

4. The academic year is

To: Fresh Food Deliveries Ltd.

7. What is the purpose of this piece of information?

Functions Positions Examples

I.2. Functions & Positions of Adverbs.

Functions Positions Examples

Modifying An adverb adverb + adverb I asked him a question very nicely.

I.3. Special adjectives & adverbs.

Adjectives and adverbs hard exam fast runner late lunch

I.4. Forms & Uses of Comparisons of adjectives & adverbs.

More-than-one-syllable adjectives comfortable as comfortable as more comfortable most comfortable

Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y easy as easy as easier easiest

Adverbs ending in -ly slowly as slowly as more slowly most slowly

Irregular adjectives/adverbs good / well as good as better best

II.3. Sentence completion.

II.5. Reading comprehension.

Questions 3-6 refer to the following table.

Inter-City Europe Rail time Air time

3. Which city is closest to Paris by air?

Wine Consumption Liters per head

7. The Spanish drink ______ wine ______ the Greeks.

I.1. Present Simple & Past Simple

I.2. Continuous tenses.

I.4. Future Simple & Future Perfect.

II.3. Sentence completion.

Questions 5 through 8 refer to the following letter,

Dear Ms. Whitfield,

5. (a) have (b) needed (c) had (d) must

1. What is the purpose of this announcement?

Questions 4-9 refer to the following story.

4. Why couldn’t Neil give the flowers to his mother himself?

Questions 10 – 12 refer to the following report.

Example: We / are very worried / about a huge decline / in our turnover.

II.2. Sentence completion.

II.3. Text completion.

II.4. Reading comprehension.

1. What is being announced?

I.2. To - infinitive as a Noun

I.3. To - infinitive as an Adjective.

I.4. To - infinitive as an Adverb.

II.3. Sentence completion.

II.4. Text completion.

II.5. Reading comprehension.

7. The Spanish drink wine the Greeks.