JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

The Premiere University in Zamboanga del Norte

Main Campus, Dapitan City

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PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STREET FOOD VENDORS IN DAPITAN
CITY

A Research
presented to
the Faculty of the College of Business Administration
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga Del Norte
Main Campus, Dapitan City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

JERALYN L. ABITONA
YOKIV B. BICOY
JANE CLAIRE S. DAGAYLOAN
MARIA NATHALEA CHARMIE Y. DEBANGCO
KATHERINE B. SAYRE

December 2022

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 Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga Del Norte
Main Campus, Dapitan City

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STREET FOOD
VENDORS IN DAPITAN CITY” prepared and submitted by JERALYN L.
ABITONA, YOKIV B. BICOY, JANE CLAIRE S. DAGAYLOAN, MARIA
NATHALEA
CHARMIE Y. DEBANGCO, and KATHERINE SAYRE in partial fulfilment for the
degree Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management, has been examined, and is
recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Defense.

LOVELLE P. PALLEGA, DBA (CAR)

Adviser

APPROVED by the PANEL OF EXAMINERS ON ORAL DEFENSE on

December 22, 2022 with a rating of PASSED.

JAN JACOB C. SOLON, DBA (CAR)

Chairman

JANVEN A. GRANFON, CPA, DBA (CAR) APRIL R. JUMAWAN, DBA

Panel Member Panel Member

Accepted and approved by the Associate Dean of the College of Business

Administration in partial fulfilment for the degree Bachelor of Science in Hospitality
Management.

AMIEL B. ANDIAS, DPA, DBA

CBA – Main – Associate Dean
Date signed:

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 PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STREET FOOD VENDORS IN DAPITAN
CITY
Abstract

Street vending is integral in the urban economy. It has provided livelihood for the

urban poor, as well as provide the necessities of the community. Most of the street

vendors have low turnovers, and most of the time their daily turnovers is unstable.

Because of this, certain problems has aroused, and becoming more prevalent over the

years.

This study was participated by 100 respondents, all were street vendors of

Dapitan City, located along Dapitan Boulevard, JRMSU-Main campus street, and

elementary and high school areas. Findings of this paper identified the problems

encountered by street vendors. The problems were (1) marketing trend, (2) environmental

problems, (3) social security, (4) storage of unsold goods, (5) people-related problems;

and prospects were (6) financial/economical, (7) support from LGU, (8) awareness on

street vending policy, (9) customer expectation, and (10) facility-related problems. The

researchers therefore conclude the importance of street vending, as well as the importance

of identifying the underlying problems of street vendors so policy-makers and

stakeholders have basis on programs and assistance extended to the informal sector.

Keywords: problems, prospects, street vendors

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 DEDICATION

This research is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents, our foremost

inspiration in pursuing this study towards the attainment of our personal as well as our

goal as a team. Without their moral and financial support this would not be possible.

To our adviser, Ms. Lovelle P. Pallega for his support and guidance in the

success of this study.

To our beloved families and friends who have extended their support in a number

of ways from the beginning up to this end.

To the future researchers who will be benefited from this study.

Beyond everything, to the Almighty God who is giving us the knowledge,

strength, supplies, and good health to complete this research paper during this COVID-19

pandemic.

THE RESEARCHERS

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research becomes a reality with the kind support and help of many individuals.

We, the researchers, would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

First and foremost, we want to offer this endeavour to our Almighty God for the

wisdom He bestowed upon us, the strength, peace of mind and good health in order to

finish this research.

To Ms. Lovelle P. Pallega, our Hospitality Management Research paper adviser,

for imparting her knowledge and offering meaningful advice that guide us for the better

results of the study.

Also, we give thanks to our parents for their unconditional love, prayers,

understanding and for sharing their wisdom that inspire us to push beyond our limits and

as well as giving their financial and moral support.

Lastly, we acknowledge our respondents who participated and gave us their

precious time in the survey that we conducted as part of our data gathering procedures.

Their time and efforts contributed a lot to this research study.

THE RESEARCHERS

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ABSTRACT iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction 1

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 4

Statement of the Problem 7

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 9

Operational Definition of Terms 10

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34

Research Method 34

Research Environment 34

Research Respondents 35

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 Research Instrument 36

Validation of Research Instrument 36

Data Gathering Procedure 36

Scoring Procedures 37

Statistical Treatment Data 37

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39

5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 51

Conclusion 56

Recommendations 56

REFERENCES x

APPENDICES

A Research Instrument xvi

B Curriculum Vitae xx

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No.: Page

1 Age of the Respondents 39

2 Gender of the Respondents 39

3 Civil Status of the Respondents 40

4 Educational Attainment of the Respondents 40

5 Category of Street Food Owned/Managed by the Respondents 41

6 Number of Years in Operation by the Respondents 41

7 Average Monthly Income of the Respondents 42

8 Number of Food Handlers 42

9 Stall Location of the Respondents 43

10 Marketing Trend Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 44

11 Environmental Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 45

12 Social Security Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 45

13 Storage of Unsold Goods Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 46

14 People Related Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 47

15 Financial/Economic Challenges Encountered by the

Respondents 48

16 Support from LGU to the Respondents 49

17 Awareness of Street Vending Policies by the Respondents 49

18 Customer Expectation Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 50

19 Facility Related Challenges Encountered by the Respondents 50

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure No.: Page

1 The Schematic Diagram of the Study 6

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Street vending is an important part of the urban informal economy in developing

nations. For starters, it is crucial in meeting the fundamental necessities (particularly

food) of the metropolitan population. Because most street vendors' products are less

expensive than those available in restaurants or shops (Martnez et al., 2017; Wegerif,

2020), large segments of the urban population consume them, particularly low-income

groups and those who do not have time to prepare meals. Second, for the poor,

uneducated, low-skilled, and immigrant individuals, street vending can be a survival

strategy or a source of employment and income (Sekhani et al., 2019; Truong, 2018).

Tourists may also learn about local culture and enjoy food and cuisine culture from street

sellers (Huynh-Van et al., 2022).

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused enormous detrimental impacts on a global

scale. Street vendors are one of the most heavily affected groups since they lack the skills

and resources to overcome shocks. The informal economy refers to economic activities

that take place outside of official supervision but do not include the provision of unlawful

products or services (Thanh and Duong, 2022). The informal sector's characteristics

encompass ease of entry, family ownership, reliance on local or indigenous resources,

small-scale but labor-intensive production, the use of adaptive technologies, under-

skilling or lack of formal training, tax evasion, labor code evasion, and unregistered

status (Chen, 2020). As a result, whereas the formal market is often rule-based,

organized, clear, and predictable, the informal market lacks these characteristics or is

dominated by the poor (Rigon et al., 2020).

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 Lockdowns and limited mobility of people not only harmed the economy, but also

harmed the country's poorest and most vulnerable citizens. Street sellers are among the

most vulnerable members of society (Balbuena and Skinner, 2020). According to Laing

(2020) street vendors, who are part of the informal sector of society, struggle every day to

earn a living and satisfy their basic necessities, making them one of society's most

disadvantaged groups. The epidemic exacerbated the street sellers' predicament by

destroying their livelihood and pushing them deeper into poverty. The pandemic of

COVID-19 has directly impacted informal sector workers such as street vendors (Rakshit

& Basistha, 2020). Many nations have implemented social separation or lockdown

measures to combat the epidemic, which socioeconomically damage all economic

sectors, including the informal sector (Chen, 2020; Rakshit & Basistha, 2020). Such

interruptions have imposed a financial strain on street sellers, who lack the necessary

skills, resources, coping techniques, and mitigating mechanisms (Sisay et al., 2021; Thai

et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021).

First, these vendors experienced a reduction in purchasing power since their

customers suffered from income shock, limited going out, and/or fear of infection from

direct human contact (Nasution et al., 2021; Thanh et al., 2021). Second, vendors might

have been restricted or prohibited from doing business (Sisay et al., 2021; Wegerif,

2020). For example, public places where vendors sold their goods were shut down,

resulting in few or no customers (Nasution et al., 2021; Turner et al., 2021). Additionally,

some vendors could not go to their selling locations due to public transportation

shutdowns (Dzawanda et al., 2021). Third, street vending is generally a low-cost and

simple business model, which makes it a competitive market with free entry (Maneepong

and Walsh, 2013).

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Therefore, in a time of crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, many formal workers have

become unemployed, with some becoming street vendors as the last resort to maintain

their livelihood (Allison et al., 2021). Accordingly, both old and new vendors could not

avoid competing against one another for space and customers (Narayanan and Saha,

2021). Fourth, street vendors often lack technological skills and devices, as well as

professional skills (Thanh et al., 2021), which prevents them from adopting modern sales

methods (e.g., online or phone sales).

In the Philippines, 85% of street vendors ceased operations. People are required to

stay at home, and each household is permitted to have one runner who will use the

quarantine pass to acquire supplies and food. Others have been sidetracked in obtaining

their wants and gratifying their appetites through internet applications. The government

laid out policies to mitigate the rapid growth of infected individuals. However, the street

vending system has been impacted by these policies drastically (Shinozaki and Rao,

2021). This study primarily sought to identify the problems that the street vendors of

Dapitan City faces in times of the pandemic - particularly problems associated with, (1)

financial/economic, (2) support from the local government unit, (3) market demand, (4)

environmental, and finally, (5) social security, (6) storage of unsold goods, (7) people

related challenges, (8) awareness of street vending policy, (9) customer expectation

challenges, and finally, (10) facility-related challenges. Additionally, the researchers

attempted to find the difference between the problems vendors typically faces when

grouped according to profile, as well as to find the relationship between the problems

they encounter and how they cope with their adversities. The researchers believed

that the findings of this study will help in formulating programs that will assist the

informal sector.

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Conceptual Framework

This study was conceptualized through the study of Kiran and Babu (2019). In

their study, it was acknowledged that street vending is an integral part of urban economy.

It has contributed greatly to the urban community as well as the vibrancy of traditional

local spots. As well as its provision of ready-made meals for the middle-income and low-

income groups, thus has been patronized by all walks of life regardless of age

(Dzawanda, 2021). However, several other literatures has established that street vendors

are most commonly comprised of individuals that lacks education, skills, and trainings,

thus, opted in street vending to meager the adversities of life (Rakshit and Basistha,

2020).

Street vending has been present since time immemorial, even became witnessed

of the changing developments of countries. Moreover, despite its advantages, it was also

seen in the study of Kiran and Babu (2019) that street vendors has been facing numerous

problems. In this paper, the researchers investigate the problems associated with street

vending. One of the most prevalent problems aroused is financial/economical problems.

According to Chen (2020), street vendors have minimal to low income, and oftentimes

turnovers are unstable, because of these, they were unable to access loans, or they will

only be offered with minimal loan. Additionally, street vendors are mostly unregistered

and prefers being off the grid by the authorities, this makes them unable to avail

government programs, and further support from the LGU. They also suffer from

marketing trend that includes great competition as street vending has been growing over

the years, as well as the emergence of online selling which generally decreases their

income. According to the findings of Torky and Heath (2021), street selling contributes

significantly to the vitality and appeal of the London market. People tolerate street

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vendors because they provide

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numerous advantages to the energy and liveliness of the urban environment; nonetheless,

they can occasionally impede pedestrian and public mobility in the region, thus, leading

to lack of market and high competition in which comprises the environmental problems

investigated in this study. Moreover, since street vendor are often off the grid, they were

not entitled to social security, thus imposes risks to their security as well as robbery

problems. Street sellers are usually mobile, they move from places to places looking for

customers, thus storage of unsold goods has become a huge issue among vendors.

Additionally, they were often subjected to harassment, extortion, and eviction, this may

lead to people-related problems that includes bribes to authority to secure their location.

Amongst the problems street vendors encounter is the lack of knowledge or awareness

on street vending policies, in some cases it leads to citation, or even arrests. Additionally,

customer behaviour has been found in the study of Nasution et al., (2021) that customer

expectations are becoming among the most common problems vendors are associated to.

Street vendors are eager to cater the needs of their customer, this caused them to become

more volatile. Finally, street vendors are most commonly moving from one location to

another, this denies them to facilities, such as electrify and water, which is vital in their

businesses.

Research Gap

The problems and prospects of the street vendors in other studies were not

clarified which is needing a further research and it is important to address these in order

for the street vendors, government agencies and authorities to take actions of the

recommended solutions.

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 This paper sought to identify the problems encountered and prospects by street

vendors of Dapitan City. The figure below represents the schema of the study.

Figure 1. Schema of the Study

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Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Problems and Prospects of Street Food Vendors in

Dapitan City” sought to determine primarily the challenges of street vendors in Dapitan

City, ZN. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of Street Vendors in Dipolog City Boulevard in

terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Highest Educational Attainment;

1.5 Category of Street Food;

1.6 Number of Years in Operation;

1.7 Average Monthly Income;

1.8 Number of Food Handlers; and

1.9 Stall Location?

2. What are the problems experienced by street vendors in Dapitan City, in terms of:

a. market demand;

b. environmental;

c. social security;

d. storage of unsold goods; and

e. people related challenges?

3. What are the prospects of street food vendors in Dapitan City

a. financial/economic

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 b. support from the local government unit;

c. awareness of street vending policy;

d. customer expectation challenges; and

e. facilities needed?

4. Based on the findings, what action plan can be recommended for the study?

Significance of the Study

In the urban areas of low- and middle-income countries, the non-agricultural

informal sector has played and still plays a significant role. This sector is a major source

of employment and earnings, constituting a large percentage of urban economies in

developing countries (Martínez et al., 2017). In urban areas, informal workers typically

include the self-employed working at home, on the streets, or in the open air; salaried

laborers in informal enterprises or their clients' homes; unpaid family workers; casual or

day laborers (Chen, 2012; Thanh and Duong, 2022). In developing countries, street

vending is an important element of the urban informal economy (Bhowmik, 2012), as

well as plays significant role in the employment creations.

Thus, the present study is deemed beneficial to the following.

Street Vendors. The outcome of this research will help them identify and cope

with the challenges that they have encountered in times of crisis.

LGU. The outcome of this study will enlighten the government on how to help

the street vendors, as well as, helps in the formulation of government programs that will

assists the needs of the informal sector.

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 DTI. The outcome of this study will help DTI design projects that would help

street vendors in making their products moving despite the existing uncertain times like

the pandemic.

DOLE. The outcome of this study will help Department of Labor and

Employment in designing and providing projects and jobs for displaced street vendors.

Also, they can extend help in making the street vendors’ businesses work out despite

uncertain times like the pandemic.

Researchers. The findings of this study will be a basis for future academic

undertakings related to the challenges of street vendors and the coping strategies they

practice to rise above the adversities.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study carried out in the streets of Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte. The

primary gathering of data was a questionnaire adopted from Kiran and Babu (2019) for

the challenges encountered by street vendors. The respondents of this study was limited

to 100 street vendors. Data gathering occurred on the dates of November 28 to 30, 2022.

Data were retrieved and consolidated thereafter. Other factors contributing to the

challenges encountered of the street vendors other than financial/economic, support from

the LGU, marketing demands, environmental problems, social security, storage of unsold

goods, people-related problems, awareness of street vending policy, customer

expectations problems, and facility-related problems are excluded from the study.

Additionally, the cited related literatures and studies were limited to those

published within five years, 2016 to 2021 only.

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Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally in order to fully understand the

study:

Awareness of Street Vending Policy. In this paper, it refers to the extent of

knowledge of street vendors on street vending policies imposed by the authority.

Coping Strategies. As used in this study means the techniques done by the stall

owners or street vendors in coping up the challenges they encountered. In this study,

coping strategies and mitigation mechanisms refer to a wide range of actions and

measures that street vendors have adopted in response to reductions in business and

consumption.

Customer Expectations Problems. This refers to the challenges associated with

customer expectations.

Facility-related Problems. This refers to problems arising from the lack of

access to necessary facilities such as electricity and water.

Environmental Problems. In this paper, it is used to describe the problems in

relation to the environment faced by vendors of Dapitan City.

Financial/Economic Problems. This refers to challenges encountered by street

vendors in relation to their finances and turnovers.

Informal Sector. Are group of people classified as middle to low income to poor.

Particularly in this study, are those whose livelihood is through street vending.

Market Demands. This refers to the numerous trends of the market that allows

sellers to attract customers when the demand is met.

People-related Problems. Refers to the problems encountered by street vendors

that is caused by citizens or member of the community they used to sell their products at.

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 Social Security. Refers to the threat/risks involving street selling imposed by the

public.

Storage of Unsold Goods. This term refers to the keeping locations of the goods

or products that were not sold by the sellers.

Street Vendors. As used in this study are the suppliers or sellers that are situated

in the streets or in open air.

Support from the LGU. This refers to schemes and programs by the government

to intervene with the problems associating the informal sector.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

For further understanding of the study, the researcher used different reading

materials related to their studies. These materials such as books, newspapers and other

web articles are essential in broadening the knowledge of the researcher. These will also

guide the research to achieve their target objectives by getting ideas on the other related

studies and make improvement as possible.

Marketing Demands Problems

Poverty and a lack of productive employment in rural regions and small

towns push a big number of individuals to seek work and a living in cities. These

persons typically have inadequate skills and lack the knowledge necessary for

higher-paying work in the organized sector. Furthermore, permanent protected

positions in the organized sector are disappearing, so even individuals with the

necessary qualifications are unable to obtain suitable work. Work in the informal

economy is the only way for many individuals to survive (Kiran and Babu, 2019).

According to Sisay et al., (2021), most vendors on the street work nearly

10 hours a day. Most of them require up to 5 hours of preparatory time every day.

It entails going to wholesale markets for vegetable merchants and then sorting and

cleaning the veggies. During their working hours, vendors face several challenges

from members of the public and police officers. They are not sheltered from

dangerous weather conditions such as heat, rain, and dust, and there are no storage

facilities. The uncertainty of site allocation makes it difficult for street sellers to

wheel vending carts from one spot to another on damaged roadways. Street sellers

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also confront issues such as a lack of shelter and storage space (Kurniawati, W.

2012; Sisay et al., 2021).

Environmental Problems

According to Kiran and Babu (2019) because of their poor level of

education and abilities, street sellers are frequently people who are unable to

obtain regular work in the remunerative formal sector. They try to tackle their

financial difficulties with their meager cash resources. They are the primary

distribution route for a wide range of items used in our everyday lives. Street

vendors have several challenges since they are a vulnerable group that is not

protected by the government, NGOs, labor unions, or any labor regulation. They

are deprived due to labor union rules enacted by the government. Because of

fluctuating market prices and insecure and irregular employment, street vendors

are always competing with other street vendors. Their earnings are frequently low,

and their sales are volatile. Thus, problems associated with regards to the

environment is commonly encountered by most street vendors (Suryanto et al.,

2020).

In contrast to the automated and sterile image of shopping espoused by

modern market and supermarket architecture, social connection is essential in

Indian marketplaces (Kiran and Babu, 2019). The merchants must deal with

several authorities, including the municipal corporation, police, regional

development authorities, district administration and so on. This results in

exploitation and extortion. In many circumstances, the good activities of one

authority are offset by the actions of others (Rakshit and Basistha, 2020). Vendors

are part of the business community; every client is essential, and every day

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counts. This discourages the

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creation of effective and powerful associations since merchants only engage when

they face eviction (Torky and Heath, 2021).

According to the findings of Torky and Heath (2021), street selling

contributes significantly to the vitality and appeal of the London market. People

tolerate street vendors because they provide numerous advantages to the energy

and liveliness of the urban environment; nonetheless, they can occasionally

impede pedestrian and public mobility in the region.

There is still a global difficulty when it comes to getting adequate job.

People participate in informal labor owing to a lack of opportunity,

unemployment, poverty, and other causes, according to current study (Sepadi and

Nkosi, 2022). This highlights the urgency of tackling the issue of informality in

the work sector, which is projected to affect roughly two billion people globally,

including those aged 15 and above. Informal work is most common in Africa, the

Arab world, Asia, and the Pacific. The sale of goods or the providing of services

purely for the goal of employment and revenue creation for the individual

concerned are examples of informal sector activities (Vignola and Oosterveer,

2022).

According to Kiran and Babu (2019), the government rarely acknowledges

the efforts of street sellers. Instead, the government is frequently antagonistic

against them. This is the outcome of a larger problem affecting the informal

economy as a whole. The informal sector is relatively substantial in most Asian

nations, and it is the backbone of the economy. In addition to the exclusion from

accessing employment in the formal sector, they are also excluded from the

benefits a city usually provides. They encounter several inequalities in both

1
personal and

1
professional space (Bhattacharjee, 2020). If we look closer, street vendors are the

‘invisible’ entrepreneurs—unfortunately without protection nor recognition

despite their huge contributions to the local and national economic development,

including paying taxes (Torky and Healh, 2021).

Social Security Problems

Social security benefits include medicare, sickness and maternity benefits,

job injury, incapacity and survivor's compensation, and old age pensions, among

other things (ILO 2000; Saha 2017). In emerging nations like India, social

protection programs will almost probably focus on lowering vulnerability and

intolerable levels of deprivation. Dreze and Sen (1991) as per cited by Martinez et

al., (2017) attempt to differentiate two components of social security by

describing the use of social mechanisms to avoid deprivation and vulnerability.

The role of social security policies in developing countries must be extended to

‘prevention’ against increases in deprivation and the ‘promotion’ of better

chances of individual development (Guhan, 1994; Saha, 2017). The primary focus

of social security is to strengthen and safeguard people's skills to be sufficiently

nourished in order to avoid avoidable disease and mortality.

Despite their contributions, efficient social protection provision remains a

major concern in many lower-middle-income nations, as many are excluded from

the social protection system. Street sellers may be found in every city and capital

across the world, particularly in Asia (Phean, 2021). Moreover, to resolve this

street seller's plight, Instead of washing them away from the street, Cambodia

should provide them with access to social protection schemes including health

insurance,

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access to affordable child care services, provision of proper locations for street

business and clean working places, access to affordable financial services, and

information on public health and food safety.

Street vendors play a vital role in delivering services to the urban

populace, particularly the impoverished. Street selling and small trade activities,

which are at the heart of the informal economic sectors in developing countries,

allow to generate revenue with minimal financial capital input and without

requiring a substantial human capital.

Storage of Unsold Goods

Food waste is a worldwide problem. It shows no indications of abating and

has economic, environmental, and societal ramifications. However, as has long

been noted, there is increasing waste at all levels of the food chain (Piera et al.,

2018). According to the European Union, "food waste" is defined as "all

foodstuffs tossed away from the supply chain of food for economic or aesthetic

reasons or due to the nearness of the 'use by' date, but which are still perfectly

edible and fit for human consumption and, in the absence of any alternative use,

are eventually eliminated and disposed of, generating negative externalities from

an environmental perspective, economic costs, and a loss of revenue for

businesses." Food waste occurs in the early stages of the food chain, such as post-

harvest, owing to financial, structural, storage, and transportation constraints,

accounting for 4- 16% of total waste in low-income nations. Food waste is

especially prevalent in the latter stages of the food chain in middle-high income

nations (Gustavvsson et al., 2015; Piera et al., 2018).

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 The street vendors are the unorganised workers offering goods and

commodities to the public. Street vendors are the self-employed category of the

unorganised sector. Street vendors are the most deprived category self-employed

worker category (DebdulalSaha, 2011; Dhamodharan, 2019) They sell almost

everything starts with vegetable, cooked food, fish, plastic items, electrical &

electronics items, garments and the list goes on.

The majority of street sellers are drawn from marginalized illiterate

populations. They frequently travel to towns and cities owing to poverty and a

lack of opportunities nearby. When they migrate, the question of adaptation and

adjustment arises (Kesumasari, 2020). They reside in low-cost housing with few

amenities near vending zones. In certain circumstances, people live beyond the

city borders and rely on public transportation. Thus, transportation and storage is

a big issue for street vendors (Dhamodharan, 2019).

People-related Problems

According to Torky and Heath (2021) low entrance hurdles, low start-up

expenses, and flexible hours are among the elements that attract street sellers to

the employment. Many people turn to street selling because they are unable to

obtain work in the official sector. However, thriving as a street seller necessitates

a certain level of ability. In many cities, sellers compete fiercely for street space

and access to clients. Furthermore, suppliers must be able to effectively deal with

wholesalers and customers. Street trading can be a sustainable source of income,

but earnings are modest and hazards are considerable for many vendors,

particularly those selling fresh fruits and vegetables (Roever 2014). For people

who labor on the

1
streets, having an unsafe workplace is a major issue. Storage problems, theft, and

stock damage are all prevalent problems. Street commerce by-laws can be

unclear, and permits can be difficult to obtain, leaving many street sellers exposed

to harassment, seizure, and eviction.

According to Jaishankar and Sujatha (2016) because of fluctuating market

pricing and precarious and intermittent employment, street sellers are continually

competing with other street vendors. Their earnings are frequently low, and their

sales are volatile. Another reason for street sellers' lower income is because they

are obliged to pay 15 to 20% of their daily earnings as bribes to local police or

authorities. Street sellers are frequently persecuted, live in fear, and operate in

deplorable circumstances with little access to infrastructure. They confront issues

such as eviction, bribe payment, inability to use different government institutions,

a lack of utilities such as toilets, lighting, and so on, a lack of social security, and

other similar obstacles (Kumari, 2018). Street vending is inextricably linked with

the availability of urban public space - pavements, roads, parks, beaches, and so

on

- and many of the difficulties associated with the activity, including the generally

negative way it is perceived by wider society, are linked to how such spaces are

managed by authorities. As a result, street sellers face a "complex cohabitation of

persecution, regulation, tolerance and promotion." (Munishi et al., 2021).

Financial/Economic Problems

The poorest and most vulnerable individuals in the state are the street

vendors, who work in the informal sector of the economy. Of course, not all are

poor, and not all poor people work in the informal sector, but there is an overlap
2
between these individuals and the fact that they are extremely dependent on daily

salaries.

According to Bhowmik and Saha (2011) as per cited by Shakeri (2021),

street vendors are among the most marginalized, impoverished, and vulnerable

segments of the urban informal labor market. While street vending is considered a

booming business due to its ability to adapt to the changing demands of urban

culture, this category of self-employed individuals has yet to acquire legal

recognition. Several reasons contribute to this predicament, the most important of

which is access to formal financing. While it is possible to argue that financial

inclusion and inclusive growth may both provide self-employment possibilities

and reduce poverty and unemployment, simple access to formal credit institutions

is a major impediment. Credit is an important requirement in street vending, both

to sustain existing activity and to upscale it. Since vendors work on a turnover bas

they often take recourse to high interest loans from non-institutional lenders.

Although they usually demonstrate high repayment capacity, absence of collateral

and firm domiciliary status usually debars them from institutional credit (Sisay et

al., 2021).

Access to financing is one of the most significant barriers to working in

the informal economy. According to the literature, sellers have limited resources

for their trade and must get credit (Shakeri, 2021). The scarcity of resources limits

the extent of expansion of the street vendor. Because of the informal nature of

their business, street vendors are vulnerable to the exploitative activities of many

authorities, including municipal, police, and local leaders. Expensive loans from

2
informal sources for operating capital, unreliable remittance services, and a lack

of knowledge about risk management and pension plans are some of the issues

that street sellers confront (Suryanto et al., 2020). . One of the most pressing

problems related to informal credit is very high rate of interest charged by the

money lenders and wholesalers.

Individuals should be able to act and live in ways that enhance their well-

being. Similarly, financial competence is defined as the ability to act as well as

the chance to act financially. Financial literacy equips an individual with the

ability to act, whereas financial inclusion offers the chance to act. Financial

literacy is critical in making day-to-day financial decisions and analyses (Shakeri,

2021). Adequate financial management, knowledge, and skills enable a person to

make reasonable and dynamically optimal decisions throughout his or her life.

Financial literacy among individuals is becoming increasingly important for

enhancing their well- being. Similarly, financial inclusion offers an individual

with a platform to select and manage various financial products by minimizing

and diversifying risk. Financial inclusion also benefits individuals at the bottom of

the pyramid by providing them with knowledge about government welfare policy

tools (Bhowmik and Saha, 2011; Bhanot et al., 2012; Shakeri, 2021).

Support from the LGU

The informal sector employs around 2.5 billion people, or half of the

global working force (ILO, 2017). Over half of the urban work force in emerging

Asian nations is informal (Boonjubon, 2017). Street selling is regarded as the

most conspicuous kind of informal work in cities. However, there are no reliable

figures

2
on the number of street sellers. Informal trading activities are not included in

official planning documents; they are “off the map.” This invisibility is primarily

due to state laws that make street vending unlawful (Sisay et al., 2021).

According to Recio (2019), vendors utilize public locations to earn a

livelihood in the midst of tough policies. They are frequently threatened with

eviction, resulting in shaky income and unsafe access to jobs. State officials

favour shifting hawkers to controlled market places away from congested areas

because they link vending with dirt and congestion (Sisay et al., 2021). When the

eviction- relocation strategy fails, the state-vendor relationship is marked by

tension or persistent bargaining. As a result, many merchants cultivate a clientele

relationship with political brokers, further entrenching their precarious condition

(Thanh et al., 2021).

In certain circumstances, street hawkers band together to promote their

own well-being. Vendor coalitions and affiliated groups, for example, work with

state authorities in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines to prevent eviction, get

legal recognition, and advocate for social inclusionary policies. While the

outcomes of these encounters have varied owing to a variety of problems (e.g.,

organizational capacity, divisive politics), the joint efforts demonstrate how street

sellers want legitimacy for their businesses and their source of income.

Tucker (2016) had documented the importance of punteros, or political

brokers, in the Paraguayan border economy. Routray (2018) demonstrated how

intermediaries, known locally as pradhans, embrace solidarity, patronage, and

exploitation of the urban poor in India. In the Philippines, research have indicated

2
that certain non-governmental organizations (NGOs) function as mediators in

furthering the rights of street sellers. Intermediaries operate as go-betweens for

marginalized groups and more powerful entities such as governmental authorities.

They frequently connect local battles to the larger sociopolitical context (Recio,

2019) and increase the social capital of the urban poor.

According to Kusakabe (2016) in many countries, urban space tends to be

a highly political issue, involving many interests. Partiality towards modern

infrastructure results in a rejection of traditional livelihoods conducted on

sidewalks and shop houses. Some large retail stores, fearing competition from

informal traders, may lobby for the latter’s suppression. Where street vendors are

allowed to ply their trade—whether legitimately or not—they do so under

inhospitable conditions, with no basic facilities, and under constant fear of

harassment and damage to their goods.

Thailand for instance in 2001, informal economy activities were valued at

2.33 million baht or 45.6 percent of GDP. Although street vending is an important

economic activity in urban areas, all laws and policies prevent vending activities

and punish vendors and hawkers working in public areas. Kusakabe (2016) noted

that vendors are seen by policymakers as the cause of many problems such as

pedestrian and traffic obstruction, and making the city dirty. But for their part,

vendors have to grapple with air pollution, and most seriously, the uncertainty of

laws and regulations.

Several legislation have been enacted to govern street sellers. The first was

the Cleanliness and Order of the City Act, which was enacted in 1992. This act

2
made it illegal for anyone to cook and sell goods on public roadways and in public

places. It also outlawed the use of vehicles and carts for economic food

preparation on public highways and locations, as well as the sale of items in

automobiles or carts. Section 9 gave municipal officials the authority to restrict

vending operations. Moreover, Public Health Act of 1992 forbade anyone from

selling things on footpaths, public roads, and public pathways. Vendors are

allowed to sell on the streets only when they receive permission from authorised

officials. Whereas, the Highway Act of 1993 and the Traffic and Land

Transportation Act of 1992 both ban any activity that obstructs traffic and

pedestrian pathways. This statute gives police officers and traffic authorities the

authority to regulate the usage of public highways. As a result, street sellers may

face penalties from both municipal officials and police personnel.

Moreover, in India, the government is providing “Support to Urban Street

Vendors (SUSV)” as a component of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National

Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. The

scheme aims to address the livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors by

facilitating access to suitable spaces, institutional credit, social security and the

like (Mishra, 2021). Additionally, the scheme was launched with the objective of

providing an affordable working capital loan up to ₹10,000/- to the Street Vendors

to resume their businesses.

According to Kishur (2019) challenges like poor literacy and skills,

limited access to formal credit constrains street vendors’ ability to access

emerging market opportunities, making them vulnerable to economic

catastrophes. In consonance

2
with Government of India’s endeavour under National Urban Livelihoods Mission

(NULM) Chandigarh through training and skill development, a multi-stakeholder

intervention package was designed by the applicants to empower and educate

street vendors. The trainings ushered in and reflected a paradigm shift in the

approach of stakeholders towards welfare of street vendors. The focus of

authorities shifted from penalizing and challenging to registration and licensing of

vendors, endorsing trainings for them, supporting vendors through formation of

Self Help Groups, skill development and financial assistance.

Awareness on Street Vending Policies

The informal sector is a significant source of income and a means of

alleviating poverty. It also serves as a stepping stone for vendors to advance to the

level of medium and macro businesses. It has been documented to make a

significant contribution to both individual and national revenues (UN-HABITAT,

2014; OECD, 2017). In the study of Munishi et al., (2021) it was discovered that

street vending policies were not accurately articulated to street vendors, which

causes confusion and misinformation. Several other literatures (Kumari, 2018;

Dhamodharan, 2019; Kiran and Babu, 2019) has similar finding which proved

true to the findings of Munishi et al., (2021) that the street vending policies was

not well relayed to street vendors.

In some cases, street vending policies were relayed to street vendors

however, they tend to violate it or go against these policies (Recchi, S, 2021).

Although, there has been scarce on literature focusing the awareness of street

vending policies among street vendors, it has been determined by the published

2
articles that street vendor are not well aware of the street vending policies

(Suryanto et al., 2020).

Customer Expectation Problems

Due to a lack of job prospects in the official sector, a large portion of

India's workforce is forced to labor in the informal or unorganized sector. Metro

centers like as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bangalore, where the population is

growing due to migration, are unable to give enough job possibilities. The

informal sector employs 93% of the entire workforce in India, and it employs

more than 25% of all employees worldwide. These persons typically have

inadequate skills and lack the education necessary for higher-paying positions in

the formal sector (Kumari, 2018). Street selling is a prominent activity in the

informal economy. This group includes hawkers, peddlers, street vendors, and

pheriwalas who sell daily necessities and general products such as vegetables,

candy, fabric, kitchenware, and toys on sidewalks or by walking from door to

door. The population of street sellers in major Indian cities is estimated to be

between 2% and 2.5%. In terms of overall numbers, India is projected to have 10

million or more street vendors (Rakshit and Bishta, 2020).

In recent years, street sellers have been increasingly concerned with

individual consumer behavior in order to gain information about their thoughts,

feelings, and choices. Customer behavior is the study of the processes that occur

when individuals or groups choose, acquire, utilize, or dispose of a product,

service, ideas, or experiences to meet their wants and preferences (Sen et al.,

2020). Lin and Yamao (2014) investigated street food consumers' attitudes about

food handling

2
procedures and street food safety in Yangon, Myanmar. Dalal's (2015) study can

assist street sellers improve their street food sales and customer happiness. This

article focused mostly on customer perceptions of street food. Sen and Gupta

(2017) identified the key socioeconomic problems encountered by female street

sellers, including harassment from male counterparts, government officials, and

consumers. Sen and Gupta (2018) used a cost-benefit analysis to emphasize the

significance of street sellers in metropolitan areas. Consumers of street food are

mostly from the medium and lower income levels (LIGs). Commuters and

children, in addition to them, are significant consumers of street cuisine. Street

food is consumed by a huge number of students and white collar employees from

social strata other than MIG and LIG. This demonstrates that the street food

vending activity drew clients from all walks of life and age groups

(Thatchinamoorthy et al., 2018).

Facility-related Problems

Street food trade tackles important social and economic problems in

developing nations by providing ready-made meals at low rates and providing

employment for a large rural and urban population along the value chain.

However, due to the informal character of the company, the practitioners'

activities are not controlled. This leaves plenty of space for unwholesome

activities. The hazards that such operations cause to the health and safety of

practitioners along the value chain are the end outcome (Alimi, 2016). Street

cuisines are becoming more popular as a result of industrialisation, which is

causing many city people to consume their main

2
daily meals away from home (Alimi, et al., 2014). Most cities and villages in

developing nations have street food vendors (Ekanem, 2019).

In most underdeveloped nations, street food vending operations are mainly

unregulated and unprotected by governments. Because of the informal character

of the enterprise and a lack of public statistics on the volume of commerce

engaged, the economic significance of the operations is underappreciated (Alimi,

2016; Shakeri, 2021) The informal sector of the economy in most developing

nations is dominated by street food vendors (Rigon et al., 2020). In the findings of

Rakshit and Basistha (2020), it was found that because of unregulated street

vendors, they also lack access to necessary facilities, such as water and electricity,

in which jeopardizes both the safety of the seller, its clients, as well as the security

of the goods they sell.

Local Literature

The informal economy refers to economic activities that occur beyond

state regulation but exclude the supplying of illegal goods or services (Thanh and

Duong, 2022). Characteristics of the informal sector include ease of entry, family

ownership, reliance on local or indigenous resources, small-scale but labor-

intensive production, the use of adaptive technologies, under-skilling or lack of

formal training, tax evasion, avoidance of labor codes, and unregistered status.

Accordingly, while the formal market is generally rule-based, structured, explicit,

and predictable, the informal sector lacks these attributes or belongs to the poor

(McFarlane and Waibel, 2016; Rigon et al., 2020). Such a dichotomous

understanding considers formality and informality as distinct economic activities

2
in the cities, which lead to assuming formality as the norm and informality as a

problem needing a solution or correction (Acuto et al., 2019; Boonjubun, 2017;

Rigon et al., 2020). A growing body of literature challenges this dichotomous

view by debating whether informality and formality represent a dualism or a

continuum rather than a dichotomy (Banks et al., 2020; Rigon et al., 2020).

The informal sector has played a significant role in employment creation

in developing cities (Rakshit and Basistha, 2020). For instance, according to

recent studies, approximately 91 % of workers in India were active in the informal

sector (Rakshit and Basistha, 2020), while the informal economy in Vietnam

constituted a large source of employment (57.2–58.8 % of nonagricultural

employment) (General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) & International Labour

Organization (ILO), 2018). Informal workers often experience unequal access to

social protections, unstable employment, low income, long working hours, and no

employment contracts (General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) &

International Labour Organization (ILO), 2018). They can have a wide range of

jobs, with those working on the streets or in the open air without a stable or fixed

place of work being the most visible (Truong, 2018).

In developing countries, street vending is an important element of the

urban informal economy (Thanh and Duong, 2022). First, it plays a critical role in

ensuring the basic needs (especially food) of the urban population. Since most

products from street vendors are inexpensive when compared to those available in

restaurants or shops (Wegerif, 2020), large segments of the urban population

consume street products—especially low-income groups and those with no time to

3
prepare meals (Sekhani et al., 2019). Second, street vending can represent a

survival strategy or a source of employment and income for poor, uneducated,

low-skilled, and immigrant individuals (Truong, 2018). Street vendors also offer

tourists a chance to experience local culture, and enjoy food and cuisine culture

(Huynh-Van et al., 2022). However, street vendors are generally labeled as

informality, have or need no license to work, and evade taxes (Lemessa et al.,

2021; Martínez et al., 2017). Their activities are often framed as an embodiment

of traffic jams, unclean and unsafe streets, and a lack of hygienic and sanitary

practices (Huynh-Van et al., 2022).

Divergent schools of thought on informality and formality influence—and

are expressed in—urban informality laws, which include street vending (Recio et

al., 2017). Urban planners think that cities should be constructed to be ordered

and clean at any costs, according to modernist theory (Skinner & Watson, 2020).

Thus, street selling is regarded as a danger to city aesthetics and the remnant of a

pre- modern economy that would vanish with modernization (Boonjubun, 2017).

As a result, street sellers are frequently subjected to seizure of products and

expulsion from vending locations (Boonjubun, 2017; Chen, 2020; Lemessa et al.,

2021). However, because street selling contributes significantly to food security

and jobs, its continued existence is unavoidable, sparking discussion in urban

studies (Boonjubun, 2017; Onodugo et al., 2016).

Several more studies look at the typology of informal street sellers,

focusing on their locations/settings, usage of technology, nationality, and food and

activity type. Suryanto et al., (2020) categorize street vendors according to the

commodities

3
they sell, which include three categories: food, merchandise, and services. G'-Ling

and Aminuddin (2019) do more research on street vendors depending on their

activity type (retail, services, food and beverage), vendor nationality, premise

kinds and constructions (permanent and non-permanent), and surroundings

(pavement, main street, back alleys, and five-foot way). Martnez and Rivera-

Acevedo (2018) employed a structured guide to gather observational data on the

kind of items supplied, the style of stall (mobile or stationary), and the number of

individuals working at each stand.

The most common problems street vendors according to Kiran and Babu

(2019) faces are as follows, (1) The mode of their travel and working hours, it

provides hardly any time for rest and for relaxation, which creates adverse effects

on their health. (2) Increased traffic affects their mobility on main street. Pollution

is affecting them in many ways, road widening also effect of street vendors, (3)

Harassment from local authorities or from policemen during vending, (4)

Uncertainty and insecurity are the basic problem of vendors as their profession is

considered illegal, (5) Vendors are not protected by government, NGO’s, labour

union by any labour laws, (6) They are insecure due to their low income, irregular

employment and their sale fluctuation, (7) They are not getting easy financial

assistance from bank due to their low income and fluctuation in income, and (8)

Vendors needs some market amenities such as water toilet, storage or shades,

waste disposal.

When their operations are severely impacted, sellers may employ coping

methods or apply mitigation mechanisms to ensure their crucial consumption

3
(Mustafa et al., 2021). Mitigation mechanisms and coping strategies are activities,

measures, actions, or policies implemented prior to or during the occurrence of

negative events (e.g., disasters, emergencies, or crises) to avoid, minimize, or

eliminate risks to individuals or property, as well as to reduce the actual or

potential effects, severity, vulnerability, damage, hardship, or suffering (Shakeri

et al., 2021). Mitigation mechanisms and coping methods can be prepared or

activated at the micro or macro levels. During a crisis, street vendors may use a

variety of coping mechanisms to keep their companies running, such as altering

their products, services, or sales regions to reach new clients, or implementing

contemporary sales methods like home delivery (Boonjubun, 2017). Furthermore,

because of the nature of their informality, certain vendors are less likely to (often)

adopt social distancing measures, but they have employed informal and often

sophisticated strategies to traverse and defy local authorities in order to maintain

their activities (Sisay et al., 2021; Thanh et al., 2021). In the Global South, for

example, sellers may work around local authorities' enforcement schedules and

seek assistance from local citizens to hide their items during regular and crisis

times, with some playing "cat and mouse" or "hide and seek" with local

authorities (Boonjubun, 2017; Kiaka et al., 2021).

Street Vendors' Coping Mechanisms and Strategies

According to Nasution et al., (2021), when linking the informal sector

with the urban poor, two terms are used when facing a crisis situation. The first

term is survival strategy. This term was first used by Charles Darwin in

explaining the theory of evolution. Survival strategy is an effort or process of

creatures in

3
overcoming environmental obstacles. Urban poverty is a by-product of

urbanization. Institutions, namely the order of values and social structures, shape

poverty at the place of origin. They are physically and socially vulnerable due to

their values and societal systems. They meet barriers from the surrounding

environment at a new location with their desired circumstances. The survival

strategy is how they overcome these barriers and improve their social standing.

The family is the unit of analysis in analyzing survival strategy, and the problem

of rationality generated by the family in overcoming the crisis is ignored

(Najman, 2019).

Humans are deliberately coping with the challenges that are life's stresses.

When confronted with personal or interpersonal challenges, people engage in a

variety of adaptive behaviors. If the activity is performed deliberately, it is

referred to as coping; otherwise, it is referred to as a self-defense mechanism. This

coping action might be proactive or reactive, beneficial or negative. It is

determined by the outcome. When done in an organized way, taking into account

the pressure that would result from the activity,

The coping method is then proactive. If the outcomes reduce stress, the coping is

good; if they deteriorate, the coping is negative or maladaptive (Shi et al., 2020).

Some researchers have identified evidence-based practices and principles

(EBPs) that are frequently included in treatment manuals for empirically validated

therapies (Wasil et. al., 2021). Cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, and

problem solving, for example, are EBPs that are widely identified in depression

therapies (Wasil et. al., 2021). Some EBPs are regarded to be active change

agents
3
and have served as the foundation for modular treatments (Murray et al., 2014;

Wasil et. al., 2021). Scholars have increasingly become interested in investigating

the extent to which people naturally adopt EBPs as coping techniques. In one

study, middle school students who had more depressed symptoms were less likely

to use EBPs as coping strategies than students who had less depressive symptoms

(Ng et al., 2016). These authors also distinguished between habitual responses

(i.e., coping strategies that participants often employ) and perceived-effective

responses (i.e., coping strategies that participants perceived as helping them feel

better).

3
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research procedure as used in this study. These were

presented in the following sections; Method Use, Research Environment, Respondent of

the study, Research Instrument, Validating the Instrument, Data Gathering Procedures

and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Method and Design

This study employed a quantitative-descriptive research design. Certain questions

were designed to draw out responses on specific information regarding the views of

respondents about their problems in terms of financial/economic, support from the LGU,

and marketing demands, environmental problems, social security, storage of unsold

goods, people-related problems, awareness on street vending policy, customer

expectations problems and facility-related problems.

This study sought to determine the extent of effect of the challenges encountered

by street vendors, as well as the coping strategies of street vendors in times of difficulties.

Research Environment

This study was conducted in Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte. The researchers

were deployed into various streets of the city for data gathering.

Dapitan City is known for its historical significance as a place of hostile of the

Philippine National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. Additionally, the city's tourism has been

flourishing over the past decades. Numerous tourists’ destinations within the city has

been established and made popularized. Thus, tourists has kept on coming even in times

of the pandemic. Similarly, the locals has also shown interests on the enticing
t
destinations of

3
city. This growth in tourism has made street vendors to all the more flourish and make

hug turnovers.

There are numerous street vendors' stalls located in the city. Thus, the researchers

chose randomly which stalls to approach and ask permission to participate in the study.

Figure 2. Map of the Survey Site

Respondents of the Study

In this study, Judgmental/Purposive sampling method was used. The researchers

specified criterion for inclusion, ultimately, to qualify for inclusion as respondents of this

research, one must be a street vendor located in Dapitan City. Once the criterion for

inclusion have been identified, participant selection will focus on getting a sufficient

number of willing participants who meet the criterion. This was to ensure that each

respondent is classified as to the subject of the research. Thus, those that are seen,

identified and verified as street vendors of Dapitan city were asked to participate in the

study.

The sample size for this study was comprised of 100 respondents, street vendors

of Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte.

3
Research Instruments

The method and instruments were strictly observed and used in this study are the

following:

The research instrument has four sections. The first section determined the

demographic profile of the respondents, the second section were the problems

experienced by the street vendors, third section were the prospects encountered by the

street vendors, while the last section was the open – ended questions.

The problems experienced by the street vendors in Dapitan City were the market

demand, environmental, social security, storage of unsold goods, and people related

challenges. While the prospects encountered by the street food vendors in Dapitan City

were financial/economic, support from the local government unit, awareness of street

vending policy, customer expectation challenges, and facilities needed.

A standardized questionnaire adopted from the study of Kiran and Babu (2019),

this questionnaire entails to answer the extent of effect of the challenges of the street

vendors of Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte.

Validating the Instrument

The questionnaire that was prepared by the researchers was validated. It was

recommended and modified by the experts whom the researchers sought guidance

relative to the fulfilment of this study. All suggestions and corrections were integrated.

The final, modified, validated and corrected questionnaire was then administered to the

chosen respondents. The certificate of validation was given by the experts to the

researchers that showed the validity of the instrument.

3
Data Gathering Procedures

The Data Gathering Procedure started from November 28 to 30, 2022. The

questionnaire was ready and have been approved for distribution, the following was the

proposed step by step activities were undertaken to gather data. The questionnaire was

subject to the approval of the adviser prior administering the same to the chosen one-

hundred (100) respondents who are street vendors of Dapitan City.

First, researchers prepared all the necessary certifications as for the approval of

research. They asked permission to the Dean and Adviser to officially start data gathering.

Second, as for the standardized questionnaire, the researcher presented it to the designated

personnel for validation. Upon approval and security of the approved questionnaire, the

researchers proceed to seeking permission to administer the

questionnaire to the respondents.

The respondents were aware of their extent of participation in the study, as well as

their right to decline to participate in the study. They have not been forced, coerced, or

bribed to participate in the study. The respondents were assured that the information they

provided shall be treated with utmost confidentiality and will be used for research

purposes only.

Scoring Procedures

The first part consisted the profile of the respondents which age, gender, civil

status, highest educational attainment, type of business, number of years in operation, and

average monthly income.

3
 The second part was the statements indicating the financial challenges and coping

mechanisms of the street vendors. Part II was done through a checklist in which

determined the challenges encountered by street vendors, while part III were composed

two item of open-ended questions.

Statistical Treatment Data

After the data gathering, the responses of the study were treated and were

analyzed in order to generate the outcome of the investigation. The data was collected,

tabulated, analyzed interpreted carefully using the descriptive and inferential statistical.

Frequency Count and Percentage. This was used to find out the demographic profile of

respondents.

The following formula to be used:

% = F/N x 100

Where:

P(%)= Percentage

F= frequency

N= number of respondents

3
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

This chapter demonstrated the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the

computed data gathered using different statistical treatment such as frequency count,

percentage, mean, and Pearson Correlation, and are displayed using tables.

1. Profile of the Respondents

It was shown in table 1 that majority of the respondents were young adults ages

ranges from 20 to 30 (35%), and 31 to 40 (29%). There were 25 respondents who were

middle aged (25%), 6 respondents were adults (6%) and 5 respondents were elderly.

Table 1. Age of the Respondents

Age Bracket Frequency Percentage
20-30 (young adult) 35 35.0
31-40 (young adult) 29 29.0
41-50 (middle aged) 25 25.0
51-60 (adults) 6 6.0
Above 61 years old (elderly) 5 5.0
Total 100 100.0

Gender

Table 2 displayed the gender of the respondents where male respondents were 33%

(33) and majority were female (66, 66.0%) and only 1 respondents was a member of the

LGBTQIA+ community. This means that more female were more likely associated with

street vending.

Table 2. Gender of the Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 33 33.0
Female 66 66.0
LGBTQIA+ 1 1.0
Total 100 100.0

3
Civil Status

Table 3 indicated the civil status of the respondents where most were married (60,

60%) and 40 respondents were single (40%). This suggested that married individuals

were more likely to land in street vending as compared to those who are single.

Table 3. Civil Status of the Respondents

Position Frequency Percentage
Single 40 40.0
Married 60 60.0
Total 100 100.0

Educational Attainment

Table 4 below presented the educational attainment of the respondents where

majority were (49, 49.0%) high school graduates, undergraduates were (28, 28%), there

were 13.0% of whom were college graduates and 10.0% (10) belong to elementary

graduates. These findings implied that unfortunate high school students who does not

have means to send themselves to tertiary education tends to get inclined in street

vending to generate income to support their families.

Table 4. Educational Attainment of the Respondents

Educational Level Frequency Percentage
Elementary graduate 10 10.0
High School graduate 49 49.0
Undergraduate 28 28.0
College Graduate 13 13.0
Total 100 100.0

Category of Street Food

Table 5 indicated the category of street food owned or managed by the

respondents in which the majority (34.0%) has permanent structures, 36 respondents has

semi-
4
permanent structures, while, 16 respondents had semi-mobile structures and 18.0% had

truly mobile structures. This means that most of the respondents has/employed under a

permanent structure which suggest that the turnovers in their specific locations is

significantly high.

Table 5. Category of Street Food Owned/Managed by the

Respondents
Category of Street food Frequency Percentage
Permanent 34 34.0
Semi-permanent 32 32.0
Semi-mobile 16 16.0
Truly mobile 18 18.0
Total 100 100.0

Number of Years in Operation

Table 6 indicated the number of years in operation by the respondents. It was

found that majority of them has been in operation to merely 1 to 2 years only (36, 3.0%).

There were 33 respondents who had been in the business for 3 to 7 years (33, 33.0%), 21

respondents (2.10%) had been in operation for 8 to 10 years, and only 10% of the total

respondents had been in the business for over 11 years. This implied that during the

pandemic, new business ideas has arose and came into fruition thus to compensate the

loss of jobs, and also financial support.

Table 6. Number of Years in Operation by the Respondents

Number of Years in
Frequency Percentage
Operation
1 to 2 years 36 36.0
3 to 7 years 33 33.0
8 to 10 years 21 21.0
Above 11 years 10 10.0
Total 100 100.0

4
Average Monthly Income

It was shown in table 7 the average monthly income of the respondents where

majority of them has an income below 5,000 pesos per month (46, 46.0%), 41 other

respondents has a monthly income of 5,001 to 10,000 pesos. While, there were 13

respondents who had stable monthly income of over 10,001 pesos. This findings means

that since majority of the respondents were just starting with their business, and also

given the protocols they have to follow due to the pandemic, most of their monthly

income in just below 5,000 pesos.

Table 7. Average Monthly Income of the Respondents

Average Monthly Income Frequency Percentage
Below 5,000 pesos 46 46.0
5,001 to 10,000 pesos 41 41.0
Above 10,001 pesos 13 13.0
Total 100 100.0

Number of Food Handlers

Majority of the respondents had 1 to 2 food handlers (75, 75.0%) and only 25

respondents had 3 to 5 food handlers (25.0%). This implied that 1 to 2 food handlers are

just enough in starting with street vending.

Table 8. Number of Food Handlers

Number of Food
Frequency Percentage
Handlers
1-2 individuals 75 75.0
3-5 individuals 25 25.0
Total 100 100.0

4
Stall Location

Table 9 displayed the stall location of the respondents where most of them were

situated in Dapitan Boulevard (44, 44.0%), there were also some in JRMSU-Main Street

(31, 31.0%), and others were located in high school and elementary schools (25, 25.0%).

This suggested that most of the street vending customers are fond of visiting and

purchasing along Dapitan boulevard.

Table 9. Stall Location of the Respondents

Stall Location Frequency Percentage

Dapitan Boulevard 44 44.0
JRMSU-Main Street 31 31.0
High School and
25 25.0
Elementary Schools
Total 100 100.0

II. Problems Experienced by the Street Vendors

Table 10 presented the various demand encountered by the street vendors, it was

revealed that the most frequent challenge in terms of market demand is competitiveness

(70) as 1st in ranking. Additionally, 2nd of ranking among the marketing trend challenges

faced by the vendors (31) is the lack of encouraging response from customers, as well as

lack of travelling mobility and facility (15) as 3rd in ranking, lack of adequate publicity

(7) as 4th in ranking, and finally, inadequate information about changing market (3) is the

least frequent and last in ranking of market trend challenge.

The study of Kiran and Babu (2019) is similar to the findings of this study where

competitiveness is found to be the most frequent marketing trend challenges among

vendors. Study of Manickavasagam (2018) found that internal challenges especially

when their goods are in very low demand due to low standard and selling the goods at

4
low price

4
to manage the competition between vendors and between wholesale and retail shops.

Thus, it is a very high challenge to most of the 33(39.29%) respondents and 29(34.52%)

of them felt as high challenge and the rest 22(26.19%) of them are facing it to some

extent.

Table 10. Market Demand Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Competitive challenges 70 1st
Lack of encouraging response from customers 31 2nd
Lack of travelling mobility and facility 15 3rd
Lack of adequate publicity 7 4th
Inadequate information about changing market 3 5th

It was presented in table 11 that high competition is the most frequent

environmental challenge encountered by street vendors (68) as 1st in ranking. Also, the

researchers found that among the environmental challenge were lack of workspace (32)

as 2nd in ranking, lack of market (25) as 3rd in ranking, and the non-availability of workers

(8) as last in ranking.

Because of fluctuating market prices and insecure and irregular employment,

street vendors are always competing with other street vendors. Their earnings are

frequently low, and their sales are volatile. Thus, problems associated with regards to the

environment is commonly encountered by most street vendors (Suryanto et al., 2020).

According to the findings of Torky and Heath (2021), street selling contributes

significantly to the vitality and appeal of the London market. People tolerate street

vendors because they provide numerous advantages to the energy and liveliness of the

urban environment; nonetheless, they can occasionally impede pedestrian and public

4
mobility in the region.

4
 Table 11. Environmental Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Rank
Statements Frequency
Lack of work space 32 1st
Lack of market 25 3rd
High competition 68 2nd
Non-availability of workers 8 4th

In table 12, the social security challenges encountered by the respondents were

shown. It reveals that the lack of freedom during business time is the most frequent

challenge encountered (55) as 1st in ranking, then followed by the problems with theft

(33) as 2nd in ranking, harassment by authorities or shop keeper (26) as 3 rd in ranking, and

finally, psychological instability (14) as 4th in ranking.

Dreze and Sen (1991) as per cited by Martinez et al., (2017) attempt to

differentiate two components of social security by describing the use of social

mechanisms to avoid deprivation and vulnerability. The role of social security policies in

developing countries must be extended to ‘prevention’ against increases in deprivation

and the ‘promotion’ of better chances of individual development (Guhan, 1994; Saha,

2017). The primary focus of social security is to strengthen and safeguard people's skills

to be sufficiently nourished in order to avoid avoidable disease and mortality.

Table 12. Social Security Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Harassment by authorities/shop keepers 26 3rd
Problem of theft 33 2nd
Lack of freedom during business time 55 1st
Psychological instability 14 4th

4
 Findings of the study as presented in table 13 reveals the challenges in terms of

storage of unsold goods. It was found that most of the respondents are storing their

unsold goods at home (53) as 1st in ranking, some of them has cold storage for unsold

goods (36) as 2nd in ranking. There were also few who prefers to store their goods at their

vending place (29) that ranked as 3 rd, and some others are storing their items at their

neighbours’ place (15) as last in ranking.

They are not sheltered from dangerous weather conditions such as heat, rain, and

dust, and there are no storage facilities. The uncertainty of site allocation makes it

difficult for street sellers to wheel vending carts from one spot to another on damaged

roadways. Street sellers also confront issues such as a lack of shelter and storage space

(Kurniawati, W. 2012; Sisay et al., 2021).

Table 13. Storage of Unsold Goods Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Rank
Statements Frequency
At home 53 1st
At vending place 29 3rd
At neighbours place 15 4th
Cold storage 36 2nd

It was shown in table 14 people-related challenges encountered by street vendors.

It was determined that local residents are most likely to caused problems to vendors (54)

as 1st in ranking, some beggars also has brought problems (34) as 2 nd in ranking, while

bribes to authorities is the least frequent people related problems encountered by street

vendors of Dapitan City (18) as 3rd in ranking.

4
 Table 14. People Related Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Bribes to authorities 18 3rd
Beggars 34 2nd
Local residents 54 1st

III. Prospects Encountered by the Street Vendors

Table 15 presented the financial/economic challenges, among which it was

revealed that shortage in working capital is the most frequent financial challenge

encountered by street vendors (47) with 1st in ranking. Additionally, the high price of

commodities added to the adversities encountered by the respondents with a total of 40

response as 2nd in ranking. Meanwhile, minimal credit capacity has 22 response as 3 rd in

ranking, and non-profitability is the least frequent challenge encountered by street

vendors

(16) as last in ranking among the four.

Access to financing is one of the most significant barriers to working in the

informal economy. According to the literature, sellers have limited resources for their

trade and must get credit (Shakeri, 2021). According to Wasil et al., (2021) the scarcity of

resources limits the extent of expansion of the street vendor. Because of the informal

nature of their business, street vendors are vulnerable to the exploitative activities of

many authorities, including municipal, police, and local leaders.

Table 15. Financial/Economic Problems Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Shortage of working capital 47 1st
Minimal credit capacity 22 3rd
High price of commodities 40 2nd

4
Non-profitability 16 4th

5
 In table 16, it was shown that the LGU of Dapitan has provided working capital to

the street vendors, which is evident to the findings of this study (70) as 1 st in ranking.

Moreover, adequate government policies were laid out by the LGU to the respondents

(24) as 2nd in ranking, and 5 who answered free distribution of required equipment or

material that is 4th in ranking. It is therefore found in this paper that the provision of

working capital among street vendors is the most frequent and observable support from

the LGU.

According to Recio (2019), vendors utilize public locations to earn a livelihood in

the midst of tough policies. They are frequently threatened with eviction, resulting in

shaky income and unsafe access to jobs. According to Kusakabe (2016) in many

countries, urban space tends to be a highly political issue, involving many interests. Study

of Boonjubon (2017) determines that government has a significant role in the

maintenance of street vending. It was found in the study of Sisay et al., (2019) that

provision of a capital in street vending is the most impactful financial or economic

assistance among street vendors.

Table 16. Support from LGU to the Respondents

Rank
Statements Frequency
Adequate government policies 24 2nd
Provided working capital 70 1st
Loan expand 11 3rd
Free distribution of required equipment or material 5 4th

Table 17 displayed the awareness of street vending policies among street vendors.

It was found that most of the vendors were aware with policies in regards to food

products

(89) as 1st in ranking, some of them are also aware of the policies in terms of entertainment

5
(16) as 2nd in ranking, as well as, health products (15) that ranked in 3rd. The least

challenge in terms of awareness on street vending policies are those in regards with sea

pearl (4) as 4th rank and toys and balloons (3) as 5th in ranking.

5
 Table 17. Awareness of Street Vending Policies by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Food products 89 1st

Entertainment 16 2nd
Sea pearl 4 4th
Toys and balloons 3 5th
Health products 15 2nd
Miscellaneous 0 6th

Results as displayed in table 18 shows the challenges encountered by street

vendors of Dapitan City with their customer expectation. It was found that willingness to

come back for the next visit is the most frequent challenge (44) and 1 st in ranking, while

followed by respect for the suppliers/workers (43) as 2 nd in ranking. Additionally, it was

revealed that customer feedback is among the challenges encountered in terms of

customer expectation

(36) as 3rd in ranking, some other problems encountered are sharing pre-purchasing

expectations (16) as 4th in ranking, and the least is bigger purchases (11) as last in

ranking.

Table 18. Customer Expectation Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Sharing pre-purchasing expectations 16 4th

Respect for the suppliers/workers 43 2nd

Customer feedback 36 3rd

Bigger purchases 11 5th
Willingness to come back for next visit 44 1st

5
 Table 19 presented the facility-related challenges encountered by the respondents,

in which reveals that work space is the most frequent challenge encountered and 1 st in

ranking, also, access to water facility has been found as a frequent challenge (42) as 2 nd in

ranking, and equipment/structure of mobile vendor unit (39) as 3th in ranking. The last in

ranking and least frequent facility-related challenge is the access to power facility (23).

Table 19. Facility Related Challenges Encountered by the Respondents

Statements Frequency Rank

Equipment/structure of mobile vendor unit 39 3rd

Water facility 42 2nd

Power facility 23 4th

Work space 47 1st

IV. Other Problems Encountered by the Street Vendors

Table 20 indicated the problems encountered by the street vendors. The survey of this

paper revealed that the fear among street vendors to be replaced or ousted in their stall

locations is another problem/challenge encountered by the street vendors. It also revealed

that one way to cope with the street vendors problems is to find a place or location to rent

so that they will no longer fear being ousted, as well as they will not lose with their profit.

Table 20. Other Problems Encountered by the Street Vendors

Code
a. Designated area
b. Looking for space for rent
c. Avoid losing the business capital
d. A lot of same street vendors
e. Forget the tools and equipment in
their storage area
Category
Facility related – Work space
Facility related – Work space
Financial / Economic Challenge –
Shortage of working capital
Environmental Challenge – High
Competition
Storage of Unsold Goods – At home or At
neighbors’ place

5
V. Action Plan to address the problems and provide opportunities to obtain
the prospects identified

Table 21. Action Plan for the Street Vendors

Table 21 showed the action plan to address the problems and provide

opportunities to obtain the prospects identified. The name of activity is the safeness of the

street vendors and facility provided by Local Government Authorities. The information

below should describe the objectivity, persons involved, budget and source of fund, and

the expected output.

Name of Activity:
Objective of Activity:
Persons involved:
Budget and source of fund:
Expected Output:
Description
Safeness of the Street Vendors and Facility Provided
Ensure safety of street vendors as well as the
safekeeping of their belongings and facility provided by
the LGU.
Local Government Authorities and Street Vendors
According to the street vendors near the Local
Government Unit in Dapitan City, the budget of
ensuring their safeness in the area shall be P200 each
stall per week that is collected by the treasurers in the
government authority. It is recommended to increase at
least 100 pesos each for the power and water facilities.
The source of fund could be get from the budget
for the street vendors in the City through making signs
of safety precautions and their locations should be in
the area wherein the closed-circuit television camera
placed.
Issuance of policy that allows street vendors to sell
their goods and services in designated areas without
fear of their safety.

5
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented the summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations

of the study.

Summary of Findings

1. Majority of the respondents were young adults ages ranges from 20 to 30 (35%),

and 31 to 40 (29%). There were 25 respondents who were middle aged (25%), 6

respondents were adults (6%) and 5 respondents were elderly. Male respondents

are 33% (33) and majority are female (66, 66.0%) and only 1 respondents is a

member of the LGBTQIA+ community. Most of the respondents are married (60,

60%) and 40 respondents were single (40%), where majority are (49, 49.0%) high

school graduates, undergraduates were (28.28%), there were 13.0% of whom are

college graduates and 10.0% (10) belongs to elementary graduates. The majority

of the respondents (34.0%) has permanent structures, 36 respondents has semi-

permanent structures, while 16 respondents has semi-mobile structures and 18.0%

has truly mobile structures. It was also found that majority of them has been in

operation to merely 1 to 2 years only (36, 3.0%). There were 33 respondents who

has been in the business for 3 to 7 years (33, 33.0%), 21 respondents (2.10%) has

been in operation for 8 to 10 years, and only 10% of the total respondents has

been in the business for over 11 years. Additionally, most them has an income

below 5,000 pesos per month (46, 46.0%), 41 other respondents has a monthly

income of 5,001 to 10,000 pesos. While, there were 13 respondents who had

stable monthly income of over 10,001 pesos, and has 1 to 2 food handlers (75,

75.0%) and only 25

5
 respondents has 3 to 5 food handlers (25.0%). Finally, most of them are situated

in Dapitan Boulevard (44, 44.0%), there are also some in JRMSU-Main Street

(31, 31.0%), and others are located in high school and elementary schools (25,

25.0%).

2. It was revealed that the 1st in ranking and most frequent challenge in terms of

marketing trend is competitiveness (70). Additionally, lack of encouraging

response from customers is among the marketing trend challenges faced by the

vendors (31) as 2nd in ranking, as well as lack of travelling mobility and facility

(15) as 3rd in ranking, lack of adequate publicity (7) as 4th in ranking, and finally,

inadequate information about changing market (3) is the least frequent and last in

ranking of market trend challenge.

3. High competition is the 1st in ranking and most frequent environmental challenge

encountered by street vendors (68). Also, the researchers found that among the

environmental challenge were lack of workspace (32) as 2 nd in ranking, lack of

market (25) as 3rd in ranking, and the non-availability of workers (8) as 4 th in

ranking.

4. It reveals that the lack of freedom during business time is the 1st in ranking and

most frequent challenge encountered, then followed by the problems with theft

(33) as 2nd in ranking, harassment by authorities or shop keeper (26) as 3 rd in

ranking, and the last in ranking, psychological instability (14).

5. It was found that most of the respondents are storing their unsold goods at home

(53) and it is 1st in ranking, some of them has cold storage for unsold goods (36)

as 2nd in ranking. There were also few who prefers to store their goods at their

vending

5
 place (29) as 3rd in ranking, and some others are storing their items at their

neighbour’s place (15) as 4th ranking.

6. It was determined that local residents are most likely to caused problems to vendors

(54) and 1st in ranking, some beggars also has brought problems (34) as 2 nd in

ranking, while bribes to authorities is the least frequent people related problems

encountered by street vendors of Dapitan City (18) as 3rd in ranking.

7. It was revealed that shortage in working capital is 1 st in ranking and the most

frequent financial challenge encountered by street vendors (47). Additionally, the

high price of commodities added to the adversities encountered by the

respondents with a total of 40 response as 2 nd in ranking. Meanwhile, minimal

credit capacity has 22 response as 3rd in ranking, and non-profitability is the least

frequent challenge encountered by street vendors (16) as 4th in ranking.

8. It was shown that the LGU of Dapitan has provided working capital to the street

vendors, which is evident to the findings of this study (70) and 1 st in ranking.

Moreover, adequate government policies were laid out by the LGU to the

respondents (24) as 2nd in ranking, and last in ranking with 5 who answered free

distribution of required equipment or material.

9. It was found that most of the vendors were aware with policies in regards to food

products (89) and 1st in ranking, some of them are also aware of the policies in

terms of entertainment (16) as 2nd in ranking, as well as, health products (15) as 3rd

in ranking. The least challenge in terms of awareness on street vending policies

are those in regards with sea pearl (4) as 4 th in ranking and toys and balloons (3)

as 5th in ranking.

5
10. It was found that willingness to come back for the next visit is the most frequent

challenge and 1st in ranking (44), while followed by respect for the

suppliers/workers (43) as 2nd in ranking. Additionally, it was revealed that

customer feedback is among the challenges encountered in terms of customer

expectation

(36) as 3rd in ranking, some other problems encountered are sharing pre-

purchasing expectations (16) as 4th in ranking, and the least is bigger purchases

(11) that is last in ranking.

11. Reveals that work space is the most frequent challenge encountered, also, access

to water facility has been found as a frequent challenge (42) and 1 st in ranking

then equipment/structure of mobile vendor unit (39) as 2nd in ranking. The least

frequent and last in ranking is the facility-related challenge is the access to power

facility (23).

12. The survey of this paper revealed that the fear among street vendors to be

replaced or ousted in their stall locations is another problem/challenge

encountered by the street vendors. It also revealed that one way to cope with the

street vendors problems is to find a place or location to rent so that they will no

longer fear being ousted, as well as they will not lose with their profit.

13. The researchers made an action plan for the street vendors. The name of activity is

the safeness of the street vendors and facility provided by Local Government

Authorities. It is to ensure safety of street vendors as well as the safekeeping of their

belongings and facility provided by the LGU. The expected output would be the issuance

of policy that allows street vendors to sell their goods and services in designated areas

without fear of their safety.

5
Conclusion

Based on the results of this paper, the researchers therefore concluded that the

challenges included in the investigation of this study has major influence to operations of

street vendors. It was essential for street vendors and vendors wanna-be to determine the

problems associated with street vending to know beforehand what to expect, and how can

they possibly overcome every challenges. Moreover, the findings of this paper believed

that government has pivotal role in the maintenance of street vending, thus, it is

imperative that these challenges will be made aware for government officials to

rationalized and contemplate on possible programs and assistance that will help the

informal sectors. Furthermore, the researchers believed that street vending is important to

the community, as well as to the vendors individual lives as it serves as their source of

income over the years, especially in these times of the pandemic, and uncertainty.

Recommendations

Based on the compounding results of this study, we therefore recommends the

following:

1. The researchers encouraged other researchers to replicate the study in different

locations to allow comparative analysis between various sampling sites.

2. Communicate the results with the street vendors so they can eventually assess the

problems they may encounter over the course of years, and also provide programs

and assistance made available by their respective LGU's and the national

government to help the informal sectors. The closed-circuit television cameras

could help the street vendors feel safe in their designated area.

5
3. Communicate the results with the concerned government officials so through the

findings of this study, they will know in what aspect they can provide assistance

to the street vendors, as well as, formulate policies that ensure the security of

street vendors.

5
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.018

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 APPENDIX A

Draft Student Questionnaire

Part I: Respondent Demographic Information

Please complete the following section by selecting or writing your answers.

Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of:
Age: ( ) 20-30 yrs ( ) 31-40 yrs ( ) 41-50 yrs
( ) 51-60 yrs ( ) 61 & Above
Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female ( ) LGBTQIA+ ( ) Rather not say

Civil Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married

Highest Educational Attainment: ( ) Elementary Graduate ( ) High School Graduate

( ) Undergraduate ( ) College Graduate

Category of Street Food: ( ) Permanent ( ) Semi-permanent

( ) Semi-mobile ( ) Truly mobile

Number of years in operation: ( ) 1 to 3 years ( ) 4 to 7 years

( ) 8 to 10 years ( ) above 11 years

Average monthly income: ( ) below 5,000 pesos ( ) 5,001 pesos-10,000 pesos

( ) above 10, 001 pesos

Number of food handlers: ( ) 1 to 2 individual ( ) 3 to 5 individual

Stall Location: ( ) Dapitan Boulevard ( ) JRMSU - Main street

( ) High School and Elementary Schools

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Part II. Problems Experienced by the Street Vendors
Instructions: The statements mentioned in this questionnaire pertains to the problems
encountered by the street vendors. The indicators in this questionnaire is adopted from
Kiran and Babu (2019). Please check as many boxes that applies to you. We appreciate
you comprehending it diligently, and answering it with honesty.
a. Market Demand
( ) Competitive challenges.
( ) Lack of encouraging response from customers.
( ) Lack of travelling mobility and facility.
( ) Lack of adequate publicity.
( ) Inadequate information about changing market.
b. Environmental Challenges
( ) Lack of work space.
( ) Lack of market.
( ) High competition.
( ) Non-availability of workers.
c. Social Security Challenges
( ) Harassment by authorities/shop keepers.
( ) Problem of theft.
( ) Lack of freedom during business time.
( ) Psychological instability.
d. Storage of Unsold Goods Challenges
( ) At home
( ) At vending place
( ) At neighbours’ place
( ) Cold storage
e. People Related Challenges
( ) Bribes to authorities
( ) Beggars
( ) Local residents

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Part III. Prospects Encountered by the Street Vendors
Instructions: The statements mentioned in this questionnaire pertains to the prospects
encountered by the street vendors. The indicators in this questionnaire is adopted from
Kiran and Babu (2019). Please check as many boxes that applies to you. We appreciate
you comprehending it diligently, and answering it with honesty.
a. Financial/Economic Challenges
( ) Shortage of working capital.
( ) Minimal credit capacity.
( ) High price of commodities.
( ) Non - profitability of business.
b. Support from the LGU
( ) Adequate government policies.
( ) Provided working capital.
( ) Loan expand
( ) Free distribution of required equipment or material.
c. Awareness of Street Vending Policies
( ) Food products
( ) Entertainment
( ) Sea pearl
( ) Toys and balloons
( ) Health products
( ) Miscellaneous
d. Customer Expectation Challenges
( ) Sharing pre – purchasing expectations
( ) Respect for the suppliers/workers
( ) Customer feedback
( ) Bigger purchases
( ) Willingness to come back for next visit
e. Facility – related Challenges
( ) Equipment/Structure of mobile vendor unit
( ) Water facility

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( ) Power Facitlity
( ) Work space

IV. Open-Ended Questions

Instructions: This part of the questionnaire are composed of open-ended questions for
you to answer with no restrictions. Please write your answers to the space provided below
each item. We encouraged you to answer it honestly and with no hesitations.

1. What other problems did you experience, aside from these mentioned above.

Enumerate as many as possible.

2. How did you cope up with those problems? Enumerate as many as possible.

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 APPENDIX B
JERALYN L. ABITONA
Lao proper, Plaridel, Misamis Occidental
Contact #: 09569344101
Email address: jeralynabitona@gmail.com

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Gender : Female
Age : 24 years old
Date of birth : January 17, 1999
Place of Birth : Valenzuela City, Manila
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’1”
Weight : 50 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Dialects : Cebuano, Filipino, English
Mother’s Name : Tessie L. Abitona
Father’s Name : Efrin D. Abitona

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Gov. Sta. Cruz. Guarding Adasa St.
Dapitan City (2018 – Present)
Gov. Sta. Cruz, Guading Adasa St., Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Senior High School: Looc National High School (2016-2018)

Lao Proper, Plaridel, Misamis Occidental

• Junior High School: Looc National High School (2012-2016)

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 Lao Proper, Plaridel, Misamis Occidental

• Elementary: Looc Central School (2006-2012)

KATHERINE B. SAYRE
Obay, Polanco, Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact #:
Email address:

Looc Proper, Plaridel, Misamis Occidental

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Gender : Female
Age : 23 years old
Date of birth : December 2, 1999
Place of Birth : Midsalip, Zamboanga Del Sur
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’1”
Weight : kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Dialects : Cebuano, Filipino, English
Mother’s Name : Marivic B. Sayre
Father’s Name : Michael Y. Sayre

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Gov. Sta. Cruz. Guarding Adasa St.
Dapitan City (2018 – Present)
Gov. Sta. Cruz, Guading Adasa St., Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Senior High School: Andres Bonifacio College (2016-2018)

College Park, Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Junior High School: (2012-2016)

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 • Elementary: Dipolog Pilot Demonstration School (2006-2012)
Looc Proper, Plaridel, Misamis Occidental

JANE CLAIRE S. DAGAYLOAN

Polo, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact #:
Email address:

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Gender : Female
Age : 26 years old
Date of birth : June 17, 1996
Place of Birth : Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’1”
Weight : kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Dialects : Cebuano, Filipino, English
Mother’s Name : Eluna S. Dagayloan
Father’s Name : Joselito R. Dagayloan, Sr

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Gov. Sta. Cruz. Guarding Adasa St.
Dapitan City (2018 – Present)
Gov. Sta. Cruz, Guading Adasa St., Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

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 • Senior High School: Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc. (2016-2018)
Dr. Heinz, Luetke St., Potol, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

MA. NATHALEA CHARMIE Y. DEBANGCO

Pasil Polo, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact #: +63956 9387932
Email address: nathaleama@gmail.com

• Junior High School: Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City, Inc. (2012-2016)
Dr. Heinz, Luetke St., Potol, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Elementary: Polo Elementary School (2006-2012)

Polo, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Gender : Female
Age : 24 years old
Date of birth : November 16, 1998
Place of Birth : Dapitan City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’1”
Weight : 50 kg.
Religion : Messianic Community
Dialects : Cebuano, Filipino, English
Mother’s Name : Marley Y. Debangco
Father’s Name : Roger D. Debangco

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Gov. Sta. Cruz. Guarding Adasa St.
Dapitan City
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

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 • Senior High School: Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City Inc. (2016-2018)
Dr. Heinz Luetke St., Potol, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

YOKIV B. BICOY
Aliguay, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte
Contact #:
Email address:

• Junior High School: Rizal Memorial Institute of Dapitan City Inc. (2012-2016)
Dr. Heinz Luetke St., Potol, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte
• Elementary: Dapitan City Central School (2011-2012)
Sta. Cruz, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Gender : Female
Age : 23 years old
Date of birth : October 13, 1999
Place of Birth : Aliguay, Dapitan City
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’1”
Weight : kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Dialects : Cebuano, Filipino, English
Mother’s Name : Anita B. Bicoy
Father’s Name : Leonido S. Bicoy, Jr.

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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

• College: Jose Rizal Memorial State University – Gov. Sta. Cruz. Guarding Adasa St.
Dapitan City (2018 – Present)
Gov. Sta. Cruz, Guading Adasa St., Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Senior High School: Galas National High School (2016-2018)

Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Junior High School: Galas National High School (2012-2016)

Dipolog City, Zamboanga Del Norte

• Elementary: Aliguay Elemetary School (2006-2012)

Aliguay, Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

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